华南理工大学241二外日语2010考研真题

一、词汇部分答案（第1~25题）：32214 43141 32121 32411 32434二、文法部分答案（第26~40题）：42134 14223 41132三、听力答案与解析問題１課題理解問題１ではまず質問を聞いてください。

それから話を聞いて、問題用紙の１から４の中から、もっともよいものを１つ選んでください。

１番：女の人と男の人が話しています。

男の人はこの後何をしますか。

女：おはよう、今日は朝早くから引っ越し手伝わせてごめんね。

男：いや、こういうのはお互い様だしね。

女：本当に助かる。

男：それで、早速だけど、何から始めようか。

荷作り、終わってる？女：うん、持ってくものは全部ダンボールに入れといた。

トラックにダンボール運んでってくれる？男：ベッドとか大きな家具はどうやって運ぶ？女：ああ、それは友達が欲しいって言ってるから、そのままでいいよ。

運ぶのを終わったら休んでて。

その間に簡単に部屋の掃除するから。

男：了解。

質問:男の人はこの後何をしますか。

答案：2解题要点：男的要帮女的搬家，男的先问是否需要打包？女的说所有的东西都已经装入纸箱中了，要求把纸箱搬上卡车。

男的又问床和家具如何搬运？女的说自己的朋友想要，放在那里就可以了。

因此可知，男的接下来是要把纸箱搬上卡车。

注释：荷作(にづく)り（打包）；ダンボール（纸箱）２番：会社で女の人と男の人がプリンターについて話しています。

女の人はこれからまず何をしなければなりませんか。

女：あのう、故障していた例のプリンターの件ですが、修理をしてもらったんですが、まだ調子が悪くて。

男：そうか、困ったな、やっぽり、これを機に買い換えるしかないか。

そうなると、まず、新しい機械の見積りが要るな。

あしたから連休だから、急いで業者に頼んでいてくれない？女：はい、わかりました。

男：届いたら、課長の許可を取って、それから注文することになるから。

女：はい、わかりました。

すぐに手配します。

244
华南理工大学
2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：俄语（自）
适用专业：外国语言文学
244
华南理工大学
2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：俄语
适用专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学
244
华南理工大学
2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：俄语
适用专业：英语语言文学，外国语言学及应用语言学。

2010全国硕士研究生统考日语真题之翻译2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试日语试题之翻译B.次の文章の下線のついた部分を中国語に訳しなさい。

（3点×5＝15点）41、商品名、つまり商品を指示するだけのブランドには、価値は生じない。

消費者にとって、交換の対象は商品そのものであって、商品の名前は「問題の商品を、他の商品と区別する」とか、あるいは「その供給者はどこかを示すために識別する」だけの信号にすぎない。

その意味で、ブランドのこの効果を「識別効果」と呼んでおこう。

記号だから、それは別に符号でも数字でもかまわない。

42、しかし、一度、商品名そのものが独特の意味をもったメッセージを発することになれば、つまり、商品名がブランドとなれば、事態は一転する。

商品を実際に手にしたり目にしたりすることがない消費者でも、商品名を聞けばその商品のことがわかるというのだから、商品名が商品から独立し、自立した存在となっている。

43、商品名が知れわたること、あるいは商品名を通じてその商品の中身についての理解が消費者のあいだに浸透することは、商品名の価値にほかならない。

それは、商品名の「知名・理解効果」と呼んでいいだろう。

それだけで、広告宣伝のためのコストを節約できる。

44、「ＬＶ」や「シャネル（香奈儿）」のマークが入ったＴシャツがそれなりの値段で売れる理由は、そうしたブランドが独自の意味世界という価値をもっているからである。

そうしたマークがつくことによって高くなった価格分は、その意味世界への入場料でもある。

45、言い換えると、ブランドが、その商品に特有の意味を付着させることによって、消費者の欲望を満足させ、独自の「意味世界」を創造するということである。

そうなれば、市場における他のブランド商品群との競争において優位性をつくったということになる。

以上是中公考研为大家准备整理的“2010全国硕士研究生统考日语真题之翻译”的相关内容。

2010 年12 月5 日日本語能力試験N1問題集問題一_________の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１?２?３?４から一つ選びなさい。

①話が本筋からそれてしまった。

１もとすじ２もときん３ほんすじ４ほんきん②友人にピゕノの伴奏を頼まれた。

１はんそう２ばんそう３はんそ４ばんそ③名探偵の推理で事件は無事に解決した。

１しんり２すいり３どうり４ろんり④先日の会議では、極めて重要な問題が話し合われた。

１きわめて２あらためて３つとめて４つきつめて⑤もう少しゕ゗デゖゕを練ってからお話しします。

１けずって２つのって３ほって４ねって⑥靴のひもを締める１からめた２ゆるめた３はめた４しめた問題ニ（）に入れるのに最もよいものを１?２?３?４から一つ選びなさい。

⑦各国のテレビがそのニュースを（）１投じた２配送した３報じた４配布した- 2 -⑧森林伐採が環境に（）影響は大きい。

１及ぼす２授ける３費やす４掲げる⑨吉田さんは弁護士として20 年もの（）を積んできた。

1 ベテラン２ポジション３ステータス４キャリゕ⑩この小説の主人公は歴史（）の人物をモデルにしている。

１上２面３側４内?交渉が（）進み、無事に契約することができた。

１しとやかに２しなやかに3 円滑に4 急性に?次の大会に向けて、チームの（）を強めよう。

１収束２結束3 親密４緊密?その企業は巨大な資本を（）に、海外の市場に進出した。

１背景２根源３後援４発端問題三_________の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、１?２?３?４から一つ選びなさい。

?今回の研修会は、出席者がまばらだった。

１多かった２少なかった３まじめだった４ふまじめだった?昨日は一日中どんよりした天気だった。

１曇っていて暗かった２晴れていて明るかった３風が吹いて涼しかった４雨が降って蒸し暑かった?父は毎朝、丹念に新聞に目を通す。

１ぼうっと２ちらっと3 じっくりと4 ざっと- 3 -?最近、仕事がはかどっている。

2010年12月N1 真题答案及解析言語知識(文字・語彙・文法)・読解(110分)問題1＿＿＿＿の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい(1)話しが本筋からそれてしまった。

1．もとすじ2．もときん3．ほんすじ4．ほんきん(2)友人にピアノの伴奏を頼まれた。

1．はんそう2．ばんそう3．はんそ4．ばんそ(3)名探偵の推理で事件は無事に解決した。

1．しんり2．すいり3．どうり4．ろんり(4)先日の会議では、極めて重要な問題が話し合われた。

1．きわめて2．あらためて3．つとめて4．つきつめて(5)もう少しアイディアを練ってからお話しします。

1．けずって2．つのって3．ほって4．ねって(6)靴のひもを締めた。

1．からめた2．ゆるめた3．はめた4．しめた問題2()に入れるのに最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。

(7)各国のテレビがそのニュースを()。

1．投じた2．配送した3．報じた4．配布した(8)森林伐採が環境に()影響は大きい。

1．及ぼす2．授ける3．費やす4．掲げる(9)吉田さんは弁護士として20年もの()を積んできた。

1．ベテラン2．ポジション3．ステータス4．キャリア(10)この小説の主人公は、歴史()の人物をモデルにしている。

1．上2．面3．側4．内(11)交渉が()進み、無事に契約することができた。

1．しとやかに2．しなやかに3．円滑に4．性急に(12)次の大会に向けて、チームの()を強めよう。

1．収束2．結束3．親密4．緊密(13)その企業は巨大な資本を()に、海外の市場に進出した。

1．背景2．根源3．後援4．発端問題3＿＿＿＿の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。

(14)今回の研修会は、出席者がまばらだった。

1．多かった2．少なかった3．まじめだった4．ふまじめだった(15)昨日は一日中どんよりした天気だった。

1．曇っていて暗かった2．晴れていて明るかった3．風が吹いて涼しかった4．雨が降って蒸し暑かった(16)父は毎朝、丹念に新聞に目を通す。

2010年考研日语真题参考答案
一、基础知识题
1-5 DACBA
6-10 BCDBA
11-15 CABDC
16-20 BACCB
二、阅读理解
21-25 DCABB
26-30 DAABC
31-35 BBDCD
36-40 ADCDA
三、翻译
41、商品的名称，也就是用来指示商品的商标本身，并不能产生价值。

作为消费者来说，交换的对象只是商品本身，商品的名字仅仅是“用来区别这个商品与其他商品”，或者“用来标识那个提供商是在哪里”的一个信号而已。

42、但是，一旦商品的名称拥有了一种独特的意思，发出了某种信息，也就是商品名成为了商标的话，事态就发生了变化。

即便消费者没有把商品实际地拿在手里，没有实际地看到商品，但是听到了商品名的
话就能够了解那个商品。

因此，商品名是独立于商品的自力存在的。

43、在知道了商品名，或者通过商品名了解了商品的内容的消费者之中浸透的，一定是商品名所具有的价值。

可以称之为商品名的“知名、理解的效果”。

仅仅通过它，便能够节省用来广告宣传所产生的开销。

44、标有“LV”“香奈尔”标志的T恤之所以能够卖那么高的价钱，正是因为这些品牌拥有着其独特的意味世界这样的价值。

标上这些品牌，能够卖到的那么高的价钱，也正是进入这一世界的入场费。

45、换而言之，品牌通过使附着着它的商品具有独特的意味，来满足消费者的欲望，也就创造出了这一独特的“意味世界”。

这样一来，在与位于市场中的其他品牌的商品群的竞争中，就产生了优越性。

绝对精华：广东外语外贸大学2010年MTI完整真题本帖最后由孟菲斯托于2011-7-14 12:40 编辑首先，对坛子里那么多人宁肯看残缺不全回忆版，也不肯花几块买官方真题表示不解！其次，对有那么多的学校捂着自己的陈年卷子不发，留在地下室里让虫子咬表示不解！广东外贸2010年MTI硕士入学考试第1卷：基础英语Part 1: Grammar and V ocabulary. （30 P）01. Although she gives badly ____ titles to her musical compositions, they ____ unusual combinations of materials including classical music patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.A. conventional / incorporateB. eccentric / deployC. traditional / excludeD. imaginative / disguise02. Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely French in origin, his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that later anthologies of French folktales have never ____ them.A. excludedB. admiredC. collectedD. comprehended03. In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent, her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been ____.A. exaggeratedB. ignoredC. scrutinizedD. derided04. There seems to be no ____ the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s: indeed, the normal level of interest has ____ recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.A. quenching / moderatedB. whetting / mushroomedC. slaking / increasedD. ignoring / transformed05. Despite a tendency to be overtly ____, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.A. divertingB. emotionalC. didacticD. romantic06. One of the first ____ of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry: smoke tends to drive out the insect that, by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A. reformersB. discoveriesC. casualtiesD. beneficiaries07. The research committee urged the archaeologist to ____ her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great, since her initial report has been based only on ____.A. disseminate / suppositionB. withdraw / evidenceC. undercut / capriceD. document / conjecture08. Although Heron is well known for the broad comedy in the movies she has directed previously, her new film is less inclined to ____: the gags are fewer and subtler.A. understatementB. preciosityC. symbolismD. melodrama09. Bebop’s legacy is ____ one: bebop may have won jazz the right to be taken seriously as an art form, but it ____ jazz’s mass audience, which turned to other forms of music such as rock and pop.A. a mixed / alienatedB. a troubled / seducedC. an ambiguous / aggrandizedD. a valuable / refined10. The exhibition’s importance lies in its ____: curators have gathered a diverse array of significant works from many different museums.A. homogeneityB. sophistryC. scopeD. farsightedness11. Despite the fact that the commission’s report treats a vitally important topic, the report will be ____ read because its prose is so ____ that understanding it requires an enormous effort.A. seldom / transparentB. carefully / pellucidC. little / turgidD. eagerly / digressive12. Carleton would still rank among the great ____ of nineteenth century American art even if the circumstance of her life and career were less ____ than they are.A. celebrities / obscureB. failures / illustriousC. charlatans / impeccableD. enigmas / mysterious13. Although based on an actual event, the film lacks ____: the director shuffles events, simplifies the tangle of relationships, and ____ documentary truth for dramatic power.A. conviction / embracesB. expressiveness / exaggeratesC. verisimilitude / sacrificesD. realism / substitutes14. When Adolph Ochs became the publisher of The New York Times, he endowed the paper witha uniquely ____ tone, avoiding the ____ editorials that characterized other major papers of the time.A. abstruse / scholarlyB. dispassionate / shrillC. argumentative / tendentiousD. cosmopolitan / timely15. There are as good fish in the sea ____ ever came out of it.A. thanC. asD. so16. All the Pre sident’s Men ____ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining17. “You ____ borrow my notes provided you take care of them”, I told my friend.A. couldB. shouldC. mustD. can18. If only the patient ____ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving19. Linda was ____ the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.A. to startB. to have startedC. to be startingD. to have been starting20. She ____ fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A. must beB. had beenC. could beD. must have been21. It is not ____ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.B. asC. soD. very22. The committee has anticipated the problems that ____ in the road construction project.A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen23. The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____ impossible to comprehend.A. had foundB. findsC. has foundD. would find24. He would have finished his college education, but he ____ to quit and find a job to support his family.A. had hadB. hasC. hadD. would have25. The research requires more money than ____.A. have been put inB. has been put inC. being put inD. to be put in26. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ____ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A. no moreB. not moreC. even moreD. much more27. It is not uncommon for there ____ problems of communication between the old and the young.B. would beC. beD. to be28. ____ at in his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.A. LookingB. LookedC. Being lookedD. To look29. It is absolutely essential that William ____ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.A. will continueB. continuedC. continueD. continues30. The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a _____ forgery.A. man-madeB. naturalC. crudeD. realPart 2: Reading Comprehension. （40 P）Passage AOn New Year’s Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch. This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated 3. 5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened with starvation. The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west, however, you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.How so? It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’ traditional way of life. Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according tothe seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan drylands.Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries’ national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists’ herds make up over 10 per cent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion’s share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.Funding bodies such as the World Bank and-USAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing mill ions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production. It didn’t work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. They were based on two false assumptions: that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa’s drylands can support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching.What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, funders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive（the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it）. Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths.This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products: there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world’s interests to help out.01. Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the passage?A. Forcing Africa’s nomadic herders to become ranchers will save them from drought.B. The difference between pastoralist and agriculturalist is vital to the African people.C. The rich world should give more support to the African people to overcome drought.D. Environmental degradation should be the major concern in developing Africa’s pastoralism.02. The word “encapsulates”in the sentence “Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.”（para. l）can be replaced by ____.A. concludes.B. involves.C. represents.D. aggravates.03. What is the author’s attitude toward African drought and traditional lifestyle of pastoralism?A. Neutral and indifferent.B. Sympathetic and understanding.C. Critical and vehement.D. Subjective and fatalistic.04. When the author writes “the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors.”（para. 4）, he implies all the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not ____.A. have an objective view of the situation in AfricaB. understand the unpredictable weather systems thereC. feel themselves superior in decision makingD. care about the development of the local people05. The author’s main purpose in writing this article is ____.A. to evaluate the living conditions of Kenyan pastoralistsB. to give suggestions on the support of the traditional pastoralism in AfricaC. to illustrate the difference between commercial ranching and pastoralismD. to criticize the colonial thinking of western aid agenciesPassage BCivil-Liberties advocates reeling from the recent revelations on surveillance had something else to worry about last week: the privacy of the billions of search queries made on sites like Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft. As part of a long-running court case, the government has asked those companies to turn over information on its users’search behavior. All but Google have handed over data, and now the Department of Justice（DOJ）has moved to compel the search giant to turn over the goods.What makes this case different is that the intended use of the information is not related to national security, but the government’s continuing attempt to police Internet pornography. In 1998, Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act（COPA）, but courts have blocked its implementation due to First Amendment concerns. In its appeal, the DOJ wants to prove how easy it is to inadvertently stumble upon pore. In order to conduct a controlled experiment—to be performed by a UC Berkeley professor of statistics—the DOJ wants to use a large sample of actual search terms from the different search engines. It would then use those terms to do its ownsearches, employing the different kinds of filters each search engine offers, in an attempt to quantify how often “material that is harmful to minors” might appear. Google contends that since it is not a party to the case, the government has not right to demand its proprietary information to perform its test. “We intend to resist their motion vigorously,” said Google attorney Nicole Wong. DOJ spokesperson Charles Miller says that the government is requesting only the actual search terms, and not anything that would link the queries to those who made them. （The DOJ is also demanding a list of a million Web sites that Google indexes to determine the degree to which objectionable sites are searched. ）Originally, the government asked for a treasure trove of all searches made in June and July 2005; the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries.One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case. If the built-in filters that each search engine provides are effective in blocking porn sites, the government will have wound up proving what the opposition has said all along—you don’t need to suppress speech to protect minors on the Net. “We think that our filtering technology does a good job protecting minors from inadvertently seeing adult content,”says Ramez Naam, group program manager of MSN Search.Though the government intends to use these data specifically for its COPA-related test, it’s possible that the information could lead to further investigations and, perhaps, subpoenas to find out who was doing the searching. “What if certain search terms indicated that people were contemplating terrorist actions or other criminal activities?” Says the DOJ’s Miller, “I’m assuming that if something raised alarms, we would hand it over to the proper autho rities.” Privacy advocates fear that if the government request is upheld, it will open the door to further government examination of search behavior. One solution would be for Google to stop storing the information, but the company hopes to eventually use the personal information of consenting customers to improve search performance. “Search is a window into people’s personalities,” says Kurt Opsahl, an Electronic Frontier Foundation attorney. “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without w orrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”01. When the American government asked Google, AOL, Yahoo and Microsoft to turn over information on its users’ search behavior, the major intention is ____.A. to protect national securityB. to help protect personal freedomC. to monitor Internet pornographyD. to implement the Child Online Protection Act02. Google refused to turn over “its proprietary information”（para. 2）required by DOJ as it believes that ____.A. it is not involved in the court caseB. users’ privacy is most importantC. the government has violated the First AmendmentD. search terms is the company’s business secret03. The phrase “scaled back to”in the sentence “the request has been scaled back to one week’s worth of search queries”（para. 3）can be replaced by ____.A. maximized toB. minimized toC. returned toD. reduced to04. In the sentence “One oddity about the DOJ’s strategy is that the experiment could conceivably sink its own case.”（para. 4）, the expression “sink its own case”most probably means that ____.A. counterattack the oppositionB. lead to blocking of porn sitesC. provide evidence to disprove the caseD. give full ground to support the case05. When Kurt Opsahl says that “They should be able to take advantage of the Internet without worrying about Big Brother looking over their shoulders.”（para. 5）, the expression “Big Brother”is used to refer to ____.A. a friend or relative showing much concernB. a colleague who is much more experiencedC. a dominating and all-powerful ruling powerD. a benevolent and democratic organizationPart 3: Answering Questions. （20 P）Passage AMillions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health & Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state. The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut. The reductions come as a stop-gap measure to control Germany’s ballooning pension crisis. Not surprisingly, it was an unwelcome change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told her state pension would be cut by $12. 30, or 1% to $1,156. 20 a month. “It was a real shock,” she says. “My pension had always gone up in the past.”There’s more bad news on the way. On Mar. 11, Germany’s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions—which have been rising steadily since World War II—from 53% of average wages now to 46% by 2020. And Germany is not alone. Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy, the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from 57 to 60, while France will require that civil servants put in 40 years rather than 37. 5 to qualify for a full pension. The reforms are coming despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, and pensioners’ groups.The explanation is simple: Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By 2030 there will only be two workers per pensioner, compared with four in 2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall. The gap between money coming in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Ger many alone. “In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired,” says German Health & Social Security Minister Ulla Schmidt. Says ItalianFinance Minister Giulio Tremonti: “The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves.”Of course, those population trends have been forecast for years. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions. But many Continental governments dragged their feet. Now, the rapid runup in costs is finally forcing them to act. State-funded pension payments make up around 12% of gross domestic product in Germany and France and 15% in Italy—two percentage points more than 20 years ago. Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union. The U. S. Social Security system, by contrast, consumes just 4.8% of GDP. The rising cost is having serious repercussio ns on key European nations’ commitments to fiscal restraint. “Governments have no choice but to make pension reform a priority,” says Antonio Cabral, deputy director of the European Commission’s Directorate General for Economic & Financial Affairs.Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector, corporate contributions to state pension systems—which make up 19. 5% of total gross pay in Germany—add to Europe’s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers’ competitivene ss and keeps unemployment rates high. According to the Institute of German Economics in Cologne, benefit costs reached a record 41. 7% of gross wages in Germany last year, compared with 37.4% a decade before. French cement manufacturer Lafarge says pension cost of $121 million contributed to a 9% fall in operating profits last year.To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes. But even if private pensions become more popular, European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions. While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents’ pension checks with envy.QuestionsParaphrase Italian Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti’s statement “The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves”? What is implied by the last sentence of the passage “While today’s seniors complain about reduced benefits, the next gene ration of retirees may look back on their parents’ pension checks with envy”?Passage BIn the old days, it was all done with cakes. For Marcel Proust, it was a visit to Mother’s for tea and madeleines that provided the access to “the vast structure of recollection” that was to become his masterpiece on memory and nostalgia, “Remembrance of Past Things.” These days, it’s not necessary to evoke the past: you can’t move without tripping over it.In an age zooming forward technologically, why are all the backward glances? The Oxford English Dictionary’s first definition of nostalgia reads: “acute longing for familiar surroundings; severe homesickness.” With the speed of computers doubling every 18 months, and the net doubling in size in about half that, no w onder we’re aching for familiar surroundings. Since the cornerstone of the Information Age is change, anything enduring becomes precious. “People are looking for something authentic,” says McLaren. Trouble is, nostalgia has succumbed to trends in marketing, demographics and technology. “Nostalgia ain’t what it used to be,” says Michael J.Wolf, senior partner at Booz-Allen & Hamilton in New York. “These are the new good old days.” Baby boomers form the core of the nostalgia market. The boomers, defined by American demographers as those born between 1946 and 1964, are living long and prosperous lives. In both Europe and America, they remain the Holy Grail for admen, and their past has become everyone’s present. In a study on “entertainment imprinting,” two A merican marketing professors, Robert Schindler and Morris Holbrook, asked people ranging in age from 16 to 86 which popular music from the past they liked best. People’s favorite songs, they found, tended to be those that were popular when they were about 24, with their affection for pop songs diminishing on either side of that age. Doubtless Microsoft knows about entertainment imprinting, or at least nostalgia. The company hawks its latest Explorer to the strains of Simon and Garfunkel’s “Homeward Bound,” just as it launched Windows 98 to the tune of “Start Me up” by the Rolling Stones. Boomers remember both tunes from their 20s.If boomers are one market that values memories, exiles are another. According to the International Organization of Migration, more than 150 million people live today in a country other than the one where they were born—double the number that did so in 1965. This mass movement has sources as dire as tyranny and as luxurious as the freedoms of an EU passport. But exiles and refugees share one thing: homes left behind. Type in “nostalgia” on the search engine Google, and one of the first sites that pop up is the nostalgia page of The Iranian, an online site for Iran’s exiles, most of whom fled after 1978’s Islamic revolution. Perhaps t he savviest exploitation of nostalgia has been the secondhand-book site alibris. com, which features stories of clients’ rediscovering long-lost books on it. One John Mason Mings writes of the glories of finding a book with information on “Kickapoo Joy Juice,” ad dreaded medicine of his youth. A Pennsylvanian waxes over alibris’s recovery of his first-grade primer” Down cherry Street.” The Net doesn’t merely facilitate nostalgia—it promotes it. Web-based auction houses have helped jump-start markets for vintage items, form marbles to Apple Macintoshes.Cutting-edge technology, designed to be transient, has even bred its own instanostalgia. Last year a $666 Apple I went for $18,000 to a British collector at a San Francisco auction. “Historic! Microsoft Multi plan for Macintosh” crows one item on eBay’s vintage Apple section. Surf to The Net Nostalgia Quiz to puzzle over questions like “In the old days, Altavista used to have which one of these URLs?”Those who don’t remember their history are condemned to rep eat it. Or so entertainment moguls hope, as they market “70s TV hits like “Charlie’s Angels” and “Scooby Doo,” out next year, to a generation that can’t remember them the first time round. If you’ve missed a Puff Daddy track or a “Sopranos” episode, panic not. The megahits of today are destined to be the golden oldies of 2020, says Christopher Nurko of the branding consultant FutureBrand. “I guarantee you, Madonna’s music will be used to sell everything,” he says. “God help me, I hope it’s not selling insurance.” It could be. When we traffic in the past, nothing’s sacred.QuestionsExplain the beginning sentence “In the old days, it was all done with cakes.” What is the other big group besides baby boomers which values memories? What do these people share? What is “nostalgia market”? What do they sell in the nostalgia market?Part 4: Writing. （30 P）Please reflect on the following opinion and write an essay of about 400 words elaborating your view with a well-defined title.Some people believe the key of the reform in the education system is a well-shared awareness that educations is there, instead of simply offering the knowledge important to the students, to improve the students in an all-round way, and especially to guide them to a careful pondering over such fundamental issues as life itself and social responsibility. An undue emphasis on knowledge-education and the resultant ignorance over the guidance to the students to a proper understanding of life will bring us nothing but a large number of “memorizing machines”. We can never expect a group of young people well prepared for the real social life.广东外贸2010年MTI硕士入学考试第2卷：英汉互译一、词汇翻译（30 P）CPPCCUNESCOASEMChina-ASEAN ExpoSWOT analysisGlobal SourcingInformation AsymmetryShanghai World ExpoInnocent PresumptionThe Civil Law SystemThe Book of RitesMenciusConsecutive InterpretingThe House of CommonsA Farewell To Arms全国人民代表大会外交部会展经济注册会计师次贷危机董事会中国证监会廉政公署暂行规定有罪推定佛经翻译百年老店。