2019年自考00831现代英语语法复习资料【考前必看】

2019年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代英语语法(课程代码：00831)注意事项：1.本试卷分为两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为非选择题。

2.应考者必须按试题顺序在答题卡（纸）指定位置上作答，答在试卷上无效。

3.涂写部分、画图部分必须使用2B铅笔，书写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔。

第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（1%×20=20%）1. For some years, the United Nations been suggesting that we need to cut back on meat for the sake of the planet.A. havingB. hasC. haveD. had2. Again, that early success had to be taken with a of salt.A. pieceB. groupC. packD. grain3.I congratulated him and contestants who had set a new record at this event.A. the other allB. all the otherC. the all otherD. all other the4.Julia will come to give you a hand the moment she her homework.A. will finishB. finishesC. had finishedD. finished5.She has started to put more focus into her fashion choices，because she to understand how important style can be.A. beginsB. beganC. is beginningD. will begin6.More than 100 people in such attacks since December 2016.A. killedB. are killedC. have been killedD. being killed7.Mr. Sumaila Sabo advised that the remains of the dead boy at the place he was found.A. was buriedB. buryC. be buriedD. buried8.We wait for a special occasion. Let the kids feel our love now!A. mayn'tB. needn'tC. daren'tD. can't9. You are a very successful lawyer now! I'm sure you hard to obtain a Law Degree from the University.A. may have studiedB. can have studiedC. must have studiedD. must study10. For a romantic evening, you'd better for slow, quite songs, or even something mystical.A. optB. to optC. optingD. opted11.One of the men attempted money out of the shop's cash register but was unsuccessful.A. getB. to getC. gettingD. gotten12.There are a couple of key changes that deserve .A. mentioningB. to mentionC. mentionedD. being mentioned13. Weddings, baptisms and even funerals are still held in the church.A. beautiful old woodenB. old beautiful woodenC. old wooden beautifulD. beautiful wooden old14.The man reported that he was robbed of $799 cash by two unknown men.A. inB. onC. ofD. with15.The fossil is extremely rare it contains the animal's complete skeleton.A.so thatB. such thatC.in thatD.in order that16.The children we so lovingly indulge might just hold us responsible for their misfortune.A. whatB. whichC. whomD. whose17.The day you accept the defeat rather than finding excuses makes you stronger.A. on whichB. at whichC. whichD. in that18. Seven victims have been identified, and the police working to identify the other three children who might also be victims.A. wereB. isC. areD. was19. You'd better start swimming, you'll sink like a stone!A. soB. orC. andD. but20. Under no circumstances into a car with a stranger.A. you should ever getB. get you should everC. should you ever getD. you ever should get第二部分非选择题Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks on the ANSWER SHEET with one of the items given.(2%×10=20%)21. health, healthier, healthful; to include, included, includingExercise means a heart because it reduces several cardiovascular risks, high blood pressure.22. which, that, what; curious, curiousness, curiosityCelebrities often have fame comparable to of royalty. As a result, there is a strong public about their private affairs.23. Australian, Australia, Australia's; music, musical, musicallyIn an effort to polish outback image, Sydney launched an international design competition for a premier hall.24. name, be named, nameable; special, specifical, specificOdours, unlike colours, for instance, can not in many languages because the vocabulary simply doesn't exist.25. has, have, will have, actually, because, soGeneral Motors thousands of designers around the world living in the local customs, cultures and driving conditions, they can build vehicles best suited to the customer.26. show showing, shown; shopping, shopped, shopResearchers found that adverts during peak-time television had a bigger impact on people's habits.27. at, in, with; which, that, itOne of the first water clocks was a basin a small hole near the bottom through the water dripped out28. kind of relationships, kind of relationship, kinds of relationships; in, to, between Studying geography informs us about the different that develop a particular environment and the people that live there.29. with, of, for; more, much, fartherThe honey from Canadian bees is excellent quality, better than the stuff the Asian bees produce.30. be, are, is; household, households, householdersAccording to new census data, the gap between rich and poor Americansnow at an all-time high, with the top 1/5 of American claiming more than half of all the nation's income.Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks on the ANSWER SHEET with an item as required. (1%×20=20%) 31.With a determiner:The bitter winter had the county in its grip and may old people died of extreme cold.32.With a determiner:The film shows a vivid picture of London in Dickens' novels.33.With a determiner:I happened to find one-dollar note in my drawer the other day.34.With a determiner:You gave us two suggestions, but unfortunately was workable.35.With a modal auxiliary:Time is so pressing. How I complete such a difficult task single-handed? 36.With a modal auxiliary:One as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.37.With a modal auxiliary:You have read a lot of Maugham's short stories, otherwise you couldn't have talked so deeply about this famous British writer at yesterday's seminar.38.With a preposition:After six hours' tiring bus ride, I finally arrived the small town where I was going to live in the next year.39.With a preposition:The baby was born New Year's Day, which was a happy coincidence.40.With a preposition:The criminal is sure to be caught sooner or later; he won't remain large for long.41.With a preposition:His health condition changed the worse, so his family decided to send him to hospital.42.With a relative pronoun or relative adverb:The company wanted to hire a man experience would help promote its sales.43.With a relative pronoun or relative adverb:She was very patient towards the children, her husband seldom was.44.With a relative pronoun or relative adverb:The process by energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy.45.With a relative pronoun or relative adverb:Scientists are sure that the time will come man can fly wherever he likes in the universe.46.With a coordinator or subordinator:John failed to pass the driving test for the third time, that's too bad.47.With a coordinator or subordinator:They were going to put up a twenty-storey building the garbage dump had been.48.With a question tag:Let's not waste time doing nothing at all, ?49.With a question tag:There has not been a great response to the sale, ?50.With a question tag:They must have been informed of the result of the job interview, ?Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences as required on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×15=30%)ing passive voice:They expect the Senate debate to continue into next week.ing passive voice:A garbage man collected the discarded bottles ten minutes ago.ing a modal auxiliary:Look at the traffic jam. It is possible that the road is blocked somewhere near here. ing a non-finite verb form:Don't take his words seriously if he professes that he knows everything about your history.ing a non-finite verb form:The great composer had lost his hearing. He turned entirely to music to express his strong emotion.ing a simple preposition:He goes to work every day. He does not go to work on Sunday.ing a disjunct:It is quite obvious that he has never intended to keep his word.ing a relative clause:Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers. Their overall consumption is higher than that of women.ing a relative clause:She was very angry with the man. He called her at midnight and then found that it wasa wrong number.ing coordination:Short periods of fasting could help people lose weight. Short periods of fasting could lead to better health.ing subordination:I don't like the idea. The idea is that we go for an outing on a rainy day.ing transferred negation:I think he won't come to the party tonight.63.Adding a suitable tag:The man talking with Jane is the manager.64. Using discontinuity:Prof. Smith wants to talk to her about the practicability of the research method in person.65. Using inversion:They didn't sight the snowcapped peak until they had walked for nearly three hours.V.Answer the following question on the ANSWER SHEET. (4%×1=4%)66. What are the differences between determiners and adjectives?VI. Define the following terms with examples on the ANSWER SHEET. (3%×2=6%) 67.subordination68.modal auxiliary。

自考英语(一)考前要点复习Unit1（9）句中的advice为不成数名词，其后不加s，正如课本第六页注解3所说，有许多东西在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却是不成数的。

如news，information，paper 等，若要表示“一个”这类概念，就必需加a piece of这类定语，例如：a piece of newsa piece of advicea sum of moneya piece of bread8. Read as much as you can.句中的much 是副词，用副词作同等比力时，可以用as … as和so … as 这种结构，如：1) Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.(尽量多阅读，你的词汇量就会扩大。

)2) We must arrange everything as well as we can.(我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。

)3) Please give me a call as soon as possible.(请尽早给我打电话。

)4) I don’’t speak English so well as you.(我英语讲得没你好。

)9. Practice speaking the language every day.practice 在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词，而在英国英语中，practice是名词，动词的拼写则是practise.作动词用时，其后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式。

如：It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.(在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。

)10. Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.that successful language learners are similar in many ways 是宾语从句。

一．名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。

其公式为：数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。

(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelrya piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalka bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup(B) 抽象名词 a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information a piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。

之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of flower.I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）II. 名词的数：III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。

自考英语(一)考前要点复习Unit3（3）7. spot n.地点，处所;点，斑点v. 点缀;认出;准确定位adj. 当场作出的;现付的She toured many scenic spots during the holiday.(假日里她游览了许多风景胜地。

)She told us the exact spot where the accident happened.(她把变乱发生的准确地点告诉了我们。

)She decided on a blue tie with white spot for her husband.(她给丈夫选了一条蓝底白点的领带。

)There is a spot of ink on the white wall.(白墙上有墨水渍。

)He didn’t want to leave a spot on his reputation.(他不想在名誉上留下污点。

)The night sky is spotted with twinkling stars.(闪烁的星星点缀着夜空。

)His shoes are spotted with mud.(他的鞋子上有泥渍。

)She is so special，you can spot her in the crowd easily.(她很特别，你在人群中能一眼认出她来。

)He was sent to spot the battery position of the enemy.(他被派去测定敌炮阵地。

)She was urged to make a spot decision.(她被催促当场做决定。

)on the spot当场，在现场in a spot在困境中，在窘境中put sb. on the spot使某人处于难堪地位put one’s finger on sb.’s weak spot指出某人性格上的弱点spot check抽样检查spot survey 抽样调查spotlight聚光灯;汽车上的反光灯;公众注意中心spot news现场报道的新闻spot price 现货价。

【自学考试】　英语（一）（二）考试重点语法总结虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD.　howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句? 时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.? 地点状语从句He live where he liked.? 原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.? 目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.? 结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other ? 条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken.? 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany.Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.? 方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)? 比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further 进? (8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语)This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in.? 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higher fee. His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.? 定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.动词的时态和语态重点语法——动词的时态和语态? 时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.? Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment.Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned.? No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began.Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible. Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式?做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.?表语 To know everything is to know nothing.?定语 This is a book to be written.?宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.?宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)?状语 Yesterday he came to see me.?独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.?形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.?不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable.?不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词? 主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.? 定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )? 宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?? 介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.)be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.? 动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词? 状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.? 定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.? 表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.? 宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)?分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used ( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then．Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed.Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B.The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,---she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气?第一类型:见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.?形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.?主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.?宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.?表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet.?同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be?第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)?注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同?Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同?从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.?从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.?从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.?It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.?In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.?Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句?全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.?部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.?Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances)Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词?连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever ?连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever?并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor,?从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词?Any,one, none, nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配?Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析? 考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.? 方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文.注意顾全大局.?选的是最佳答案.?词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题— 阅读的难点不是考试的重点不要死扣一句第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题?评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。

一．名词专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。

其公式为：数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。

(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelrya piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalka bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup(B) 抽象名词 a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information a piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。

之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of flower.I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）II. 名词的数：规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 特殊变化medium media, child children,规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2 单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7 表示“某国人”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。