经济学原理对应练习--11

第一章绪论1.经济学产生的原因是（）。

A. 生产的需要B. 欲望满足的需要C. 稀缺性的存在与选择的必要D. 选择的需要2.经济学的研究对象是（）。

A. 资源配置B. 资源配置和资源利用C. 经济体制D. 资源利用3.微观经济学的中心是（）。

A. 价格决定B. 产量决定C. 成本决定D. 利润决定4.( )不是宏观经济学的内容A. 收入决定B. 物价水平C. 经济增长D. 厂商均衡5.经济学的研究方法包括( )。

A. 经济模型B. 静态分析、比较静态和动态分析C. 局部均衡分析与一般均衡分析D. A、B、C第二章需求、供给与均衡价格理论1.需求曲线上任意一点对应的价格是（）。

A. 均衡价格B. 市场价格C. 需求价格D. 最低价格2.在其他条件不变的情况下,消费者收入增加将导致（）。

A. 需求量增加B. 需求增加C. 需求量减少D. 需求减少3.下列因素中不能导致需求曲线移动的因素是（）。

A. 相关商品的价格不变B. 消费者的价格预期C. 消费者的收入水平D. 商品自身的价格4.两种互补商品中的一种价格下降将导致另一种商品的（）上升。

A. 需求量B. 需求C. 价格D. 均衡价格5.一种商品的价格下降会导致其替代商品的需求曲线（）。

A. 向左方移动B. 向右方移动C. 不变D. 以上三种情况都有可能6.如果一条线性需求曲线与一条非线性需求曲线相切,则切点处两条需求曲线的价格点弹性系数( )。

A. 相同B. 不同C. 可能相同也可能不同D. 根据切点的位置而定7.如果某种商品的供给曲线斜率为正,在保持其他因素不变的情况下,该商品的生产技术水平有所提高,必将导致( )。

A. 供给量增加B. 供给量减少C. 供给增加D. 供给减少8.某商品的价格上升,其销售收益非但没有增加,反而减少了,这是因为该商品的需求是( )。

A. 缺乏弹性的B. 富有弹性的C. 无弹性的D. 与弹性无关9.当人们的收入水平提高时,则食物支出占总支出的比重将( )。

经济学原理对应练习10Chapter 10ExternalitiesMultiple Choice1. In a market economy, government interventiona. will always improve market outcomes.b. reduces efficiency in the presence of externalities.c. may improve market outcomes in the presence of externalities.d. is necessary to control individual greed.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative2. In the absence of externalities, the "invisible hand" leads a market to maximizea. producer profit from that market.b. total benefit to society from that market.c. both equity and efficiency in that market.d. output of goods or services in that market.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative3. One advantage market economies have over other types of economies is that market economiesa. provide an equal distribution of goods and services to consumers.b. establish government economic control.c. solve the problem of scarcity.d. are more efficient.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative4. The term market failure refers toa. a market that fails to allocate resources efficiently.b. an unsuccessful advertising campaign which reduces demand.c. ruthless competition among firms.d. a firm that is forced out of business because of losses.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional5. Market failure can be caused bya. too much competition.b. externalities.c. low consumer demand.d. scarcity.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive6. An externality is the impact ofa. society's decisions on the well-being of society.b. a person's actions on that person's well-being.c. one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.d. society's decisions on the poorest person in the society.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional7. The impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander is calleda. an economic dilemma.b. deadweight loss.c. a multi-party problem.d. an externality.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0389390 ?Chapter 10/Externalities8. An externalitya. is a type of market failure.b. causes markets to allocate resources efficiently.c. strengthens the role of the “invisible hand” in the marketplace.d. affects producers but not consumers.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive9. Dog owners do not bear the full cost of the noise their barking dogs create and often take too few precautions to prevent their dogs from barking. Local governments address this problem bya. making it illegal to "disturb the peace."b. having a well-funded animal control department.c. subsidizing local animal shelters.d. encouraging people to adopt cats.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative10. An externality isa. the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.b. the uncompensated impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.c. the proposition that private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources.d. a market equilibrium tax.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-011. An externality is an example ofa. a corrective tax.b. a tradable pollution permit.c. a market failure.d. Both a and b are correct.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative12. An externality exists whenevera. the economy can benefit from government intervention.b. markets are not able to reach equilibrium.c. a firm sells its product in a foreign market.d. a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives payment for that effect.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Definitional13. When externalities are present in a market, the well-being of market participantsa. and market bystanders are both directly affected.b. and market bystanders are both indirectly affected.c. is directly affected, and market bystanders are indirectly affected.d. is indirectly affected, and market bystanders are directly affected.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Analytical14. Which of the following statements about a well-maintained yard best conveys the general nature of theexternality?a. A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the home's market value.b. A well-maintained yard conveys a negative externality because it increases the property tax liability of the owner.c. A well-maintained yard conveys a positive externality because it increases the value of adjacent properties in the neighborhood.d. A well-maintained yard cannot provide any type of externality.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative.15. Since restored historic buildings convey a positive externality, local governments may choose toa. regulation the demolition of them.b. provide tax breaks to owners who restore them.c. increase property taxes in historic areas.d. Both a and b are correct.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative16. Externalitiesa. cause markets to fail to allocate resources efficiently.b. cause equilibrium prices to be too high.c. benefit producers at the expense of consumers.d. cause equilibrium prices to be too low.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative17. When externalities exist, buyers and sellersa. neglect the external effects of their actions, but the marketequilibrium is still efficient.b. do not neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is efficient.c. neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is not efficient.d. do not neglect the external effects of their actions, and the market equilibrium is not efficient.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative18. Dioxin emission that results from the production of paper is a good example of a negative externality becausea. self-interested paper firms are generally unaware of environmental regulations.b. there are fines for producing too much dioxin.c. self-interested paper producers will not consider the full cost of the dioxin pollution they create.d. toxic emissions are the best example of an externality.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative19. If a paper manufacturer does not bear the entire cost of the dioxin it emits, it willa. emit a lower level of dioxin than is socially efficient.b. emit a higher level of dioxin than is socially efficient.c. emit an acceptable level of dioxin.d. not emit any dioxin in an attempt to avoid paying the entire cost.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative20. One of the Ten Principles of Economics is that "markets are usually a good way to organize market behavior." Thisstatement does not imply which of the following?a. Some markets produce negative externalities.b. The invisible hand of the marketplace does not always lead buyers and sellers to maximize total benefit tosociety.c. Some markets are characterized by market failure.d. Other types of economies are more efficient than market economies.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive21. Which of the following is an example of an externality?a. cigarette smoke that permeates an entire restaurantb. a flu shot that prevents a student from transmitting the virus to her roommatec. a beautiful flower garden outside of the local post officed. All of the above are correct.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative.392 ?Chapter 10/Externalities22. Which of the following statements is not correct?a. Government policies may improve the market's allocation of resources when negative externalities are present.b. Government policies may improve the market's allocation of resources when positive externalities are present.c. A positive externality is an example of a market failure.d. Without government intervention, the market will tend to undersupply products that produce negativeexternalities.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive23. Which of the following represents a way that a government can help the private market to internalize an externality?a. taxing goods that have negative externalitiesb. subsidizing goods that have positive externalitiesc. The government cannot improve upon the outcomes of private markets.d. Both a and b are correct.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative24. When externalities are present in a market,a. the market equilibrium maximizes the total benefit to society as a whole.b. participants lose some market benefits to bystanders.c. firms produce too much output.d. the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 | 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative25. If an externality is present in a market, economic efficiency may be enhanced bya. increased competition.b. weakening property rights.c. better informed market participants.d. government intervention.ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative26. If a sawmill creates too much noise for local residents,a. noise restrictions will force residents to move out of the area.b. a sense of social responsibility will cause owners of the mill to reduce noise levels.c. the government can raise economic well-being through noise-control regulations.d. the government should avoid intervening because the market will allocate resources efficiently.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative27. Private markets fail to account for externalities becausea. externalities don't occur in private markets.b. sellers include costs associated with externalities in the price of their product.c. decisionmakers in the market fail to include the costs of their behavior to third parties.d. the government cannot easily estimate the optimal quantity of pollution.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative28. When the government intervenes in markets with externalities, it does so in order toa. increase production when negative externalities are present.b. protect the interests of bystanders.c. make certain all benefits are received by market participants.d. reduce production when positive externalities are present.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative.29. Research into new technologiesa. provides positive externalities because it creates knowledge others can use.b. results in negative externalities because government funding for research causes less government spending in other areas.c. is protected by patent laws, which eliminates the need for government intervention.d. should only be funded by the corporations that will receive the profits from the research.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative30. At any given quantity, the willingness to pay in the market for gasoline is reflected in thea. height of the demand curve at that quantity.b. height of the supply curve at that quantity.c. value to the producer of the last unit of gasoline sold.d. total quantity of gasoline exchanged in the market.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative31. The supply curve for a product reflects thea. willingness to pay of the marginal buyer.b. quantity buyers will ultimately purchase of the product.c. cost to sellers of producing the product.d. seller's profit from producing the product.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative32. Without government intervention, the market equilibrium for oranges willa. maximize the sum of producer and consumer surplus inthe market.b. be both efficient and equitable.c. be equitable but not efficient.d. be neither efficient nor equitable.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative33. Since air pollution creates a negative externality,a. social welfare will be enhanced when some, but not all air pollution is eliminated.b. social welfare is optimal when all air pollution is eliminated.c. governments should encourage private firms to consider only private costs.d. the free market result maximizes social welfare.ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative34. The difference between social cost and private cost is a measure of thea. loss in profit to the seller as the result of a negative externality.b. cost of an externality.c. cost reduction when the negative externality is eliminated.d. cost incurred by the government when it intervenes in the market.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative35. Which of the following statements is correct?a. Government should tax goods with either positive ornegative externalities.b. Government should tax goods with negative externalities and subsidize goods with positive externalities.c. Government should subsidize goods with either positive or negative externalities.d. Government should tax goods with positive externalities and subsidize goods with negative externalities. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative.394 ?Chapter 10/Externalities36. When a market is characterized by an externality, the governmenta. can correct the market failure only in the case of positive externalities.b. can correct the market failure only in the case of negative externalities.c. can correct the market failure in the case of both positive and negative externalities by inducing marketparticipants to internalize the externality.d. cannot correct for externalities due to the existence of patents.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: InterpretiveFigure 10-137. Refer to Figure 10-1. This graph represents the tobacco industry. The industry createsa. positive externalities.b. negative externalities.c. no externalities.d. no equilibrium in the market.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative38. Refer to Figure 10-1. This graph represents the tobacco industry. Without any government intervention, theequilibrium price and quantity area. $1.90 and 38 units, respectively.b. $1.80 and 35 units, respectively.c. $1.60 and 42 units, respectively.d. $1.35 and 58 units, respectively.ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative39. Refer to Figure 10-1. This graph represents the tobacco industry. The socially optimal price and quantity area. $1.90 and 38 units, respectively.b. $1.80 and 35 units, respectively.c. $1.60 and 42 units, respectively.d. $1.35 and 58 units, respectively.ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Externalities MSC: Applicative.40. Refer to Figure 10-1. This graph represents the tobacco industry. If the government uses a pollution tax, how much of a tax must be imposed on each unit of production?a. $1.90b. $1.80c. $1.60d. $0.30ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 10-3TOP: Corrective taxes MSC: Analytical41. Refer to Figure 10-1. This graph represents the tobacco industry. If the government uses a pollution tax, how much tax revenue will the government receive?a. $7.00b. $10.50c. $63.00d. $67.20ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 10-3TOP: Corrective taxes MSC: AnalyticalFigure 10-242. Refer to Figure 10-2. Suppose that the production of soccer balls creates a social cost which is depicted in the graph above. Without any government regulation, how many soccer balls will be produced?a. 3b. 10c. 25d. 50ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Negative externalities MSC: Analytical43. Refer to Figure 10-2. Suppose that the production of soccer balls creates a social cost which is depicted in the graph above. Without any government regulation, what price will the firm charge per soccer ball?a. $3b. $5.50c. $7.50d. $10ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 10-1TOP: Negative externalities MSC: Analytical.。

经济学原理选择题整理版1.经济学的定义是研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源用于诸多用途，而不是政府对市场制度的干预、消费者如何获取收入或企业取得利润的活动。

2.经济物品是指有用且稀缺的物品，而不是有用的物品、稀缺的物品或要用钱购买的物品。

3.经济学研究的基本问题包括生产什么、生产多少、怎样生产以及为谁生产，而不是只有前三个问题是正确的。

4.稀缺存在于全世界所有的国家中，而不是当人们的消费量超过需求时、富有国家中或穷困的国家中。

5.资源的稀缺性是指相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言，资源总是不足的，而不是资源的绝对数量的有限性或生产某种物品所需资源的绝对数量的有限性。

6.微观经济学解决的问题是资源配置，而不是资源利用、单个经济单位的经济行为或价格理论。

7.宏观经济学中心理论是国民收入决定理论，而不是失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期与经济增长理论或价格理论。

8.在理论的形成中，假设是非常重要的，离开了一定的假设条件，分析与结论就是毫无意义的，而不是假设的某些条件往往不现实，因此有假设就很难得出正确的结论或理论是客观规律的反映，不应该有假设。

9.“一方是无限的需要，一方是有限的商品”这句话的含义是不存在简单的办法以解决稀缺性与人类需要的无限性之间的矛盾，而不是人类的本性是自私的，不愿与他人分享、政府应当对产出进行再分配或目前的生产方式是无效率的。

10.在以市场机制为主要资源配置方式的经济中，价格起到了关键的作用，而不是需求、供给或均衡价格。

1.根据题意，买者的购买量应该多于1000单位少于1400单位，而不是1400单位。

2.在小麦歉收导致小麦价格上升的过程中，小麦供给的减少引起需求量下降，而不是小麦供给的减少引起需求下降或小麦供给量的减少引起需求量下降。

3.如果生产某种商品所需原料的价格上升了，这种商品的供给曲线将向左方移动，而不是需求曲线将向左方移动或供给曲线向右方移动。

C．在这时期内所有投入量都是不变的D．在这时期内至少有一种投入量是固定的2．边际效用递减指的是（B）。

《经济学原理》部分练习题参考答案（微观部分）一、名词解释：1、资源的稀缺性：是指相对于人类无限的需求而言，人的需求具有无限增长和扩大的趋势，为了满足这种需求就需要更多的物品和劳务，从而需要更多的资源，而在一定时间与空间范围内资源总是有限的，相对不足的资源与人类绝对增长的需求相比造成了资源的稀缺性。

2、微观经济学：是研究社会中单个经济单位的经济行为，以及相应的经济变量的单项数值如何决定的经济学说，亦称市场经济学或价格理论。

3、宏观经济学：以整个国民经济为研究对象，通过研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化，以解决失业、通货膨胀、经济波动国际收支等问题，实现长期稳定的发展。

4、需求：指市场上的消费者在一定时期内，在每一可能价格水平上愿意而且能够购买某种商品的数量。

5、供给：是指市场上的卖方在一定时期内，在每一可能价格水平上愿意而且能够出售某种商品的数量。

6、需求函数：是表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间的相互关系。

7、供给函数：把影响供给量的所有因素作为自变量，把供给量作为因变量，则可以用函数关系来表达供给量和这些影响供给量的因素之间的依存关系，这种函数被称为供给函数。

8、需求定理：在影响需求的其他因素不变的情况下，某一商品的价格下降，需求量就增加，而商品的价格上升，该商品的需求量就减少，商品的需求量和其价格之间的这种关系称为需求定理。

9、供给定理：在其他条件不变的情况下，某一商品的价格越低，商品的供给量越小，商品的价格越高，该商品的供给量越大，这就是供给定理。

10、供求定理：需求的变动引起均衡价格与均衡数量同方向变动，供给的变动引起均衡价格反方向变动，均衡数量同方向变动。

11、均衡价格：就是当商品的供给量和需求量恰好相等时的价格。

此时，价格既不上升也不下降，保持相对稳定状态。

12、最高限价：也被称为限制价格，是政府所规定的某种产品的最高价格；最高限价总是低于市场均衡价格。

13、最低限价：也称为支持价格，是政府所规定的某种产品的最低价格。

1. T he word that comes from the Greek word for "one who managesa household" isa. market.b. consumer.c. producer.d. economy.2. T he word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos,which meansa. “environment.”b. “production.”c. “one who manages a household.”d. “one who makes decisions.”3. R esources area. scarce for households but plentiful for economies.b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies.c. scarce for households and scarce for economies.d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies.4. E conomics deals primarily with the concept ofa. scarcity.b. poverty.c. change.d. power.5. W hich of the following questions is not answered by thedecisions that every society must make?a. What determines consumer preferences?b. What goods will be produced?c. Who will produce the goods?d. Who will consume the goods?6. T he overriding reason as to why households and societies facemany decisions is that2 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economicsa. resources are scarce.b. goods and services are not scarce.c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles.d. people, by nature, tend to disagree.7. T he phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact thata. most economies’production methods are not very good.b. in most economies, wealthy people consumedisproportionate quantities of goods and services.c. governments restricts production of too many goods andservices.d. resources are limited.8. A pproximately what percentage of the world's economiesexperience scarcity?a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%9. W hen a society cannot produce all the goods and servicespeople wish to have, it is said that the economy isexperiencinga. scarcity.b. shortages.c. inefficiencies.d. inequities.10. F or society, a good is not scarce ifa. at least one individual in society can obtain all he orshe wants of the good.b. firms are producing the good at full capacity.c. all members of society can have all they want of thegood.Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 3d. those who have enough income can buy all they want ofthe good.11. W hich of the following products would be considered scarce?a. golf clubsb. Picasso paintingsc. applesd. All of the above are correct.12. E conomics is the study ofa. production methods.b. how society manages its scarce resources.c. how households decide who performs which tasks.d. the interaction of business and government.14. I n most societies, resources are allocated bya. a single central planner.b. a small number of central planners.c. those firms that use resources to provide goods andservices.d. the combined actions of millions of households andfirms.15. T he adage, "There is no such thing as a free lunch," is usedto illustrate the principle thata. goods are scarce.b. people face tradeoffs.(to get something we like, weusually have to give up another thing we like)c. income must be earned.d. households face many decisions.18. W hich of the following statements best represents theprinciple represented by the adage, "There is no such thing as a free lunch"?4 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economicsa. Melissa can attend the concert only if she takes hersister with her.b. Greg is hungry and homeless.c. Brian must repair the tire on his bike before he can rideit to class.d. Kendra must decide between going to Colorado or Cancunfor spring break.19. T he principle that "people face tradeoffs" applies toa. individuals.b. families.c. societies.d. All of the above are correct.20. A typical society strives to get the most it can from itsscarce resources. At the same time, the society attempts to distribute the benefits of those resources to the members of the society in a fair manner. In other words, the society facesa tradeoff betweena. guns and butter.b. efficiency and equity.c. inflation and unemployment.d. work and leisure.21. G uns and butter are used to represent the classic societaltradeoff between spending ona. durable and nondurable goods.b. imports and exports.c. national defense and consumer goods.d. law enforcement and agriculture.22. W hen society requires that firms reduce pollution, there isa. a tradeoff because of reduced incomes to the firms'owners and workers.b. a tradeoff only if some firms are forced to close.Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 5c. no tradeoff, since the cost of reducing pollution fallsonly on the firms affected by the requirements.d. no tradeoff, since everyone benefits from reducedpollution.23. A tradeoff exists between a clean environment and a higherlevel of income in thata. studies show that individuals with higher levels ofincome actually pollute less than low-income individuals.b. efforts to reduce pollution typically are notcompletely successful.c. laws that reduce pollution raise costs of production andreduce incomes.d. by employing individuals to clean up pollution,employment and income both rise.24. W hich of the following phrases best captures the notion ofefficiency?a. absolute fairnessb. equal distributionc. minimum wasted. equitable outcome25. W hich of the following is true?a. Efficiency refers to the size of the economic pie;equity refers to how the pie is divided.b. Government policies usually improve upon both equityand efficiency.c. As long as the economic pie continually gets larger, noone will have to go hungry.d. Efficiency and equity can both be achieved if theeconomic pie is cut into equal pieces.26. E fficiency means that6 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economicsa. society is conserving resources in order to save themfor the future.b. society's goods and services are distributed equallyamong society's members.c. society's goods and services are distributed fairly,though not necessarily equally, among society's members.d. society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarceresources.27. E conomists use the word equity to describe a situation inwhicha. each member of society has the same income.b. each member of society has access to abundant quantitiesof goods and services, regardless of his or her income.c. society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarceresources.d. the benefits of society's resources are distributedfairly among society's members.28. S enator Smith wants to increase taxes on people with highincomes and use the money to help the poor. Senator Jones argues that such a tax will discourage successful people from working and will therefore make society worse off. Aneconomist would say thata. we should agree with Senator Smith.b. we should agree with Senator Jones.c. a good decision requires that we recognize bothviewpoints.d. there are no tradeoffs between equity and efficiency.29. W hich of the following words and phrases best captures thenotion of equity?a. minimum wasteb. maximum benefitChapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 7c. samenessd. fairnessANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Equity MSC: Definitional30. W hen government policies are enacted,a. equity can usually be enhanced without an efficiencyloss, but efficiency can never be enhanced without an equity loss.b. efficiency can usually be enhanced without an equityloss, but equity can never be enhanced without an efficiency loss.c. it is always the case that either efficiency andfairness are both enhanced, or efficiency and equity are both diminished.d. None of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Applicative31. A likely effect of government policies that redistributeincome and wealth from the wealthy to the poor is that those policiesa. enhance equity.b. reduce efficiency.c. reduce the reward for working hard.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive8 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics32. W hen the government implements programs such as progressiveincome tax rates, which of the following is likely to occur?a. Equity is increased and efficiency is increased.b. Equity is increased and efficiency is decreased.c. Equity is decreased and efficiency is increased.d. Equity is decreased and efficiency is decreased. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive33. A s a result of a successful attempt by government to cut theeconomic pie into more equal slices,a. it is easier to cut the pie, and therefore the economycan produce a larger pie.b. the government can more easily allocate the pie to thosemost in need.c. the pie gets smaller, and there will be less pie overall.d. government will spend too much time cutting and itcauses the economy to lose the ability to produce enough pie for everyone.ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Analytical34. W hen the government attempts to improve equity in an economythe result is oftena. an increase in overall output in the economy.b. additional government revenue since overall income willincrease.c. a reduction in equity.d. a reduction in efficiency.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: InterpretiveChapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics 935. W hen the government redistributes income from the wealthy tothe poor,a. efficiency is improved, but equity is not.b. both wealthy people and poor people benefit directly.c. people work less and produce fewer goods and services.d. wealthy people consume fewer goods, but poor peopleconsume more goods, resulting in no real change.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Government, Efficiency, Equity MSC: Interpretive36. I n economics, the cost of something isa. the dollar amount of obtaining it.b. always measured in units of time given up to get it.c. what you give up to get it.d. often impossible to quantify, even in principle. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional37. W hat you give up to obtain an item is called youra. opportunity cost.b. explicit cost.c. true cost.d. direct cost.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional10 Chapter 1/Ten Principles of Economics38. T he opportunity cost of going to college isa. the total spent on food, clothing, books,transportation, tuition, lodging, and other expenses.b. the value of the best opportunity a student gives up toattend college.c. zero for students who are fortunate enough to have allof their college expenses paid by someone else.d. zero, since a college education will allow a student toearn a larger income after graduation.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive39. M aurice receives $100 as a birthday gift. In deciding how tospend the money, he narrows his options down to four choices: Option A, Option B, Option C, and Option D. Each option costs $100. Finally he decides on Option B. The opportunity cost of this decision isa. the value to Maurice of the option he would have chosenhad Option B not been available.b. the value to Maurice of Options A, C and D combined.c. $100.d. $300.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative40. A furniture maker currently produces 100 tables per week andsells them for a profit. She is considering expanding her operation in order to make more tables. Should she expand?a. Yes, because making tables is profitable.b. No, because she may not be able to sell the additionaltables.c. It depends on the marginal cost of producing more tablesand the marginal revenue she will earn from selling more tables.d. It depends on the average cost of producing more tablesand the average revenue she will earn from selling more tables.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative41. F or most students, the largest single cost of a collegeeducation isa. the wages given up to attend school.b. tuition, fees, and books.c. room and board.d. transportation, parking, and entertainment.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive42. F or a college student who wishes to calculate the true costsof going to college, the costs of room and boarda. should be counted in full, regardless of the costs ofeating and sleeping elsewhere.b. should be counted only to the extent that they are moreexpensive at college than elsewhere.c. usually exceed the opportunity cost of going to college.d. plus the cost of tuition, equals the opportunity costof going to college.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative43. F or which of the following individuals would the opportunitycost of going to college be highest?a. a promising young mathematician who will command a highsalary once she earns her college degreeb. a student with average grades who has never held a jobc. a famous, highly-paid actor who wants to take time awayfrom show business to finish college and earn a degreed. a student who is the best player on his collegebasketball team, but who lacks the skills necessary to play professional basketballANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative44. W hen you calculate your true costs of going to college, whatportion of your room-and-board expenses should be included?a. Your full room-and-board expenses should always beincluded.b. None of your room-and-board expenses should ever beincluded.c. You should include only the amount by which yourroom-and-board expenses exceed the income you earn while attending college.d. You should include only the amount by which yourroom-and-board expenses exceed the expenses for rent and food if you were not in college.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative45. T he opportunity cost of an item isa. the number of hours needed to earn money to buy the item.b. what you give up to get that item.c. usually less than the dollar value of the item.d. the dollar value of the item.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Definitional46. M allory decides to spend three hours working overtime ratherthan watching a video with her friends. She earns $8 an hour.Her opportunity cost of working isa. the $24 she earns working.b. the $24 minus the enjoyment she would have received fromwatching the video.c. the enjoyment she would have received had she watchedthe video.d. nothing, since she would have received less than $24 ofenjoyment from the video.ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative47. R ussell spends an hour studying instead of playing tennis.The opportunity cost to him of studying isa. the improvement in his grades from studying for thehour.b. the improvement in his grades from studying minus theenjoyment of playing tennis.c. the enjoyment and exercise he would have received hadhe played tennis.d. zero. Since Russell chose to study rather than to playtennis, the value of studying must have been greater than the value of playing tennis.ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Applicative48. C ollege-age athletes who drop out of college to playprofessional sportsa. are not rational decision makers.b. are well aware that their opportunity cost of attendingcollege is very high.c. are concerned more about present circumstances thantheir future.d. underestimate the value of a college education. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Opportunity cost MSC: Interpretive49. A rational decisionmakera. ignores marginal changes and focuses instead on “thebig picture.”b. ignores the likely effects of government policies whenhe or she makes choices.c. takes an action only if the marginal benefit of thataction exceeds the marginal cost of that action.d. takes an action only if the combined benefits of thataction and previous actions exceed the combined costs of that action and previous actions.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive50. R ational people make decisions at the margin bya. following marginal traditions.b. behaving in a random fashion.c. thinking in black-and-white terms.d. comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive51. T he word "margin" meansa. edge.b. distance.c. space.d. measure.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Definitional52. M aking rational decisions "at the margin" means that peoplea. make those decisions that do not impose a marginal cost.b. evaluate how easily a decision can be reversed ifproblems arise.c. compare the marginal costs and marginal benefits of eachdecision.d. always calculate the marginal dollar costs for eachdecision.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive53. A person’s willingness to pay for a good is based ona. the availability of the good.b. the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good wouldprovide for that person.c. the marginal cost of producing an extra unit of the good.d. esoteric factors, the study of which lies beyond theboundaries of economics.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive54. T o say that "people respond to incentives" is to say thata. changes in costs (but not changes in benefits) influencepeople's decisions and their behavior.b. changes in benefits (but not changes in costs) influencepeople's decisions and their behavior.c. changes in benefits or changes in costs influencepeople's decisions and their behavior.d. tradeoffs can be eliminated by rational people who thinkat the margin.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Incentives MSC: Definitional55. A marginal change is aa. change that involves little, if anything, that isimportant.b. large, significant adjustment.c. change for the worse, and so it is usually a short-termchange.d. small, incremental adjustment.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Definitional56. W hich of the following is the best example of a marginalchange?a. After graduating college, Audrey's income increasesfrom $500 per month to $3,000 per month.b. Morgan gets a raise at her part-time job and is now paid$7.25 per hour instead of $7.00.c. Housing prices in an area increase by 40 percent whena new interstate is built that passes nearby.d. A hard freeze wipes out half of the orange crop inFlorida and the price of orange juice doubles.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative57. W hich of the following is the best example of a marginalchange?a. The price of housing in Denver increased by 6 percentlast year.b. Kim gets a big promotion at work. She also gets a raisefrom $35,000 per year to $55,000 per year.c. Mark graduates from college and takes a job. His incomeincreases from $10,000 per year to $35,000 per year.d. A drought hits the upper Midwest and the price of wheatincreases from $4.00 per bushel to $6.50 per bushel. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative58. A marginal change is best illustrated by which of thefollowing?a. Nancy retires and takes a part-time job. She was working40 hours per week and now works 15 hours per week.b. A large, state-supported university has announced thatdue to state budget deficits, tuition must rise by 20percent next year.c. Ryan moved to a new apartment and now pays 40 percentmore rent than before.d. Arizona, which usually receives 10 inches of rain peryear, received 11 inches last year.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive59. T eresa eats three oranges during a particular day. Themarginal benefit she enjoys from eating the third orangea. can be thought of as the total benefit Teresa enjoys byeating three oranges minus the total benefit she would have enjoyed by eating just the first two oranges.b. determines Teresa’s willingness to pay for the first,second, and third oranges.c. does not depend on how many oranges Teresa has alreadyeaten.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative60. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only ifa. the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginalcost of the action.b. the marginal cost of the action exceeds the marginalbenefit of the action.c. the marginal cost of the action is zero.d. the opportunity cost of the action is zero.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive61. A fter much consideration, you have chosen Cancun over Ft.Lauderdale as your Spring Break destination this year.However, Spring Break is still months away, and you mayreverse this decision. Which of the following events would prompt you to reverse this decision?a. The marginal benefit of going to Cancun increases.b. The marginal cost of going to Cancun decreases.c. The marginal benefit of going to Ft. Lauderdaledecreases.d. The marginal cost of going to Ft. Lauderdale decreases. ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative62. T he average cost per seat on the 50-passenger Floating-On-AirBus company's trip from Kansas City to St. Louis, on which no refreshments are served, is $45. In advance of a particular trip, three seats remain unsold. The bus company couldincrease its profit only if ita. charged any ticket price above $0 for the threeremaining seats.b. charged at least $15 for each of the three remainingseats.c. charged at least $45 for each of the three remainingseats.d. paid three people to occupy the three remaining seats. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Applicative63. W arren drinks four cups of coffee during a particular day.The marginal benefit he enjoys from drinking the fourth cupa. can be thought of as the total benefit Warren enjoys bydrinking four cups minus the total benefit he would have enjoyed by drinking just three cups.b. determines Warren’s willingness to pay for the fourthcup.c. is likely different from the marginal benefit providedto Warren by the third cup.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Applicative64. A rational decision maker takes an action only if thea. marginal benefit is less than the marginal cost.b. marginal benefit is greater than the marginal cost.c. average benefit is greater than the average cost.d. marginal benefit is greater than both the average costand the marginal cost.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive65. A construction company has built 50 houses so far this yearat a total cost to the company of $8 million. If the company builds a 51st house, its total cost will increase to $8.18 million. Which of the following statements is correct?a. For the first 50 houses, the average cost per house was$160,000.b. The marginal cost of the 51st house, if it is built, willbe $180,000.c. If the company can experience a marginal benefit of$190,000 by building the 51st house, then the company should build it.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal cost, Marginal benefit MSC: Applicative66. M ike has spent $500 purchasing and repairing an old fishingboat, which he expects to sell for $800 once the repairs are complete. Mike discovers that, in addition to the $500 he has already spent, he needs to make an additional repair, which will cost another $400, in order to make the boat worth $800 to potential buyers. He can sell the boat as it is now for $300. What should he do?a. He should sell the boat as it is now for $300.b. He should keep the boat since it would not be rationalto spend $900 on repairs and then sell the boat for $800.c. He should complete the repairs and sell the boat for$800.d. It does not matter which action he takes; the outcomeis the same either way.ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical67. A donut shop sells fresh baked donuts from 5 a.m. until 3 p.m.every day. The shop does not sell day-old donuts, so all unsold donuts are thrown away at 3 p.m. each day. The cost of making and selling a dozen donuts is $1.50; there are no costsassociated with throwing donuts away. If the manager has 10 dozen donuts left at 2:30 p.m. on a particular day, which of the following alternatives is most attractive?a. Lower the price of the remaining donuts, even if theprice falls below $1.50 per dozen.b. Lower the price of the remaining donuts, but under nocircumstances should the price fall below $1.50 per dozen.c. Throw the donuts away and produce 10 fewer dozen donutstomorrow.d. Starting tomorrow, lower the price on all donuts so theywill all be sold earlier in the day.ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Analytical68. S tan buys a 1966 Mustang for $2,000, planning to restore andsell the car. He goes on to spend $8,000 restoring the car.At this point he can sell the car for $9,000. As an alternative, he can spend an additional $3,000 replacing the engine. Witha new engine the car would sell for $12,000. Stan shoulda. complete the repairs and sell the car for $12,000.b. sell the car now for $9, 000.c. never try such an expensive project again.d. be indifferent between (i) selling the car now and (ii)replacing the engine and then selling it.ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical69. S arah buys and sells real estate. Two weeks ago, she paid$140,000 for a house on Oak Street, intending to spend $20,000 on repairs sell the house for $175,000. Last week, the city government announced a plan to build a “halfway house”for convicted criminals on Oak Street. As a result of the city’s announced plan, Sarah is weighing two alternatives: She can go ahead with the $20,000 in repairs and then sell the house for $135,000, or she can forgo the repairs and sell the house as it is for $120,000. Sarah shoulda. keep the house and live in it.b. go ahead with the $20,000 in repairs and sell the housefor $135,000.c. forgo the repairs and sell the house as it is for$120,000.d. move the house from Oak Street to a more desirablelocation, irrespective of the cost of doing so.ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal cost MSC: Analytical70. P eople are willing to pay more for a diamond than for a bottleof water becausea. the marginal cost of producing an extra diamond farexceeds the marginal cost of producing an extra bottle of water.b. the marginal benefit of an extra diamond far exceeds themarginal benefit of an extra bottle of water.c. producers of diamonds have a much greater ability tomanipulate diamond prices than producers of water have to manipulate water prices.d. water prices are held artificially low by governments,since water is necessary for life.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Marginal changes MSC: Interpretive71. E conomists are particularly adept at understanding thatpeople respond toa. laws.b. incentives.c. punishments more than rewards.d. rewards more than punishments.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1-1TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive72. G overnment policies can change the costs and benefits thatpeople face. Those policies have the potential toa. alter people’s behavior.b. alter people’s decisions at the margin.c. produce results that policymakers did not intend.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-1TOP: Incentives MSC: Interpretive。

经济学原理（微观部分）习题与参考答案对于很多人来说，可能会觉得经济学离我们很远。

可事实上，通过认真观察就会发现，经济学的现象是普遍存在的。

在生活、工作中，激励无处不在。

从经济学角度出发，激励指的是引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西，人们会对激励做出相应的反应。

这里的激励既可以是正向的奖励，也可以是负向的惩罚。

不同的激励机制会产生不同的激励效果。

如果某种行为能够给你带来奖励，那么人们就会做得更多、更拼尽全力；如果惩罚某种行为，人们就会在最大程度上去避免这种行为。

一般而言，当商品价格下降时，都会引起人们需求量的增加。

以每年的“双十一”购物狂欢节为例，“双十一”最普遍的营销手段是低价、折扣，这些活动会让消费者觉得购买更加划算，他们会因为大幅的降价而囤积许多的生活用品，导致需求量迅速增加。

服装店“以旧换新”的手段同样是运用了激励理论。

“以旧换新”是在消费者购买新的商品时，如果能把同类型的旧商品交给店铺，就能享受一定的折扣，其实旧商品对商家来说没有多大的经济价值，只是发挥着抵值券的作用，从而激励消费者发生购买行为。

那什么是惩罚的激励呢？关税就是惩罚的激励，所谓关税指的是引进出口商品经过一国关境时，由政府所设置的海关向其引进出口商所征收的税收。

随着国与国之间的发展，贸易战是不可避免的，而贸易战采取的主要手段就是关税，通过提高关税极大地可以减少某国的出口额，影响这个国家的国内生产和就业。

最具有代表性的案例是2009年的“轮胎事件”。

2009年4月20日，美国钢铁工人联合会以中国对美轮胎出口扰乱美国市场为由，向美国国际贸易委员会提出申请，对中国产乘用车轮胎发起特保调查。

6月29日，美国贸易委员会建议在现行进口关税（3.4%—4.0%）的基础上，对中国输美乘用车与轻型卡车轮胎连续3年分别加征55%、45%和35%的特别从价关税。

另外一个与大家息息相关的例子是交通违规的罚款，通过这种负向激励可以提高车主开车的谨慎程度，更加遵守行驶的规章制度。

《经济学原理》试题库及答案一、单选题（共50题，每题1分，共50分）1、通常公布的，为根据通货膨胀的影响矫正的利率是（）oA、名义GDPB、名义汇率C、名义利率D、名义变量正确答案：C2、当货币充当人们用于表示价格和记录债务的标准时，它执行的是O职能。

A、价值储藏B、交换媒介C、世界货币D、计价单位正确答案：D3、经济中存在失业时、应采取的财政政策工具是（）。

A、提高公司所得税B、增加政府支出C、提高个人所得税D、增加货币发行量正确答案：B4、供给固定不变的一般资源的服务价格叫做（）。

A、经济租金B、地租C、准租金D、租金正确答案：D5、实证经济学与规范经济学的根本区别是（）。

A、研究范围不同B、研究对象不同C、研究问题不同D、研究方法不同正确答案：D6、贸易平衡指的是（）。

A、出口大于进口B、出口等于进口C、出口大于等于进口D、出口小于进口正确答案：B7、如果汇率的1美元变动能买到更多的外国通货，那么这种变动称为美元（）。

A、贬值的压力B、升值C、贬值D、升值的压力正确答案：B8、三部门经济部门与二部门经济相比，乘数效应（）。

A、变大B、变小C、不变D、变大，变小或不变均可能正确答案：C9、某人正在等待着某项工作，这种情况可归类于（）。

A^就业不足B、失业C、就业D、非劳动力正确答案：B10、同一条无差异曲线上的不同点表示（）oA、效用水平相同，但所消费的两种商品的组合比例不同B、效用水平不同，两种商品的组合比例也不相同C、效用水平不同，但所消费的两种商品组合比例相同D、效用水平相同，两种商品的组合比例也相同正确答案：A11、在边际产量发生递减时，如果要增加同样数量的产品，应该（）。

A、增加变动生产要素的投入量B、停止增加变动生产要素C、同比例增加各种生产要素D、减少变动生产要素的投入量正确答案：A12、商品的边际替代率递减规律决定了无差异曲线（）。

A、凹向原点B、平行于横轴C、凸向原点D、垂直于横轴正确答案：C13、货币数量论认为，可得到的O决定决定通货膨胀率。

第五章弹性及其应用复习题1．给需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性下定义。

答：需求价格弹性，是指一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量；需求收入弹性，是指一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量。

2．列出并解释本章中所谈论的决定需求价格弹性的四个因素。

答：需求的价格弹性取决于许多形成个人欲望的经济、社会和心理因素。

通常，需求价格弹性主要由以下几个因素决定：(1)相似替代品的可获得性。

有相似替代品的物品往往富有需求弹性，因为消费者从这种物品转向其他物品较为容易。

(2)必需品与奢侈品。

必需品倾向于需求缺乏弹性，奢侈品倾向于需求富有弹性。

(3)市场的定义。

范围小的市场的需求弹性往大于范围大的市场，因为范围小的市场上的物品更容易找到相近的替代品。

(4)时间框架。

物品往往随着时间变长而需求更富有弹性，因为在长期中人们有充分的时间来改变自己的消费嗜好和消费结构。

4．如果弹性大于1，需求是富有弹性还是缺乏弹性?如果弹性等于零，需求是完全有弹性还是完全无弹性?答：弹性大于1，需求富有弹性。

弹性等于零，需求完全无弹性。

5．在一个供求图上标明均衡价格、均衡数量和生产者得到的总收益。

答：如图，供给与需求曲线的交点是均衡点，均衡点所对应的价格P是均衡价格，所对应的数量Q是均衡数量。

P·Q，即阴影部分是生产者得到的总收益。

6．如果需求是富有弹性的，价格上升会如何改变总收益?解释原因。

答：如果需求是富有弹性的，价格上升会使总收益减少。

因为需求富有弹性，价格上升引起需求量减少的如此之多，以至于大到抵消价格上涨所带来的收益，即需求量下降的比例大于价格上升的比例。

7．如果一种物品需求收入弹性小于零，我们把这种物品称为什么?答：需求收入弹性小于零的物品，我们称为低档物品。

8．如何计算供给的价格弹性?供给价格弹性衡量什么?答：供给价格弹性＝供给量变动的百分比／价格变动百分比。

它是衡量供给量对其价格变动的反应程度。

9．毕加索油画的供给价格弹性是多大?答：毕加索油画的供给价格弹性为零。

曼昆《经济学原理》第七版课后习题的答案（中文版）！！练习题1、任何一个所得税表都体现了两种税率——平均税率和边际税率。

（题中的表见课本12章）a、平均税率定义为支付的总税收除以收入。

对表12—7中的比例税制来说，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是多少？在累退税制和累进税制中相对应的平均税率是多少？答：从表12—7中很容易看出，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率都是25%。

在累退税制中，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是30%，25%，20%。

在累进税制中，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是20%，25%，30%。

b、边际税率定义为额外收入支付的税收除以增加的额外收入。

计算比例税制下，收入从5万美元增加到10万美元的边际税率。

计算收入从10万美元增加到20万美元的边际税率。

计算累退税制和累进税制下相对应的边际税率答：（1）比例税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1.25万，因此边际税率为1.25/5=0.25，即25%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了2.5万，因此边际税率为2.5/10=0.25，即25%。

（2）累退税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1万，因此边际税率为1/5=0.2，即20%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了1.5万，因此边际税率为1.5/10=0.15，即15%。

（3）累进税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1.5万，因此边际税率为1.5/5=0.3，即30%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了3.5万，因此边际税率为3.5/10=0.35，即35%。

c、描述这三种税制中每一种的平均税率和边际税率之间的关系。

一般来说，某人在决定是否接受工资比目前工作略高一点的工作时，哪一种税率更适用？在判断税制的纵向平等时，哪一种税率更适用？答：在比例税制下，平均税率和边际税率相等，且都不随收入变动而变动。

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第5章 弹性及其应用课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．弹性（elasticity ）答：弹性指作为因变量的经济量的相对变化对作为自变量的经济变量的相对变化的反应程度或灵敏程度。

弹性用来表明两个经济变量变化的关系，当两个经济变量之间存在函数关系时，作为自变量的经济变量的变化，必然引起作为因变量的经济变量的变化。

弹性的大小由弹性系数来表示，弹性系数等于因变量的相对变化对自变量的相对变化的比值。

即：=因变量的变动比例弹性系数自变量的变动比例设两个经济变量之间的函数关系为()Y f X =，则具体的弹性公式为：YY X Y E X X YX∆∆==⋅∆∆ 其中，E 为弹性系数；X ∆、Y ∆分别为变量X 、Y 的变动量。

弹性概念在西方经济学中广泛应用，经济理论中有多种多样的弹性概念，例如，需求价格弹性、需求收入弹性、供给价格弹性等等。

由于弹性是两个量的相对变化的比，因此，弹性是一个具体的数字，它与自变量和因变量的度量单位无关。

2．需求价格弹性（elasticity of demand ）（华南理工大学2009研）答：需求价格弹性指某种商品需求量变动的百分比与价格变动的百分比之比，它用来衡量商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动的敏感程度。

用公式表示为：=需求变动的百分比需求价格弹性价格变动的百分比需求价格弹性的经济含义可表示为“当价格变化百分之一时，需求量可能会有百分之几的变化”。

这一概念是由马歇尔在解释价格与需求的关系时提出的。