hydratedgate Interaction and Moisture Resistance to Moisture Damage

温水擦浴的流程Taking a warm water bath is a soothing and relaxing experience for many people. 温水擦浴是许多人很享受的舒缓放松体验。

The process of taking a warm water bath involves several steps that help in cleansing the body and providing a calming effect. 温水擦浴的流程包括几个步骤，可以帮助清洁身体并产生平静的效果。

From preparing the bath area to drying off after the bath, each step plays an important role in ensuring a refreshing and rejuvenating experience. 从准备浴室地区到擦浴后的干燥，每个步骤在确保清新焕发的体验中起着重要作用。

Firstly, before taking a warm water bath, it's important to prepare the bath area. 首先，在进行温水擦浴之前，准备浴室地区是非常重要的。

This involves ensuring that the water temperature is just right – not too hot or too cold – and adding any desired bath salts or essential oils for an added aromatherapy effect. 这包括确保水温适中 - 既不太热也不太冷 - 并添加任何所需的浴盐或精油，以增加香薰疗法效果。

Creating a peaceful and calming ambiance in the bath area can enhance the overall bathing experience. 在浴室地区营造出宁静和平静的氛围可以提升整体擦浴体验。

夏季护肤指南的英语Summer Skincare GuideSummer is here, bringing with it warmer temperatures, higher humidity, and increased exposure to the sun's harmful UV rays. To keep your skin healthy, glowing, and protected during this season, follow our comprehensive summer skincare guide:1.Stay Hydrated Inside and Out: Drink plenty of water throughoutthe day to keep your body and skin hydrated from within.Dehydration can lead to dryness, flakiness, and even prematureaging of the skin. Additionally, use lightweight, water-basedmoisturizers that won't clog pores but will lock in moisture.2.Sun Protection is Key: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPF of at least 30 every morning before heading outdoors.Reapply every two hours or immediately after swimming orsweating to maintain protection against UVA and UVB rays. Wearprotective clothing like hats and sunglasses to further shieldyour skin and eyes.3.Cleanse Gently: Opt for a gentle, non-comedogenic cleanser thatremoves dirt, sweat, and excess oil without stripping yourskin's natural moisture barrier. Avoid using harsh soaps orscrubs that can irritate and dry out your skin.4.Exfoliate Regularly: Dead skin cells can accumulate quicklyduring the summer, making your skin appear dull. Incorporate agentle exfoliator into your routine once or twice a week toslough off dead skin and reveal a brighter, smoothercomplexion. However, be cautious not to over-exfoliate, whichcan lead to irritation and sensitivity.5.Control Oiliness: Humidity and heat can trigger excess oilproduction, leading to shiny skin and breakouts. Uselightweight, oil-free skincare products and considerincorporating a mattifying primer or moisturizer with salicylic acid or niacinamide to help control oiliness.6.Soothe and Calm Inflammation: Summer can be harsh on sensitiveskin, causing redness and irritation. Look for skincareproducts containing soothing ingredients like aloe vera,chamomile, or green tea to calm and comfort your skin.7.Nourish with Antioxidants: Incorporate antioxidants likevitamin C, vitamin E, and niacinamide into your skincareroutine to protect your skin from environmental stressors andpromote a healthier, more radiant complexion.8.Mind Your Diet: What you eat can also impact your skin'shealth. Load up on fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidantsand essential nutrients to support your skin from the insideout. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids and avoidexcessive alcohol and caffeine consumption, which can dehydrate you.9.Rest and Relax: Stress can take a toll on your skin, causingbreakouts, dryness, and premature aging. Make sure to getenough sleep, practice stress-relieving activities likemeditation or yoga, and prioritize self-care.10.Listen to Your Skin: Pay attention to how your skin reacts todifferent products and conditions. If you notice any adversereactions, such as redness, itching, or breakouts, discontinue use and consult a dermatologist if necessary.By following these summer skincare tips, you can enjoy the season with confidence, knowing that your skin is well-protected and nourished.。

土木工程材料（civil engineering materials）Question: what are the effects of porosity, pore size and pore size on the properties of the material (such as strength, heat insulation, impermeability, frost resistance, corrosion resistance, water absorption, etc.)?.The larger the porosity of the material is, the lower the strength of the material is, the worse the impermeability and corrosion resistance are, and the stronger the water absorption is. The insulation property and frost resistance of the material are related to the pore structure of the material. The more content of the small hole and the non communicating hole, the better the thermal insulation property and the frost resistance of the material..Question: a multi-storey residential building interior plastering is lime mortar, after the delivery of the wall generally bulging cracking, try to analyze the reasons. What measures should be taken to prevent this from happening?.This phenomenon is due to the presence of burned lime, lime burned due to slow reaction, and the reaction time of the rapid expansion of the volume and release a lot of heat, so that the lime mortar wall bulging and cracking phenomenon after delivery. In order to avoid this phenomenon, lime should be used before Chen Fu..Question: the greater the porosity, the worse the frost resistance of the material?.The porosity of the material consists of two kinds of open poresand closed pores, and the porosity of the material is the sum of the open porosity and the closed porosity. The damage of the material due to freezing and thawing is mainly due to the freezing of water in the pores. The more water entering the pore, the worse the frost resistance of the material. Water is difficult to enter into the closed pores of materials. If the pores of the material are mainly closed pores, even if the porosity of the material is large, the moisture inside the material will not be much. In this case, the frost resistance of the material will not be poor..Question: why is slag cement, volcanic ash cement superior to Portland cement in corrosion resistance?.Because the hydration reaction of slag and calcium hydroxide volcano ash and clinker, C-S-H hydration products, the calcium hydroxide content in cement paste is greatly reduced, and the calcium hydroxide poor corrosion resistance. On the other hand, more hydrated products are formed, which makes the structure of cement stone more compact and improves the corrosion resistance of cement stone..Question: why is the dry shrinkage of fly ash cement smaller than that of pozzolanic cement?.The majority of fly ash are round particles with dense surface, while volcanic ash is irregular particles with porous surface. Generally speaking, when the cement paste reaches the same fluidity, the latter needs more water, which makes the hardened cement stone shrink more..Question: why shouldn't high alumina cement be cured at temperatures higher than 30?.In the process of high alumina cement hydration, when the temperature is below 20 DEG C, the main hydration products of CaOoAl2O3o10H2O, temperature 20 ~ 30 degrees, the main hydration products of 2CaOoAl2O3o8H2O, when the temperature is higher than 30 DEG C when the main hydration products3CaOoAl2O3o6H2O, the product of low strength, but not because of high alumina cement in the maintenance temperature higher than 30 DEG C under..Question: why is not the thinner the cement, the higher the strength must be?.Generally speaking, the fine particle of cement is beneficial to increase the hydration speed and sufficient hydration of cement, so that it is beneficial to the strength, especially the early strength. But the cement particles are too small, too large specific surface area of cement paste to demand the same flow too much, but the impact of the cement strength..Question: why is it necessary to make cement standard consistency before determining the setting time and soundness of cement?.The setting time stability of cement is related to the water cement ratio of cement paste. Although the water consumption is too large, the hydration speed of cement increases, but the distance between the cement particles increases and the setting time of the cement increases. When the cement stability betweenqualified and unqualified, and increase the water cement ratio, the soundness of cement performance is qualified. Therefore, the water content of cement standard consistency is determined first, and the setting time and soundness of cement are determined by the same conditions..Question: why concrete is not the amount of cement as much as possible?.When the amount of cement is too large, the shrinkage of concrete is greater and the hydration heat is larger, which leads to the cracking of concrete. At the same time waste cement, increase project costs..Question: why is it necessary to add a certain amount of cementitious material to cement mortar?.Because the cement is used for making mortar, the mark of the cement is much larger than the strength grade of the mortar, so a small amount of cement can meet the requirement of strength. However, when the amount of cement is less (such as less than 350 kg), the fluidity and water holding capacity of mortar are often poor, especially the water retention. Therefore, the construction quality of mortar is seriously affected, so it is necessary to add some other cheap cementing material to improve the fluidity of mortar, especially the water retention..Question: under the condition that the amount of cement slurry is certain, why is the rate of sand too small and too big tomake the fluidity of mixture become worse?.The dosage of cement slurry under certain conditions, when the void volume rate of sand is not enough to fill the number of hours of gravel or little surplus, in this case, the stone mortar at the contact point is too little, flowing mixture is very small. When the sand ratio is too large, set the total surface area and void material consumption rate increases, the fine aggregate used for wrapping the surface of cement mortar increased, cement sand at the point of contact is insufficient, even not enough to cover all the sand slurry, the dry mortar, liquidity mixture becomes worse..Question: what is the yield point of the material instead of its tensile strength as a basis for the design of the structure?.Yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are two important indexes to evaluate the strength of steel. Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that a test piece can bear. In the structural design, the component is required to work within the elastic deformation range, even if a small amount of plastic deformation should be avoided, so the yield strength of the steel is taken as the basis for design stress. Tensile strength can not be fully utilized in structural design, but the ratio of yield strength to tensile strength (bending strength ratio) has some significance. The smaller the yield strength ratio is, the higher the structural safety is..Question: why is the elongation of steel an important technical performance index for construction steel?.Steel in use, in order to avoid the normal stress at the defect stress concentration due to brittle fracture, its plasticity is good, which has a certain elongation, the defect can be more than the yield point of the material, with the plastic deformation and the stress redistribution, and avoid the premature failure of steel. At the same time, under normal temperature, the steel is processed into a certain shape, and it also requires a certain plasticity. But the elongation can not be too large, otherwise it will allow the use of steel in excess of the allowable deformation value..Question: why does cold working hardening of steel have side effects of plasticity and brittleness?.Steel processing and plastic deformation, the plastic deformation of grains within the region have a relative slip, the slip surface of grain crushing, lattice deformation, a sliding surface is uneven, and the distortion to the difficult. Therefore, the plasticity decreases and the brittleness increases..Question: what are the similarities and differences between porous bricks and hollow bricks?.The two kinds of brick porosity requirements are equal to or greater than 15%; the brick hole size is small and the number of hollow brick the size of the hole and the number of small; the porous brick used in load-bearing hollow brick, often used for non load bearing parts..Question: in a water aerated concrete block masonry wall immediately after pouring mortar plastering mortar layer, prone to cracking and hollowing and why?.Aerated concrete block of the pores are mostly "ink bottle" structure, only a small part of the pores formed by evaporation of water, small belly, capillary action is poor, so water absorption heat conduction slow. Ordinary brick fired water easily absorb enough water, and aerated concrete surface watering a lot, but in fact, water absorption is not much. In general the mortar plastering of aerated concrete is easy to absorb moisture, and is easy to produce cracking and hollowing. Therefore, the water can be divided into several times, and the mortar with good water retention and high bond strength is adopted..Question: why should lightweight aggregate concrete small hollow block be used for expansion joint when wall is used?.This is because the temperature deformation and dry shrinkage deformation of lightweight aggregate concrete small hollow block are larger than that of sintered common brick. In order to prevent cracks, the expansion joint can be set according to specific conditions, and the structural reinforcement is added to the necessary parts..Question: are stone materials available for underground foundations?.Not always。

登山郊游注意事项英语作文1. Make sure to pack all the necessary equipment for your hiking trip. This includes a sturdy backpack, comfortable hiking shoes, a map or GPS device, a first aid kit, and plenty of water and snacks to keep you energized.2. Always check the weather forecast before heading out. It's important to be prepared for any weather conditionsthat may arise during your hike. Bring appropriate clothing layers and rain gear if necessary.3. Stay on marked trails and follow any posted signs or instructions. Straying off the designated path can not only be dangerous, but it can also harm the natural environment. Respect the wildlife and vegetation by sticking to the designated trails.4. Pace yourself and take breaks when needed. Hikingcan be physically demanding, especially on steep or uneven terrain. Listen to your body and rest when you feel tiredor out of breath. It's better to take your time and enjoy the journey rather than pushing yourself too hard.5. Be mindful of your surroundings and watch where you step. Pay attention to the terrain and any potential hazards such as loose rocks or slippery surfaces. Take extra caution when crossing streams or walking on unstable ground.6. Leave no trace. Respect the environment by packing out all your trash and disposing of it properly. Avoid disturbing or removing any natural objects or wildlife. Leave the area as you found it, so that others can enjoy it too.7. Inform someone of your hiking plans. Before heading out, let a friend or family member know where you are going and when you expect to return. This way, someone will be aware of your whereabouts in case of an emergency.8. Stay hydrated and nourished throughout your hike. Drink plenty of water and eat regular snacks to keep yourenergy levels up. It's important to fuel your body properly, especially during longer hikes.9. Take care of your feet. Keep your feet dry and comfortable by wearing moisture-wicking socks and properly fitted shoes. If you feel any discomfort or pain, take the time to address it before it becomes a bigger issue.10. Enjoy the journey and take in the beauty of nature. Hiking is not just about reaching the destination, but also about appreciating the scenery and the serenity of thegreat outdoors. Take moments to pause, breathe, and soak in the experience.。

眼部护理流程英语Taking care of our eyes is crucial for maintaining good vision and overall eye health. A comprehensive eye care routine can help prevent various eye problems and ensure our eyes function optimally. In this essay, we will explore the essential steps in an eye care routine.Firstly, regular eye examinations are a vital component of an effective eye care routine. It is recommended to undergo a comprehensive eye exam at least once a year, even if you don't have any apparent vision problems. A professional eye doctor can assess the overall health of your eyes, check for refractive errors, and detect any underlying conditions that may require treatment. During the examination, the doctor will use various diagnostic tools to evaluate the structure and function of your eyes, including the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve.Another important step in eye care is maintaining good hygiene around the eyes. This includes gently cleaning the eyelids and lashes to remove any buildup of dirt, oil, or makeup. It is essential to use a clean, soft cloth or cotton swabs and a mild, oil-free cleanser toavoid irritating the delicate skin around the eyes. Additionally, it is crucial to avoid touching or rubbing your eyes with unclean hands, as this can introduce bacteria and lead to eye infections.Proper eye protection is also a crucial aspect of an effective eye care routine. Wearing sunglasses with UV protection when spending time outdoors can help shield your eyes from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can contribute to the development of conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and photokeratitis (sunburn of the eyes). It is also important to wear appropriate eye protection when engaging in certain activities, such as sports or home improvement projects, to prevent eye injuries.Nutrition also plays a significant role in eye health. Incorporating a diet rich in eye-friendly nutrients, such as vitamins C and E, zinc, lutein, and omega-3 fatty acids, can help support the overall health of your eyes. Foods like leafy greens, citrus fruits, nuts, and fatty fish are excellent sources of these essential nutrients. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can help maintain the moisture and lubrication of the eyes.Proper lighting and screen time management are also crucial components of an effective eye care routine. Prolonged exposure to digital screens, such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets, can lead to a condition known as digital eye strain, which can causesymptoms like headaches, blurred vision, and dry eyes. To mitigate these issues, it is recommended to take regular breaks from screens, adjust the brightness and contrast settings, and use the 20-20-20 rule – every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.Finally, getting enough sleep is essential for maintaining eye health. During sleep, our eyes have the opportunity to rest and rejuvenate, which can help prevent issues like dry eyes, eye fatigue, and vision problems. Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night to support the overall health and function of your eyes.In conclusion, a comprehensive eye care routine is essential for maintaining good vision and overall eye health. By incorporating regular eye examinations, proper hygiene, eye protection, a balanced diet, responsible screen time management, and adequate sleep, you can ensure your eyes remain healthy and functioning optimally for years to come.。

PAPER /dalton|Dalton Transactions Synthesis and characterisation of new titanium amino-alkoxides:precursors for the formation of TiO2materials†Nathan Hollingsworth,a Miki Kanna,‡b Gabriele Kociok-K¨o hn,a Kieran C.Molloy*a and Sumpun Wongnawa b Received13th August2007,Accepted25th October2007First published as an Advance Article on the web13th November2007DOI:10.1039/b712375bReaction of the amino-alkoxides HOCH(CH2NMe2)2(Hbdmap)and HOC(CH2NMe2)3(Htdmap)with[Ti(OR)4]yields a series of heteroleptic titanium alkoxides[Ti(OR)4−n(L)n](L=bdmap,tdmap).Substitution of the monodentate alkoxide with the chelating alkoxides becomes progressively moredifficult,with homogeneous products being obtained only for n=1,2.The structure of[Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)]2,a l-OEt bridged dimer,has been determined.Hydrolysis of[Ti(OR)2(L)2],byadventitious moisture affords the dimeric oxo-alkoxides[Ti(O)(L)2]2,both of which have beencharacterised crystallographically.These two compounds have also been prepared by reaction of[Ti(NMe2)2(L)2]with the hydrated metal salts[Zn(acac)2·2H2O]and[Zn(OAc)2·2H2O]using theintrinsic water molecules in these salts to react with the labile amido groups,though the former alsoproduces Me(Me2N)C=C(H)C(O)Me from reaction of liberated HNMe2with the coordinated acacligand,while the latter also affords the ligand exchange product[Zn(OAc)(bdmap)].In neither casedoes the free dimethylamino group of[Ti(O)(L)2]2coordinate a second metal.The dimeric structure of[Zn(OAc)(bdmap)]2has been established,and the structure of the tetrameric oxo-alkoxide[Ti(O)(OPr i)(OCH2CH2NMe2)]4is reported for comparison with others in this study.[Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)]2has been used as a precursor in AACVD(Aerosol-Assisted Chemical VapourDeposition)to generate amorphous TiO2films on glass at440◦C,and TiO2@C nanoparticles ofapproximate diameter350nm with a carbon coating of width ca.75nm on heating in a sealedcontainer at700◦C.IntroductionTiO2remains one of the most important of the ceramic metal ox-ides,with diverse applications ranging from catalysis to materials chemistry.It has a high refractive index,is transparent in the visible and near-IR regions of the spectrum and has thus been used as an anti-reflective coating.1TiO2also has a high dielectric constant (k∼80for ultra-thinfilms,∼170for single crystals of rutile)and is an alternative to SiO2as a gate dielectric.2,3TiO2doped with a small amount of cobalt has been used in spin-based electronic devices,4 while more complex oxide materials based on TiO2and with a perovskite structure e.g.SrTiO3,(Ba,Sr)TiO3and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 have applications in DRAM and FERAM computer memories.5 TiO2has widespread use in catalysis,from both conventional chemistry(ester,poly-olefine production,Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation)6to catalytic surfaces and photocatalysis.7,8The latter has been the subject of intense activity in recent years,and has resulted in the commercial production of,for example,self-cleaning windows(Pilkington Activ TM).TiO2is chemically very stable and exists naturally in three distinct crystallographic modifications,namely rutile,anatase and a Department of Chemistry,University of Bath,Claverton Down,Bath,UK BA27AYb Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai,Songkhla90112,Thailand†CCDC reference numbers657058–657062.For crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI:10.1039/b712375b‡2003Royal Golden Jubilee PhD scholar,on study leave at the University of Bath.brookite,9while a high pressure modification(cotunnite)can also be synthesised.Anatase is perceived as generally the easiest modi-fication to achieve synthetically,while rutile is the thermodynam-ically favoured form and dominates when the synthesis is carried out at high temperatures;a recent report has detailed protocols for the preparation and isolation of all three modifications.10Of these,rutile is the most important from the perspective of optical applications while anatase is the more photoactive;brookite and cotunnite are not as utilised,though the latter is one of the hardest known oxide materials.11Photocatalytic activity for brookite,as well as anatase,has recently been reported.10Thinfilms of titania can be produced by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition(MOCVD)and atomic layer deposition(ALD) techniques,which offer the advantage over other techniques of being able to coat large areas and with good aspect ratios over complex geometries.Central to the MOCVD/ALD methodology is the availability and choice of precursor,which can play a sig-nificant role in controlling ease of handling,volatility,deposition temperature,film composition and morphology etc.Conventional precursors for TiO2have employed TiCl412or a homoleptic alkoxide[Ti(OR)4](R=Me,13Et,14or,most commonly,OPr i 15–18)along with a source of oxygen(H2O,ROH are common),but TiCl4suffers from the introduction of chlorine contaminant into thefilm19while the alkoxides are relatively air-and moisture-sensitive making them unattractive both from a handling per-spective and due to their susceptibility to pre-reaction in a dual-source MOCVD reaction.Other precursors which have been reported include the use of simple volatile Ti(NMe2)4(used with H2O2)20and more complex precursors such as[Ti6(O)6(O2CR)6]This journal is©The Royal Society of Chemistry2008Dalton Trans.,2008,631–641|631(R =Bu,Bz);21however,most variations attempt to mitigate the sensitivity of titanium alkoxides by the use of chelating ligands which saturate the coordination sphere of the metal.Pre-eminent among these ligands are the b -diketonates,which have been used extensively in conjunction with alkoxides,e.g.[Ti(OPr i )2(thd)2](thd =2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate);22,23more recently,related b -ketoesters e.g.[Ti(OPr i )2(tbaoac)2](Htbaoac =t-butylacetoacetate)24and related malonates have been reported.The latter,when coupled with amido ligands i.e.[Ti(NMe 2)2-(dpml)2](Hdpml =diisopropylmalonate)25have generated pre-cursors with a mixed O,N ligand sphere for ALD applications.Our interest,26and the subject of this paper,is the use of chelating amino-alkoxides R 2N(CH 2)n OH in CVD precursor chemistry.Titanium derivatives of amino ethanols [n =2;R =Me (Hdmae),Et (Hdeae)]and propanols [n =3,R =Me (Hdmap)]have been known for some time,27–29and several e.g.[Ti(OPr i )3(dmap)],30,31[Ti(OPr i )2(dmae)2],30,32[Ti(OPr i )(dmae)3],[Ti(dmae)4],33,34have been used in the CVD of TiO 2and/or related binary oxide films.Indeed,the use of Ti(dmae)n precursors has been claimed to lead to more uniform growth of TiO 2films.34To our knowledge,however,use of the more functionalised ligands 1,3-bis-(dimethylamino)propanol (I :Hbdmap)and 1,3-bis-(dimethylamino)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)propanol (II :Ht-dmap)have not been considered.Their use is of interest,firstly because of their enhanced ability to coordinate the metal centre from which the precursors may gain greater stability and,secondly,because unused donor sites have the potential to be further utilised for secondary metal binding.In this paper we report on the synthesis and characterisation of a series of compounds [Ti(OR)x -(L)4−x ](R =Et,Pr i ;L =bdmap,tdmap)and [(L)TiO]2(L =bdmap,tdmap)and their use for the formation of both TiO 2films andnanoparticles.ExperimentalGeneral proceduresElemental analyses were performed using an Exeter Analytical CE 440analyser.The low carbon analyses observed in this study probably arise from the formation of involatile TiC,and has been a feature of the microanalysis of related species.351H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Advance 300MHz FT-NMR spectrometer as saturated solutions at room temperature;chemical shifts are in ppm with respect to Me 4Si;coupling constants are in Hz.SEM was carried out on a JEOL JSM-6310microscope equipped with Oxford Instruments ISIS EDXS attachment.while TEM used a JEOL 1200EX machine.XRD was performed using a Bruker D8diffractometer on which coupled h –2h scans were carried out.SynthesesHbdmap 36and Htdmap 37,38were prepared by literature methods.Synthesis of [Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)](1).[Ti(OEt)4](1.59g,6.9mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Hbdmap (1.02g,6.9mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 2.17g (96%)of a white solid.This was subsequently dissolved in dry dichloromethane (5mL)and placed in the freezer at −12◦C where colourless crystals appeared.Analysis:Found (calc.for TiO 4N 2C 13H 32):C 45.9(47.6);H 9.7(9.8);N 8.3(8.5)%.1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.40(1H,br sh,OCH),4.30(6H,br s,OCH 2),2.45(4H,br s,NCH 2)2.25(12H,s,NCH 3),1.20(9H,t,CCH 3).13C-NMR (CDCl 3):75.2(br,OCH),69.3(br,OCH 2),65.0(br,NCH 2),45.7(NCH 3),18.7(br,CCH 3).Synthesis of [Ti(O i Pr)3(bdmap)](2).[Ti(O i Pr)4](1.83g,6.3mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Hbdmap (0.92g,6.3mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 2.02g (87%)of a colourless clear oil.Analysis:Found (calc.for TiO 4N 2C 16H 38):C 49.9(51.9);H 10.0(10.3);N 7.7(7.6)%.1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.60(3H,septet,CHO),4.38(1H,m,C H CH 2),2.47(2H,m,NCH 2),2.33(2H,m,NCH 2),2.28(12H,s,NCH 3),1.20(18H,d,CCH 3)13C-NMR (CDCl 3):75.1(OC of Pr i ),74.9(OCH of bdmap),64.8(CH 2N),45.8(NCH 3),25.5(C C H 3).Synthesis of [Ti(OEt)3(tdmap)](3).[Ti(OEt)4](1.18g,5.2mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Htdmap (1.05g,5.2mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.95g (98%)of a creamy solid.This was subsequently dissolved in dry hexane (5mL)and placed in the freezer at −12◦C where white crystals appeared;these were found be soft,diffracting poorly.Analysis:Found (calc.for TiO 4N 3C 16H 39):C 48.6(49.9);H 10.0(10.2);N 10.7(10.9)%.1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.30(6H,br s,OCH 2),2.45(6H,s,CH 2N),2.30(12H,s,NCH 3),2.25(6H,s,NCH 3)1.15(9H,t,CCH 3).13C-NMR (CDCl 3):84.0(OC),69.0(OCH 2),66.2,63.9(2:1,NCH 2),47.9,47.0(2:1,NCH 3),18.9(C C H 3);minor signals also observed at 62.7,44.6ppm.Synthesis of [Ti(O i Pr)3(tdmap)](4).[Ti(O i Pr)4](1.35g,4.6mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Htdmap (0.94g,4.6mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.87g (95%)of a colourless clear oil.Analysis:Found (calc.for TiO 4N 3C 19H 45):C 49.4(53.4);H 10.1(10.6)%;N 8.9(9.8)%.1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.60(3H,septet,OCH),2.45(6H,s,CH 2N),2.30(18H,s,NCH 3),1.15(18H,d,CCH 3).13C-NMR (CDCl 3):83.9(OC),74.8(OCH),66.0(CH 2N),47.5(NCH 3),24.8(C C H 3).Synthesis of [Ti(OEt)2(bdmap)2](5).[Ti(OEt)4](0.78g,3.4mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Hbdmap (0.99g,6.8mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.36g (47%)of a colourless oil (5).Crystals of the hydrolysis product [(bdmap)2TiO]2(7)appeared on standing over a few days.(5):1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.50(2H,br s,OCH),4.32(4H,br s,OCH 2),2.45(8H,br s,CH 2N),2.25(24H,br s,NCH 3),1.15(6H,br s,CCH 3).13C-NMR (CDCl 3):77.5(OCH),69.1(OCH 2),65.1,64.8(3:1,NCH 2),45.8(NCH 3),18.7(C C H 3).632|Dalton Trans.,2008,631–641This journal is ©The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008Synthesis of [Ti(O i Pr)2(bdmap)2](6).[Ti(O i Pr)4](1.07g,3.6mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Hbdmap (1.03g,7.1mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.52g (94%)of a colourless clear oil.Analysis:Found (calc.for TiO 4N 4C 20H 48):C 49.1(52.7);H 10.0(10.6)%;N 12.0(12.3)%.1H-NMR (CDCl 3):4.60(2H,m,CHO),4.40(2H,m,C H CH 2),2.25(32H,overlapping m,NCH 3and CH 2N),1.15(12H,d,CCH 3).13C-NMR (CDCl 3):77.8,75.0(CHO of OPr i and bdmap),65.2,64.9,62.9(ca.1:2:1,CH 2N),45.8,45.5,44.9(ca.2:1:1,NCH 3),25.5(C C H 3).Reaction between [Ti(NMe 2)2(bdmap)2]and [Zn(acac)2·2H 2O].[Ti(NMe 2)4](0.74g,3.3mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Hbdmap (0.97g,6.6mmol)was added.After stirring overnight,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.25g (2.9mmol)of a clear red oil.This was subsequently dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and [Zn(acac)2·2H 2O](0.43g,1.4mmol)was added,giving a pale yellow solution.This was then placed in a freezer at −12◦C where colourless crystals containing a mixture of [(bdmap)2TiO]2(7)and Me 2N(Me)C =C(H)C(O)Me (8)appeared.Reaction between [Ti(NMe 2)2(tdmap)2]and [Zn(OAc)·2H 2O].[Ti(NMe 2)4](0.67g,2.9mmol)was dissolved in dry hexane (10mL)and Htdmap (1.22g,6.0mmol)was added.After that,the mixture was heated at 50◦C with stirring for 2h.All volatiles were removed under vacuum,giving 1.49g (2.75mmol)of a clear red oil.This was subsequently dissolved in dry hexane (10mL),[Zn(OAc)2·2H 2O](0.30g,1.36mmol)added and the solution warmed at 50◦C until [Zn(OAc)·2H 2O]disappeared,leaving a colourless solution.This was then placed in the freezer at −12◦C where colourless crystals appeared,containing a mixture of [(tdmap)2TiO]2(9)and [Zn(OAc)2(tdmap)]2(10).Reaction of [Ti(OPr i )4]and [Sn(dmae)2].[Ti(OPr i )4](0.76ml,2.59mmol)was added to a Schlenk containing [Sn(dmae)2](1.00g 2.59mmol;prepared directly from the addition of two equivalents of Hdmae to Sn[N(SiMe 3)2]2)yielding a white precipitate,which was allowed to stir overnight.The precipitate was washed with hexane and a yellow solution of hexane-soluble material separated from an insoluble white residue by cannula.The yellow solution was placed in the freezer at −12◦C,yielding crystals after one month which were determined to be [Ti 4O 4(OPr)4(dmae)4]by X-ray crystallography.Recrystallisation of the hexane-insoluble white powder from dry tetrahydrofuran at −12◦C afforded crystals of the know compound [Sn 6O 4(i OPr)4],characterised by comparison of crystallographic cell parameters with those available in the literature.39Crystal structures†Experimental details relating to the single-crystal X-ray crystal-lographic studies are summarised in Table 1.For all structures,data were collected on a Nonius Kappa CCD diffracrometerat 150(2)K using Mo-K a radiation (k =0.71073A˚).For 1and 7a symmetry-related (multi-scan)absorption correction was employed.Structure solution followed by full-matrix least squares refinement was performed using the WinGX-1.70suite of programs throughout.40T a b l e 1C r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c d a t a f o r 1,7,9,10a n d 11(1)(7)(9)(10)(11)E m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a C 26H 64N 4O 8T i 2C 28H 68N 8O 6T i 2C 43H 103N 12O 6T i 2C 24H 54N 6O 6Z n 2C 28H 68N 4O 12T i 4F o r m u l a w e i g h t 656.61708.70980.17653.47844.46C r y s t a l s y s t e m T r i c l i n i c M o n o c l i n i c T e t r a g o n a l M o n o c l i n i c M o n o c l i n i c S p a c e g r o u p P ¯1C 2/c I 41/a P 21/c P 21/c a /A ˚9.1310(2)13.0770(3)42.8710(6)9.6443(3)9.8514(3)b /A ˚12.6400(3)15.9297(4)42.8710(6)16.8905(6)22.0293(8)c /A ˚17.1220(6)19.8605(6)12.3339(2)10.4930(4)10.8310(3)a /◦69.905(1)90909090b /◦76.840(1)108.460(1)90111.741(2)117.830(2)c /◦81.660(2)90909090V o l u m e /A ˚31802.30(9)3924.24(18)22668.9(6)1587.60(10)2078.67(11)Z 241622l (M o -K a )/m m −10.4880.4520.3321.5550.796C r y s t a l s i z e /m m 0.30×0.20×0.050.30×0.30×0.250.30×0.18×0.150.30×0.30×0.300.20×0.20×0.08R e fle c t i o n s c o l l e c t e d 2340524881725641276522055I n d e p e n d e n t r e fle c t i o n s 7056[R (i n t )=0.0595]4448[R (i n t )=0.0483]12742[R (i n t )=0.0839]3482[R (i n t )=0.0461]3593[R (i n t )=0.1501]R e fle c t i o n s o b s e r v e d (>2r )50583635801126002710D a t a c o m p l e t e n e s s 0.9760.9860.9850.9560.98.2M a x .,m i n .t r a n s m i s s i o n 0.97,0.870.96,0.900.9518,0.90690.6527,0.65271.504,−0.637D a t a /r e s t r a i n t s /p a r a m e t e r s 7052/0/4104448/0/23712742/5/6193482/0/1793593/1/240G o o d n e s s -o f -fit o n F 2c1.0551.0921.0211.0351.097F i n a l R 1,a w R 2b [I >2r (I )]0.0493,0.11800.0441,0.10590.0535,0.11520.0332,0.06910.0844,0.2169F i n a l R 1,a w R 2b (a l l d a t a )0.0799,0.13420.0582,0.11460.1065,0.14000.0587,0.07550.1111,0.2420E x t i n c t i o n c o e f fic i e n t d————0.019(5)L a r g e s t d i f f .p e a k a n d h o l e /e A ˚−30.948,−0.4810.430,−0.3510.273,−0.3700.379,−0.3541.746,−0.794aR 1=R |F o |−|F c /R |F o |.b w R 2={R [w (F o 2−F c 2)2]/R [w (F o 2)2]}1/2.c G O F =S ={R [w (F o 2−F c 2)2]/(n −p )}1/2.d d F c *=k F c [1+0.001F c 2k 3/s i n (2h )]−1/4.This journal is ©The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008Dalton Trans.,2008,631–641|633Compound1forms two crystallographically independent dimers with one molecule[based on Ti(1A)]showing some disorder(65:35)in two of the ethoxy groups[based on O(2A) and O(3A)].Due to similar metrical data for the two independent dimers,only data for the ordered unit is discussed.In7,one pendant NMe2group[N(4),C(13)and C(14)]is disordered over two sites in65:pound9co-crystallises with a molecule of hexane,which was found to be disordered about a crystallographic¯4axis with50%site occupancy.Data collection on compound11resulted in a weak data set.One of the isopropyl groups binding to Ti(1)and based on C(21)was found to be disordered in the ratio50:50,and the bond between C21and C23 within this group had to be restrained.Thermal decomposition of[Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)]The experiment follows the procedure outlined by Gedanken.41 A0.5g sample of[Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)](1)was introduced into the Swagelock cell at room temperature in a nitrogen-filled glove box. Thefilled cell was closed tightly with the two plugs and placed inside an iron pipe in the middle of a tube furnace.The temperature was raised at a rate of10◦C per minute to700◦C and held at that temperature for1h.The Swagelokfitting was gradually cooled (1.5◦C per minute)to room temperature(25◦C).0.12g of a dark black powder was collected.CVD studyFilms were deposited on a76×26×1.0mm microscope slide using a cold wall AACVD reactor which has been described elsewhere.42 [Ti(OEt)3(bdmap)](1)(ca.0.2g)was dissolved in dry toluene (20mL)and an aerosol generated using a domestic household humidifier.The aerosol was transported to the reactor using argon carrier gas(1.2L min−1).The glass substrate temperature was held at440◦C.The run time was60min.Results and discussionSynthesisNew titanium alkoxides[Ti(OR)3(OR )](R=Et,Pr i;R = bdmap,tdmap)have been synthesised by heating Ti(OR)4and Hbdmap/Htdmap in hexane:Ti(OR)4+HOR −HOR−−−→Ti(OR)3(OR )R=Et,R =CH(CH2NMe2)2(1),C(CH2NMe2)3(3)R=Pr i,R =CH(CH2NMe2)2(2),C(CH2NMe2)3(4)(1)Both ethoxides(1,3)are white solids,though1remains sticky after isolation from the recrystallisation from the solvent(CH2Cl2) while3is very soft;the two isopropoxide analogues(2,4)are liq-uids.Attempts to purify2,4(and other liquid products described in this paper)by vacuum distillation resulted in decomposition, the NMR of the distillate containing only signals due to the OPr i groups.The formation of a bond between titanium and the amino alcohol is evidenced by the large downfield13C NMR shift of the resonance due to the O–C nucleus with respect to the parent alcohol(bdmap:ca.64to75ppm;tdmap:ca.74to84ppm). The room temperature1H and13C spectra of1are simple and show that the dimeric structure of the compound(Fig.1)Fig.1The asymmetric unit of1showing the labelling scheme used; thermal ellipsoids are at the30%probability level.Only one of two essentially identical molecules which make up the asymmetric unit is shown for clarity and discussed in the text.Selected metrical data: Ti(1)–O(1) 1.8641(19),Ti(1)–O(2) 1.839(2),Ti(1)–O(3) 1.8122(18), Ti(1)–O(4)2.0194(18),Ti(1)–O(4 )2.0793(19),Ti(1)–N(1)2.432(2)A˚; O(1)–Ti(1)–O(2)102.56(9),O(1)–Ti(1)–O(3)92.42(8),O(1)–Ti(1)–O(4) 157.96(9),O(1)–Ti(1)–O(4 )92.13(8),O(1)–Ti(1)–N(1)74.38(8), O(2)–Ti(1)–O(3)97.19(9),O(2)–Ti(1)–O(4)91.53(8),O(2)–Ti(1)–O(4 ) 161.68(8),O(2)–Ti(1)–N(1)80.50(8),O(3)–Ti(1)–O(4)102.65(8), O(3)–Ti(1)–O(4 )93.01(8),O(3)–Ti(1)–N(1)165.60(8),O(4)–Ti(1)–O(4 ) 71.35(8),O(4)–Ti(1)–N(1)91.64(7),N(1)–Ti(1)–O(4 )93.21(7)◦. Symmetry operation:2−x,1−y,−z.isfluxional under these conditions.The1H NMR has a broad singlet for the OC H2ethoxy protons overlapping with a weaker, also broad,singlet due to CHO of the bdmap,but only one sharp singlet for the two distinct NMe2groups which overlaps a broad singlet from NC H2of the amino alcohol.The OCH2C H3appear as a sharp triplet,though with some evidence of signal splitting. Similarly,the13C NMR shows single,albeit broadened,signals for each type of carbon with no resolution of the distinct ethoxide groups present in the dimer,nor any between chelated and free arms of the bdmap ligand.On cooling to−50◦C,however, the spectra become more complex,with multiple overlapping resonances for both OC H2C H3protons,the CH protons of the central part of the bdmap,along with only minor splitting of the intense NMe2singlet.The low temperature13C NMR contains over20distinct resonances,which implies that the crystallographic symmetry within the dimer is lost in solution.Similar,though less definitive,comments can be made about the tdmap analogue(3).The OC H2signal of the ethoxy groups is again broad and their is some indication of splitting in the associated CH3triplet,though the remaining1H NMR signals are sharp.The resonance due to the NMe2groups is split into two,and while accurate integration of the separate signals is precluded by their overlapping nature,it is approximately in a2:1ratio;there is,however,no apparent splitting of the C H2N resonance.The corresponding13C spectrum has broad signals for both carbons of the ethoxy groups,and two major signals for each of the N(C H3)2 and C H2N carbons in a ca.2:1ratio,but the presence of smaller third resonances in each case suggest the presence of a possible second species.It is likely that the structure of3resembles that of 1;the poorly diffracting nature of the crystals of3is consistent with four non-coordinated CH2NMe2groups in the dimer,which are probably disordered in the lattice given our experience with similar metal amino alcoholates.634|Dalton Trans.,2008,631–641This journal is©The Royal Society of Chemistry2008In contrast,the room temperature 1H NMR of 2,an oil for which no definitive structural data are available,is both sharp and simple.Clear,defined multiplets are visible for both OC H Me 2and OC H (CH 2NMe)2at 4.60(septet)and 4.38ppm,respectively.There is a single sharp doublet for the OCH(C H 3)2protons (1.20ppm)and a further intense singlet at 2.28ppm for the N(C H 3)2group,partially overlapping with one of two multiplets (2.47,2.33ppm)due to the C H 2N part of the bdmap.These multiplets arise when both arms of the bdmap chelate a metal,making the ligand rigid and the two CH 2hydrogens non-equivalent.The 13C NMR spectrum is equally simple,with only five sharp singlets corresponding to the five unique carbon environments in the molecule.This pattern of data,taken in contrast to that of 1,is suggestive of a monomeric,rather than dimeric structure,in which both donor arms of the bdmap ligand chelate to the metal,assuming the common octahedral coordination preferred by titanium is maintained.In addition,the data are in keeping with the more symmetrical mer isomer,which,for example,allows all the NCH 3groups to becomeequivalent.For [Ti(OPr i )3(tdmap)](4),sharp signals are seen for both nuclei in both the room temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectra and indicate only one OPr i ,CH 2N and NMe 2environment,respectively.Since the coordination number at the metal is unlikely to go beyond six,we suggest that a monomeric structure similar to 2exists,in which the isopropoxy groups are static but that some rapid fluxionality of the CH 2NMe 2groups,with two coordinated and one free,takes place.Attempts to introduce additional chelating amino-alkoxide groups have only been partially successful.When the reaction described by eqn (1)was carried out with increasing amounts of amino alcohol,further substitution of the monodentate alkoxide was evident,though 1H NMR integrals suggested that the desired substitution was incomplete,a situation which became progressively more evident as the reaction stoichiometry increased in favour of the chelating ligand.Both [Ti(OEt)2(bdmap)2](5)and [Ti(OPr i )2(bdmap)2](6)are essentially pure by NMR,though both are liquids which could not be obtained with analytical purity.The NMR data for these two species seem to follow the same trends as compounds 1–4:the ethoxy derivative shows broad signals for all protons in the 1H NMR,and,while the 13C NMR is generally sharper,the only clear non-equivalence is in the CH 2N groups,where two signals (ca.3:1relative intensity)are apparent.The 13C NMR signals due to the O C H fragments of bdmap overlap with the signals from the solvent (all ca.75ppm)and preclude detailedcomment on this region of the spectrum,though some evidence for signal splitting also occurs here.The structural implications of this data remain conjecture.A monomeric,presumably six-coordinated species (e.g .6a ),would require two of the four NMe 2groups to be pendent,inconsistent with both the ca.3:1C H 2N moieties and the fluxional nature of the compound suggested by the broad 1H NMR signals.Both dimeric arrangements 5a and 5b ,however,incorporate a 3:1ratio of pendant to chelating NMe 2groups,however,based on the known structure of 1and the apparent fluxional nature of the OEt groups,5a would appear the most likely.For 6,the NMR signals are uniformly sharp but a difference in the two isopropoxy environments is evident from overlapping septets due to CHO,while splitting of both the CH 2N and NMe 2signals (ca.2:1:1ratio from the 13C NMR)is also clear.In comparison with 2,a monomeric complex with two terminal (but marginally different)OPr i groups and two chelating bdmap ligands (each with one free NMe 2group)in an isomeric form which renders the two coordinate Me 2N:→Ti interactions non-equivalent e.g.6a ,would rationalise the NMR data.A small number of crystals of the hydrolysis product [(bdmap)2TiO]2(7)appeared within the oil 5on standing over a period of several days.We have targeted a more rational synthesis of 7by reacting [Ti(NMe 2)(bdmap)2](generated in situ from reaction of [Ti(NMe 2)4]and two equivalents of Hbdmap)with half an equivalent of [Zn(acac)2·2H 2O],in the hope that hydrolysis of the Ti(NMe 2)2unit would accrue from reaction with the water of crystallisation and,additionally,the coordinatively unsaturated anhydrous [Zn(acac)2]would coordinate to the amine groups of the bdmap which are not complexed to titanium.In practice,only the first of these goals,the hydrolysis,was achieved.However,the reaction is complicated by a secondary reaction between the liberated amine (HNMe 2)and the coordinated acac ligand,generating the condensation product (8),which was characterised crystallographically.§When a similar approach was attempted by reacting [Ti(NMe 2)2(tdmap)2]with [Zn(OAc)2·2H 2O]using the same reaction sequence and stoichiometries as above,crystals of both the desired hydrolysis product [(tdmap)2TiO]2(9)and those of a secondary product resulting from ligand exchange,[Zn(OAc)(tdmap)]2(10)were found in the product mixture.We have been unable to separate this mixture into analytically pure components,though their nature has been unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography.Furthermore,we have also§Crystal data:C 7H 13NO,M r 127.18,monoclinic,P 21/n ,a =6.3720(2),b =13.8350(6),c =8.4500(4)A˚,b =100.111(1)◦,V =733.35(5)A ˚3,Z =4,final R 1,wR 2indices [I >2r (I )]0.0675,0.1751,[all data]0.1082,0.1985.This journal is ©The Royal Society of Chemistry 2008Dalton Trans.,2008,631–641|635。

二十四节气英语作文The 24 solar terms, also known as the Chinese 24 solar terms, are a traditional Chinese calendar system that divides the year into 24 equal parts. Each solar term represents a specific astronomical event or natural phenomenon. In this essay, I will introduce the 24 solar terms and explain their significance in Chinese culture.1. Spring Begins (立春)。

Spring Begins marks the beginning of spring and the end of winter. It signifies the start of a new agricultural cycle and is associated with the awakening of nature.2. Rain Water (雨水)。

Rain Water represents the time when the weather gradually gets warmer and rainfall increases. It is an essential period for agricultural activities, as the moisture helps crops grow.3. Awakening of Insects (惊蛰)。

Awakening of Insects is when hibernating animals and insects start to wake up. It indicates the arrival of spring and the blooming of flowers.4. Spring Equinox (春分)。

补水保湿英语IntroductionMoisturizing and hydration are two basic components of skin care. Hydration refers to the process of holding water in the skin’s outer layer for a longer period of time. Moisturizing is the process of replenishing moisture in the skin by supplying it with water and key ingredients that help lock in water. Why Is It Important to Hydrate and Moisturize?Hydrating and moisturizing are essential for healthy skin. Without proper hydration and moisturizing, the skin can become dry, irritated and even prone to premature wrinkling. Hydration and moisturizing help keep skin looking young, healthy and vibrant.How To Hydrate and Moisturize Your SkinDrink plenty of water: In order to properly hydrate and moisturize your skin from the inside-out, it is important to drink plenty of water throughout the day.Use a gentle cleanser: Make sure to wash your face twice daily with a gentle cleanser designed for your skin type.Use a hydration serum: Use a hydration serum with hyaluronic acid as part of your skincare regime. Hyaluronic acid is a humectant that draws moisture into the skin.Apply a moisturizing cream: After hydrating your skin with the serum, it’s important to apply a moisturizing cream that is specifically formulated for your skin type.Wear sunscreen: Wearing sunscreen is one of the most important steps for keeping your skin properly hydrated and moisturized. Choose a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 and apply liberally and often.ConclusionHydration and moisturizing play a crucial role in maintaining healthy, youthful looking skin. In order to properly hydrate and moisturize your skin, it is important to drink plenty of water, wash your face with a gentle cleanser, use a hydration serum, apply a moisturizing cream, and wear sunscreen. With a good skincare regime, you can keep your skin looking young and healthy!。

计划爬山英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Planning for a Mountain Climbing TripMountain climbing is a thrilling and challenging activity that requires careful planning and preparation. It is important to be well-prepared before embarking on a mountain climbing trip to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. In this article, we will discuss the essential steps to plan for a successful mountain climbing trip.The first step in planning for a mountain climbing trip is to choose a suitable mountain. Consider factors such as your skill level, experience, and fitness level when selecting a mountain to climb. Research the mountain’s difficulty level, weather conditions, and terrain to ensure that it is a good fit for your abilities.Next, create a detailed itinerary for your trip. Plan the route you will take, the campsites you will stay at, and the duration of your trip. Make sure to leave some buffer time for unforeseencircumstances such as bad weather or unexpected obstacles on the mountain.Gather the necessary gear and equipment for your mountain climbing trip. This includes items such as a sturdy backpack, hiking boots, trekking poles, a tent, sleeping bag, and camping stove. Make a checklist of all the gear you will need and ensure that everything is in good condition before setting off.It is also important to pack appropriate clothing for the mountain climbing trip. Dress in layers to stay warm and dry in changing weather conditions. Bring waterproof outerwear, insulated jackets, and moisture-wicking base layers to protect yourself from the elements.Stay informed about the weather conditions and terrain of the mountain you will be climbing. Check weather forecasts and trail conditions before departing on your trip. Be prepared for sudden changes in weather and have a backup plan in case conditions become unsafe.Safety should be a top priority when planning for a mountain climbing trip. Make sure to share your itinerary with someone reliable who can raise the alarm in case of emergencies. Carry a first aid kit, emergency shelter, and communication devices such as a satellite phone or GPS tracker.Finally, train and prepare physically for the mountain climbing trip. Build your strength and endurance through regular exercise and outdoor activities. Practice hiking and climbing to improve your skills and confidence on the mountain.In conclusion, planning for a mountain climbing trip requires careful consideration and preparation. By choosing a suitable mountain, creating a detailed itinerary, gathering the necessary gear, staying informed about the weather conditions, prioritizing safety, and training physically, you can ensure a successful and enjoyable mountain climbing experience. So pack your bags, lace up your boots, and get ready for an unforgettable adventure in the mountains!篇2Planning to Climb a MountainIntroductionClimbing a mountain is both a physically and mentally challenging task that requires proper preparation and planning. The thrill of conquering a summit and enjoying the breathtaking views from the top makes all the effort worth it. In this essay, we will discuss the necessary steps involved in planning a mountain climb.Researching the MountainThe first step in planning a mountain climb is to research the mountain you intend to climb. Factors to consider include the altitude, terrain, weather conditions, and difficulty level of the climb. It is important to gather as much information as possible to ensure you are well-prepared for the challenges ahead.Physical TrainingClimbing a mountain requires a high level of physical fitness. It is essential to engage in regular exercise to strengthen your muscles and build endurance. Cardiovascular training, strength training, and hiking with a heavy backpack are all effective ways to prepare your body for the climb.Gear and EquipmentHaving the right gear and equipment is crucial for a successful mountain climb. This includes proper hiking boots, clothing layers to protect against cold and wind, a backpack with essential supplies such as food, water, first aid kit, navigation tools, and a headlamp. It is important to invest in high-quality gear that will keep you safe and comfortable during the climb.Safety PrecautionsSafety should always be a top priority when planning a mountain climb. It is important to check the weather forecast before setting out and to be prepared for sudden changes in weather conditions. It is also recommended to climb with a group or at least inform someone of your plans and expected return time. Carry a map, compass, and GPS device to navigate the terrain and know your limits – it is okay to turn back if conditions become too harsh.AcclimatizationAltitude sickness is a common concern when climbing a mountain, especially at higher elevations. It is important to acclimatize properly by ascending gradually to allow your body to adjust to the thinner air. Stay hydrated, eat well, and be aware of symptoms such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. If you experience severe symptoms, descend to a lower altitude immediately.Environmental ConsiderationsRespect for the environment is essential when climbing a mountain. Follow Leave No Trace principles by packing out all trash, staying on designated trails, and avoiding disturbing wildlife. Be mindful of local regulations and guidelines to ensure the preservation of the natural landscape for future generations.ConclusionIn conclusion, planning a mountain climb requires careful consideration of multiple factors such as research, physical training, gear, safety precautions, acclimatization, and environmental considerations. By following these steps and being well-prepared, you can enjoy a safe and rewarding mountain climbing experience. Remember to stay humble, respect the mountain, and embrace the challenges it presents. Happy climbing!篇3Planning to Climb a MountainMountain climbing is a challenging and thrilling outdoor activity that requires both physical strength and mental determination. As one of the most popular adventure sports, climbing a mountain provides a unique and rewarding experience for those who are willing to face the risks and difficulties involved. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of planning and preparing for a mountain climbing trip and share some tips on how to make the experience safe and enjoyable.First and foremost, planning is essential when it comes to climbing a mountain. Before setting off on your journey, it isimportant to research the mountain you plan to climb, including its altitude, terrain, weather conditions, and any potential hazards that may be present. This information will help you determine the best route to take and prepare you for any challenges you may encounter along the way.In addition to researching the mountain, it is also crucial to assess your own physical fitness and climbing abilities. Climbing a mountain is a physically demanding activity that requires a high level of fitness and endurance. It is important to train and prepare your body for the challenges of climbing at high altitudes, as well as to develop the necessary skills for navigating difficult terrain and handling climbing equipment.Furthermore, it is important to pack the right gear and equipment for your mountain climbing trip. This includes essential items such as a sturdy pair of hiking boots, warm clothing, a waterproof jacket, a backpack, a first aid kit, a headlamp, and plenty of food and water. It is also important to bring along any necessary climbing gear, such as ropes, harnesses, carabiners, and crampons, depending on the difficulty of the climb.When climbing a mountain, safety should always be a top priority. It is important to follow the guidelines set forth byexperienced climbers and mountaineering organizations, such as the "leave no trace" principles and the "buddy system" for safety. It is also important to be prepared for emergencies and have a plan in place for communication and rescue in case of an accident or injury.In conclusion, climbing a mountain is a challenging and rewarding experience that requires careful planning and preparation. By researching the mountain, assessing your own abilities, packing the right gear, and prioritizing safety, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable climbing experience. So, if you are looking for an adventure that will test your limits and provide unforgettable memories, consider planning a mountain climbing trip and embarking on a journey to conquer the heights!。

化学专业英语之第三至第八副族元素GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTSGroup I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2—the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium formscerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4)3and Ce(SO4)2, whichare employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.Group IVB ElementsIn chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides of these elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral namesof the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia.Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44%of the earth's crust. It is over 5.0%in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.Pure TiO2is a very white substance which is taking the place of whitelead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2is used in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials.TiO2also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and TantalumThese are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence is comparatively rare.These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture of high-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsChromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in loweroxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chromium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.Group VIIIB MetalsGroup VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earth's crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.CorrosionIron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peels off .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amounts of carbon dioxide5.Corrosion of iron is inhibited by coating it with numerous substances, such as paint, an aluminum powder gilt, tin, or organic tarry substances or by galvanizing iron with zinc. Alloying iron with metals such as nickel or chromium yields a less corrosive steel. "Cathodic protection" of iron for lessened corrosion is also practiced. For some pipelines and standpipes zinc or magnesium rods in the ground with a wire connecting them to an iron object have the following effect: with soil moisture acting as an electrolyte for a Fe — Zn couple the Fe is lessened in its tendency to become Fe2+. It acts as a cathode rather than an anode.。