Some differences between Chinese and English
How many languages in the world? well the answer is more than what you have thought,I can only tell you there are 7 language families in the world, but it is sure that there are only 140 kinds of language with a user number of more than 100million, among all the languages, Chinese has more users than any other ones, accounting for about 1/5 of the world population. That’s also the reason why Chinese is one of the six working language of the united nations, the other five ones being English,Russian,german,French and Spanish. While there are also some languages which are only used by thousands or even hundreds of people,like native American Indian language,Chinese hezhe language,etc.
Since Chinese and English are the most familiar languages to us and they are both playing a very influencial parts in world stage,today id like to introduce the differences between them.considering that these languages have developed largely in separation from each other. Chinese and English differ in terms of how they are written, how they sound, and their grammatical structures and rules.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/5317405219.html,nguages and Dialects
Chinese can be an ambiguous term. There are many dialects of Chinese, including Mandarin, Wu, Min, and Cantonese. Chinese can refer to the language family which is made up of these many dialects.
"English" is a term that refers to a single language, rather than a language family. There are dialects of English, such as American English, British English, and Manx English, but these dialects are largely mutually intelligible. This is unlike Chinese dialects, which can be very different in terms of phonetics, lexicon, and grammar.
2.Writing Systems
The fundamental difference between the Chinese and English writing systems is that Chinese uses a logographic writing system, while English uses an alphabetic writing system. An alphabetic writing system is one which uses individual letters—each of which roughly corresponds to particular phonemes—to "spell out" how words sound.
A logographic system is made up of visual symbols which represent words but not sounds. This means that the pronunciation of Chinese characters is not implied by the way the character is written.
3.The Pronunciation of Chinese and English
Unsurprisingly, some of the sounds of Chinese and English are similar. For example, b, k, p, d, and t (as expressed in the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system) share essentially identical pronunciation in both Chinese and English. However, other Chinese sounds such as x, ü, and q do not exist in English's phonetic inventory.
Many full Chinese syllables (such as pang, xiong,and dun) are not found in English. Likewise, consonant clusters (such as those in train, backed, and thread) are never found in Chinese.
4.Chinese and English Grammar Differences
Unlike English, there is no grammatical tense in Chinese. For example, while the English verb "do" becomes "did" to express past tense, Chinese verbs do not change in this way. Instead, Chinese relies on expressing aspect. For example, the aspect particle "le" can be used after a verb or at the end of a sentence to imply that an action has been completed. Expressing completion and expressing tense are different things.
Chinese does not, in general, pluralize words. In English, there can be "one dog" or "two dogs",
with the "s" indicating plural. But in Chinese, there is "one dog" and "two dog". That is, the noun "dog" (in Chinese, gou) does not change when the number changes. However, the suffix "-men" can be used in Chinese to indicate plural in pronouns such as "he", "she", and "it", and in words such as "classmate."
One major similarity between English and Chinese is that they are both SVO languages, as they both follow the same basic order of Subject-Verb-Object. For example, the English sentence "I eat pumpkins" has identical structure in Chinese.
5.More Language Differences
English is almost always written from left to right. However, Chinese can be written from top to bottom, right to left, as well as left to right.
English has a significant number of polysyllabic words. For example, even the word "polysyllabic" has 5 syllables. On the other hand, one Chinese character is never longer than one syllable. The majority of Chinese words are made up of two characters (and therefore two syllables), but Chinese words are not commonly tri- or polysyllabic.
Chinese and English differ in terms of dialects, orthography, phonetics, grammar, and in many other important ways. While the above examples only begin to describe the ways these languages differ, they provide a fundamental understanding of the major differences and similarities between Chinese and English.
英语语法专项训练特殊句式1 1.---I have some big news for you. You’ve been accepted as a member of our club. --- That’s great! A. Have I? B. Pardon? C. Congratulation! D. Good idea! 2. You didn’t use to like him much when we were at school, ? A. were we B. weren’t we C. did you D. didn’t you 3. Not only _____ interested in football but _____beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is; all his students are B. the teacher himself is; are all his students C. is the teacher himself; are all his students D. is the teacher himself; all his students are 4. It was announced that only when the fire was under control to return to their homes. A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted 5. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and . A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I 6. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom so lonely as now. A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. had I felt 7. ---My room gets very cold at night. --- . A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does 8. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, . A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will 9. Little that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized B. he didn’t realize C. didn’t he realize D. did he realize 10. So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found 11. ---Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? ---Yes. , I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible 12. ---Who should be responsible for the accident? ---The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order . A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told 13. Only then____ how much damage had been caused. A. had she realized B. she realized C. did she realize D. she had realized 14. We all know that, , the situation will get worse. A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with 15. It was along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where 16. I just wonder that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is 17. Depend on us, sir! Nowhere else better service. A. you will find B. will you find C. you have found D. have you found 18. ---Tom, you go and pick up Mary from the station, ? ---But, she’s already got home. A. don’t you B. do you C. will you D. shall you 19. By no means to move to a new place for away from her work place, because it isn’t convenient for her family and herself. A. Karen will agree B. will Karen agree C. Karen will disagree D. will Karen disagree 20. It was back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go C. until midnight when he didn’t go D. not until midnight that he went 21.If you can’t get in the front door, to the back door. A. go B. to go C. going D. to be going 22. It’s his voice we recognized at once although his face changed a lot. A. what B. when C. where D. that 23. ---Helen has been working at a local language school for 3 years. --- she is so familiar with the city. A. No doubt B. No wonder C. Now that D. As a result 24. rapid progress has he made that we all admire him. A. Very B. So C. Such D. Too 25. Was it in the village we used to live in the accident happened? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which 26. Hardly closed my eyes I began to make this fantastic dream. A. had I; when B. I had; when C. did I; than D. I did; then 27. Either you or the headmaster the prize to these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out 28. Three-quarters of the land here wet land, an ideal place for migrating birds. A. are B. having been C. is D. being 29. Deep in the forest , who made no contact with the outside world. A. living a couple B. were a couple living C. did a couple live D. lived a couple 30. In no case leave your position at present. A. you are able to B. will you be able to C. are you able to D. you will be able to 31. every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently. A. Were B. Should C. May D. Had 32. The door opened and in . A. did he come B. came he C. he came D. did a man come 33. --- He has to finish the experiment today. He must be in the lab, ? A. mustn’t he B. won’t he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he 34. ---They suggest the number of cars should be limited to stop air pollution. --- , the idea is not very practical. A. Sounds good as it B. As it sounds good C. As good it sounds D. Good as it sounds 35. There ought to be an exam this week, ? A. oughtn’t it B. isn’t it C. oughtn’t there D. isn’t there 36.____about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 37. given an English name by their English teacher. A. They each was B. They each were C. Everyone of them was D. Each of them were 38. Not until the early years of the 19th century ________what heat is. A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 39. ---Look! Here . How beautiful it is! ---Well, that’s the headmaster’s. A. coming a black car B. a black car comes C. come a black car D. comes a black car 40. ---Do you think it’s going to snow over the weekend? --- . A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it C. I believe not D. I believe not so
英语单词大全 一．学习用品（school things） 钢笔pen 铅笔pencil 铅笔盒pencil-case 尺子ruler 书book 书包schoolbag 漫画书comic book 明信片postcard 报纸newspaper 包bag 橡皮eraser 蜡笔crayon 卷笔刀sharpener 故事书story-book 笔记本notebook 语文书Chinese book 英语书English book 数学书math book 杂志magazine 词典dictionary 二．人体（body） 脚foot 头head 脸face 头发hair 鼻子nose 嘴mouth 眼睛eye 耳朵ear 手臂arm 手hand 手指hand 腿leg 尾巴tail 身体body 三．颜色（color） 红red 蓝blue 黄yellow 绿green 白white 黑black 粉红pink 紫purple 橙orange 棕brown 灰grey 四．动物（animals） 猫cat 狗dog 猪pig 鸭duck 兔rabbit 马horse 大象elephant 蚂蚁ant 鱼fish 鹰eagle 鹿deer 海狸beaver 鸟bird 蛇snake 老鼠mouse
松鼠squirrel 熊bear 袋鼠kangaroo 猴monkey 熊猫panda 狮子lion 老虎tiger 狐狸fox 斑马zebra 长颈鹿giraffe 鹅goose 母鸡hen 火鸡turkey 小羊lamb 绵羊sheep 山羊goat 奶牛cow 驴donkey 鱿鱼squid 龙虾lobster 鲨鱼shark 海豹seal 抹香鲸sperm whale 虎鲸killer whale 五．人物（people） 朋友friend 男孩boy 女孩girl 母亲mother 父 亲father 姐妹sister 兄弟brother 叔叔；舅舅uncle 男人man 女人woman 先生Mr. 小姐Miss女士lady 妈妈mom 爸爸dad 父母parents（外）祖母grandma/grandmother （外）祖父grandpa/grandfather 姑姑aunt 儿子son 婴儿baby 堂（表）兄弟；堂（表）姐妹cousin 小孩kid 同学classmate 女王queen 参观者visitor 邻居neighbors 校长principal 大学生university student 笔友pen pal 旅行者tourist 人物people 机器人robot 六．职业（jobs） 教师teacher 学生student 医生doctor 护士nurse 司机driver 农民farmer 歌唱家singer （男）警察policeman 作家writer 男演员 actor 女演员actress 画家artist 电视台记者TV reporter 工程师engineer
通信工程常用专业英语简写中英文翻译 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 第三代合作伙伴计划 1x RTT cdma2000 1x Radio Transmission Technology cdma2000 第一代无线接入技术 ACK Acknowledge 确认 ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Radio 邻信道泄露功率比 ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 邻信道选择性 AMC Adaptive Modulation and Codeing自适应编码调制 A-MPR Additional Maximum Power Reduction 额外最大功率回退 AoA Angle of Arrival 到达角 AoD Angle of Departure 离开角 ARQ Automatic Repeat request自动重传请求 AS Angel Spread 角度扩展 AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise 加性高斯白噪声 B3G Beyond 3rd Generation 后三代 BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道 BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道 BD Block Diagonalization块状对角化 BER Bit Error Rate 误比特率 BLER Block Error Rate误块率 BM-SC Broadcast-Multicast Service Centre 广播/多播业务中心 BSR Buffer Status Reports 缓存状态报告 CA Carrier Aggregation 载波聚合 CBRM Circular Buffer Rate Matching 循环缓存速率匹配 CC Component Carrier 成员载波 CC Chase Combine Chase聚合 CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道 CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道 CCE Control Channel Element 控制信道单元 CCO Coverage and Capacity Optimization 容量与覆盖优化 CCO Cell Change Order 小区改变命令 CCSA China Communication Standards Association 中国通信标准化协会 CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity 循环延迟分集 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址接入 cdma2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000码分多址2000接入系统 CFI Control format Indicator 控制格式指示 CGI Cell Global Identifier 全球小区标识 CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point transmission 协调多点传输 CP Cylic Prefix 循环前缀 CPM Conference Preparing Meeting 大会准备会议 CQI Channel Quality Indicator 信道质量指示 CRC Channel Redundancy Check 信道冗余校验 B-RNTI Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier 小区无线网络临时标识
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
特殊句式的结构 1.It 结构一、强调句 强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。强调句型的使用特点主要有以下几个方面： (1)被强调的是状语或状语从句时，要用that引导从句，而不能用which，而且通常不能省略。 (2)被强调的是人时，引导词可用who，也可用that。 Was it you that/who let out the secret to her? 是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗？ (3)被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词，主句的be动词都用单数is或was。 It was Marie Curie and her husband who discovered radium. 是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。 It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night. 是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。 (4)对not...until时间状语从句进行强调时，其句型是： It is/was not until...that从句，即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till，而且从句不能用when引导。 It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. (5)强调句的疑问形式： When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他是什么时候决定选修这一门课程的？ Why is it that he doesn’t like th e book? 他为什么不喜欢这本书？ Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? (6)强调句型与It is/was＋时间＋when从句： 在上述句型中it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。 注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。 It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. 昨天晚上我半夜才回到家。 It was midnight when I got here yesterday. 昨天当我到达这儿时，已是半夜了 2.but 的用法 a.anything but…一点儿也不 She was anything but mad. b.nothing but…仅仅，只 She heard nothing but the wind. c. but for….除非，要不是 But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeed. d. can’t help but do (can’t help doing…) 禁不住…
翻译的英语单词 翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。翻译是将一种相对陌生的表达方式，转换成相对熟悉的表达方式的过程。那么你知道翻译的英语单词是什么吗?下面来学习一下吧。 翻译英语单词1： translate 翻译英语单词2： interpreter 翻译的英语例句： 女孩们等待埃施先生作翻译。 The girls waited for Mr Esch to translate. 人们很难翻译幽默或笑话。 You really can 't translate humor or jokes. 逐字翻译不一定最接近原义。 A literal translation is not always the closest to the original meaning. 我认为她对这篇文章的翻译要比他强的多。 I think her translation of the article is much better than his. 你能把这句话翻译成英语吗?
Can you translate the sentence into English? 我不太满意他对这个句子的翻译。 I'm not satisfied with his interpretation of this sentence. 我正在逐字的翻译。 I am making a verbal translation. 我给你当翻译。 I'll act as interpreter for you. 要不要我来帮你翻译? Would you like me to interpret for you? 被翻译成英语的爱尔兰童话故事 Irish fairytales that had been translated into English 在你们的合同中已订定有可能要翻译这本书。 The possibility of the book being translated is provided for in your contract. 受控语言加机器翻译就是受控翻译。 Machine translation plus controlled language is called controlled translation. 这部书已经翻译成多种语言。 This book has been translated into several languages. 翻译诗歌在许多情况下都是困难的。 It's often difficult to translate poems.
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
设计的分类（英语） 1 设计Design 2 现代设计Modern Design 3 工艺美术设计Craft Design 4 工业设计Industrial Design 5 广义工业设计Genealized Industrial Design 6 狭义工业设计Narrow Industrial Design 7 产品设计Product Design 8 传播设计Communication Design 8 环境设计Environmental Design 9 商业设计Comercial Design 10 建筑设计Architectural 11 一维设计One-dimension Design 12 二维设计Tow-dimension Design 13 三维设计Three-dimension Design 14 四维设计Four-dimension Design 15 装饰、装潢Decoration 16 家具设计Furniture Design 17 玩具设计Toy Design 18 室内设计Interior Design 19 服装设计Costume Design 20 包装设计Packaging Design 21 展示设计Display Design 22 城市规划Urban Desgin 23 生活环境Living Environment 24 都市景观Townscape 25 田园都市Gardon City 26 办公室风致Office Landscape 27 设计方法论Design Methodology 28 设计语言Design Language 29 设计条件Design Condition 30 结构设计Structure Design 31 形式设计Form Design 32 设计过程Design Process 33 构思设计Concept Design 34 量产设计，工艺设计Technological Design
**最常用2000英语单词** One 1 the [e?, ei:] art.这，那 ad.[用于比较级；最高级前] 2 be [bi:,bi] aux. v.(am,is,are之原型) vi.是;在 3 of [?v, ?, ?v] prep.…的；由…制成的；关于；由于 4 and [?nd, ?nd] conj.和；那么;然后;而且 5 a [ei, ?, ?n, ?n] art.一(个)；任何一(个)；每一(个) 6 to [tu:, tu, t?] prep.向；对；趋于；直到…为止；比；到 7 in [in] prep.在…里；以；穿着；由于 ad.进；到达 8 he [hi:, hi] pron.他；(不论性别的)一个人 9 have [h?v,h?v] aux. v.已经 vt.有；进行；经受；吃；取得 10 it [it] pron.它；这；那 11 that [e?t] a./ pron.那，那个； ad.那样，那么 12 for [f?, f?:] prep.为；对，供，适合于；向 conj.因为故 13 they [eei] pron.他(或她、它)们 14 I [ai] pron.我 15 with [wie, wiθ] prep.和，跟，同；具有；用；关于；随着 16 as [?z, ?z] ad.同样地 prep.当作 conj.随着;因为 17 not [n?t] ad.不，没，不是 18 on [?n] prep.在…上；向；处于；在 ad.上；向前 19 she [?i:, ?i] pron.她 20 at [?t, ?t] prep.在;向;以;处于;因为;从事 21 by [bai] prep.被；凭借；经由；由于 ad.在近旁；经过 22 this [eis] a.这，这个；今，本 pron.这，这个 23 we [wi:, wi] pron.我们 24 you [ju, ju:] pron.你，你们 25 do [du, du:] aux. v.[代替动词] v.做，干，行动 26 but [b?t,b?t] conj.但是；而(是) prep.除…以外 ad.只 27 from [fr?m,fr?m] prep.出自；离；去除；从；因为；由；与 28 or [?:, ?] conj.或，或者；或者说；否则，要不然 29 which [wit?] pron./ a.哪一个(些)；[关系代词]那个(些) 30 one [w?n] num.一 pron.一个(人) a.一个的；一体的 31 would [wud] aux. v.[will的过去式]；总会；也许；请 32 all [?:l] a.全部的；尽量的 ad.很 pron.全部 33 will [wil] aux. v.将；愿意 n.意志；遗嘱 vt.用意志驱使
第二部分控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展，我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程。在充满活力的20世纪中，控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实。控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大。回首过去，控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人，航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆，航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制，船舶与潜水艇控制系统，水翼船、气垫船、高速铁路自动控制系统，现代铁路控制系统。 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密，控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的，此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行，如飞机自控驾驶，汽车的巡航控制系统。对于控制系统，特别是工业控制系统，我们通常面对的是一系列的器件，自动控制是一个复合型的学科。控制工程师的工作需要具有力学，电子学，机械电子，流体力学，结构学，无料的各方面的知识。计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用，并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展。 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统，两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置。 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单，图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统， 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h在水流出流量V1变化的情况下保持在一定可接受的范围内，可以通过调节入口流量V2实现。这个系统不是精确的系统，本系统无法精确地检测输出流量V2，输入流量V1以及容器液位高度。图2.2描述了这个系统存在的输入（期望的液位）与输出（实际液位）之间的简单关系， 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图。箭头用来描述输入进入系统，以及