C. Circulation (establish venous access)
1. Check peripheral pulses, capillary refill, and blood pressure
2. Obtain electrocardiogram 3. Grade shock according to vital signs 4. Correct hypovolemia and obtain blood samples
13
Eye opening
Spontaneous-------------------- 4 To voice------------------------ 3 To pain------------------------- 2 To none------------------------ 1
22
程序（sequence of management of trauma patients)
I. Overview
A. Perform visual scan of patient for obvious injuries B. Obtain history from prehospital personnel and
GCS（Glasgow coma score)
Eye opening (4~1) Verbal responses (5~1) Motor responses (6~1)
轻型：13~15分，意识 障碍20min以内 中型：9~12分，意识障 碍20min ~6h 重型：3~8分，伤后昏 迷至少6h以上或伤后 24h内情况再次恶化者
3
In 1993, approximately 90,000 individuals in the U.S died of accidental injuries , for a rate of 34.9 deaths per 100, 000 population, the second lowest accidental death rate on record
