北京科技大学2014年《818设计基础》考研专业课真题试卷

2014年北京科技大学机械工程硕士（专硕）考研大纲、参考书目、历年真题、考研辅导(易研教育)一、北京科技大学机械工程硕士（专硕）专业简介机械工程学院源于1952年建校时成立的“机械系”，经过五十多年的建设与发展，形成了具有“严谨、求实、协作、创新”的传统。

目前设有七个系、五个研究所、四个中心（其中二个为省部级），覆盖了机械、热能、管理和艺术等学科领域，获得了一批以国家科技进步奖为标志的科研成果，培养了一批以中国工程院院士为代表的优秀人才。

学院目前拥有一支以2位中国工程院院士为首的包括38位教授、51位副教授等在内的近200人的师资队伍。

其中，特聘教授1名，国务院学科委员会学科评议组成员1名，教育部新（跨）世纪优秀人才3名，全国优秀教师2名，北京市教学名师2名，中国青年科技奖获得者2名，北京市青年学科带头人5名、北京市青年骨干教师14名，博士研究生导师26名。

学院目前设有6个本科专业、12个硕士专业和11个博士专业。

其中，国家重点学科1个，北京市重点学科2个。

“机械工程”和“动力工程及工程热物理”具有一级学科博士学位授予权，并设有博士后流动站。

近几年学院获国家教学成果奖2项，省部级教学成果奖5项，2门课程被评为国家精品课程，1门课程被评为北京市精品课程。

近年来，学生在“CCTV机器人大赛”、“大学生物流设计大赛”、“机械设计创新大赛”、“挑战杯”等全国性的科技比赛中多次获得一、二、三等奖的优异成绩。

近年来，学院承担并完成了国家“863”、“973”、国家自然科学基金、国家发改委“十五”重大装备攻关计划、科技部创新基金等一批具有重要影响的科研项目，获国家及省部级科技奖励二十余项，发明专利三十余项。

通过多年的发展，特别是“九五”和“十五”的“211工程”重点建设以及国家和学校的专项建设，建成了“大型工业机械仿真、监测与控制实验室”等近40个实验室。

工程训练中心建成了以实践与创新为主要特色的学生科技创新基地。

目录2013年北京科技大学828综合科技史考研真题试题试卷 (2)2014年北京科技大学828综合科技史考研真题试题试卷 (3)2013年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：828试题名称：综合科技史（共1页）适用专业：科学技术史说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

=============================================================================================================一、判断下列说法的正误（你认为正确者答Y，错误者答F）（每小题2分，共40分）1.中国东汉时期的张衡制造了水运浑象仪，对浑天说在社会上得到承认起了重要作用。

2.中国在汉代最早记录了新星和超新星。

3.中国古代不曾记录极光现象。

4.祖冲之在世界上最早得出了球体积公式。

5.蚕种传至罗马大约在公元6世纪。

6.隋代张胄玄的《大业理历》推算出的五星会合周期的准确值，水星的误差仅为1.44分钟。

7.葛洪、陶弘景、孙思邈等人的百一生病说来源于佛教医学学说。

8.宋代沈括《梦溪笔谈》最早记录磁偏角。

9.清代吴其濬的主要学术作品有《植物名实图考》和《滇南矿厂图略》。

10.清代康熙年间曾进行过完全由中国学者参加的全国地图测绘工作。

11.中国新石器时代晚期就能够种植花生。

12.造纸技术在唐代传到阿拉伯地区，进而再传到欧洲。

13.柏拉图学园作为希腊文化的保存者存在了九百余年。

14.进化论的思想肇始于瑞典生物学家林奈。

15.美国科学家富兰克林最早提出了正负电的概念。

16.法国启蒙运动的代表人物伏尔泰对牛顿力学在法国普及有巨大的贡献。

北京科技大学
2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 818 试题名称：设计基础（共 1 页）适用专业：设计艺术学
说明： 1、所有答案必须写在A3答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

2、自带绘画工具，种类不限。

一、题目背景：移动通讯产品成为当下人们交流信息的主要载体，在个性化时代，移动电话也可以做到为个人定制。

二、题目：试设计一款为自身量身定做的移动通讯产品，满足在信息化时代下的
个人的信息交流需求。

三、考试内容：
1、将自己定位为产品的用户，考虑自身移动通讯的需求、使用场合和情感心理等进行系统分析，找到设计的关键问题点，要求以文字形式表达，字数400字左右。

（25分）
2、产品方案设计。

（45分）
要求：（1）以草图形式表达3种设计解决方案；
（2）针对自身在信息交流过程中的关键问题点进行流程分析；
（3）考虑技术的可行性，同时对技术提出设计上的需求与畅想，通过设计引导技术的发展。

3、从上述3种设计解决方案中精选出1个设计方案，进行深入的细节设计，以效果图形式详细表达产品的形态、色彩、材质细节，以及信息交流及服务系统的通讯服务网络结构、服务使用流程和通讯产品中交流界面的视觉设计与媒体设计等，并进行必要的设计分析与说明；（50分）
4、根据上述分析和设计，试表现移动通讯产品的某一特定使用场景，表现技法不限。

（30分）。

目录2013年北京科技大学819化工原理概论考研真题试题试卷 (2)2014年北京科技大学819化工原理概论考研真题试题试卷 (4)北京科技大学2013年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：819试题名称：化工原理概论（共2页）适用专业：化学工程与技术、化学工程(专业学位)说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

=============================================================================================================一填空题（每空2分，35空，共70分）（1）、和动量衡算是化工过程中分析问题的基本方法。

（2）离心泵的主要性能参数包括、、、。

（3）流体流动类型的判断主要依靠。

（4）流体在等径管中作稳定流动，流体由于流动而有摩擦阻力损失，流体的流速沿管长。

（5）液柱压力测量是基于原理的测压装置。

用U形管压差计测压时，若一端与大气相同，则读数表示的是或。

（6）精馏与蒸馏的区别在于。

（7）热传递的基本方式包括、、。

（8）化工生产中常用的热源包括生产过程中的高温流体、、等，常用的冷源包括、等。

（9）换热器包括、、三种。

（10）强化热交换过程的途径包括、、。

（11）板式塔是接触式气液传质设备，操作时为连续相；填料塔是接触式气液传质设备，操作时为连续相。

（12）目前化工生产上常见的反应器，按结构型式分类，主要可分为、、、、流化床等。

（13）当反应器中存在返混时，所有物料微团在反应器中的停留时间不一致，呈现一种概率分布，称为。

二问答题（4题，共80分）（1）（20分）什么是流体静力学基本方程式？它是如何推导的？（2）（20分）什么是流量、流速？二者之间的关系如何？如何推导流量、流速与圆形输送管道直径d的关系？（3）（20分）流体在管道中形成的滞流和湍流有何不同？（4）（20分）吸收过程与蒸馏过程有何异同？北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：819试题名称：化工原理概论（共4页）适用专业：化学工程与技术、化学工程(专业学位)说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题北京科技大学本校各专业考研资料北科考研就找老大哥QQ 931679601 店铺 老大哥整理发布============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 240 试题名称：单独考试英语（共10页）适用专业：单独考试各专业说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

=========================================================================================================== Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. If you your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want.A. lessenB. moderateC. dismissD. overcome2.The professor's argument was reasonable, but the audience did not agree with his conclusion.A. suspiciouslyB. seeminglyC. criticallyD. theoretically3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job；I'll either have to find a rich wife or starve. A．otherwise B. that's why C. else D. on the other hand4.Many photographers prefer to take pictures when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.A．at twilight B. at noon C. in the morning D. in the fall5. The finance question must be answered with in order to relieve the investors' fears of fraud.A．accuracy B. exactness C. precision D. correction6. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A．ratio B. proportion C. rate D. scale7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln.A．live up to B. set forth C. call for D. cut out8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject.A．acquired B. attained C. achieved D. obtained9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was in his failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. decisiveD. obvious10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living in this area. A．traverses B. spans C. protects D. overlooksSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word.11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it.A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis.A．troubled B. bothered C. influenced D. stricken13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went.A．continually B. hard C. easily D. continuously14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English.A. indifferentB. indivisibleC. essentialD. elective15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. A．materials B. substances C. possessions D. qualities16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure.A．make up B. make out C. make for D. make in17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so.A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest.A．in connection with B. in case ofC．along with D. together with19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends.A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record.A．if only B. for fear that C. unless D. otherwisePart II Cloze Test(20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases __21__ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be __22__ in our past experience, which are brought into the present __23__ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep __24__ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is __25__ when a rat gives up eating grain because he hassniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory __26__ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer __27__ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for __28__ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total __29__ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and __30__ of words.21. A. of B. to C. for D. on22. A. keep B. found C. sought D. stored23. A. by B. from C. with D. in24. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information25. A. called B. taken C. involved D. included26. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems27. A. to B. with C. against D. for28. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective29. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount30. A. combinations B. connections C. co-ordinations D. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet. Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs.Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying theboundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables.The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing ________.A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total speciesB. the ways to protect endangered speciesC. the characteristics of threatened speciesD. the significance of protecting threatened species32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the totalgenetic losses?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Enthusiastic.33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife.B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost.C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources.D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species.34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except ________.A. highway and housing developmentB. poor erosion controlC. overpopulation of shellfishD. lowering of water tables35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection?A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction.B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species.C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete.D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value. Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise.When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to delivermedicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it.Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer.And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year.Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease."We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic."36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy?A. They were very lucky.B. They were very confident.C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy.D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high.37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________.A. proudB. optimisticC. anxiousD. serious38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except __________.A. Down's syndromeB. Parkinson's diseaseC. oral cancerD. peripheral arterial disease39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy?A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected.B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now.C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far.D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy.40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy?A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. indifferentD. neutralPassage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed--no examination is perfect--but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher.Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if external examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school's reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favored school.The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are presumably selected by some computer.These people are not just against school organization, but are at war with the whole idea of modern competitive society and they are using children in schools for their destructive purposes. There is no reason why we should allow such people to determine the way our schools are organized when it is to the obvious disadvantage of the pupils, of the schools and of our society asa whole.41. What is the opinion of the writer?A. We cannot have standards because examinations are not perfect.B. Without examinations there would be no standards.C. Standards must keep changing in order to achieve equality.D. Changing the standards could mean the end of equality.42. What is the situation at the moment?A. A school's reputation is not very important, as long as a certificate.B. A bright child doesn't need certificates to get a job.C. Children attending well-respected schools do not get certificates.D. Many children who are suitable for a job have no proof of their suitability.43. According to the writer, what would happen if external examinations were taken away?A. Children from poor families would not be able to change school.B. There would be no more opportunities and no more excellence.C. Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.D. Going to a favored school would be the only way to get a good job.44. According to the writer, the opponents of the examination system say that ________.A. computers should be selected to take over many jobsB. particular people should not be chosen for particular jobsC. examinations are only bad when they show differences between peopleD. schools specializing in academic subjects should be done away with45. In what way do the opponents of the examination system want to influence schools?A. They want children to compete more in school.B. They want to reorganize schools.C. They want schools to be more modern.D. They want to destroy schools.Passage FourQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying.Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone can criticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization.Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world.In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America.46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11?A. Domestic economy.B. Politics.C. National Security.D. Global unity in fighting terrorism.47. What does Hormats argue for?A. The developing countries have to help themselves.B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well.C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism.D. The foreign aids rarely work.48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's?A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point.B. The author didn't like the talker personally.C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization.D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable.49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph?A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy.B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more.C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition.D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of theglobalization.50. The topic that best fits the passage is ___________.A. The National Security Strategy of the USAB. The Globalization of Economy and National Security Strategy of the USAC. The World Economic ForumD. International Economic GlobalizationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the information from the passage in NO MORE THAN 10 words for each sentence.Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we human can look forward to increasing happiness?Not necessarily, warns Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California, in his new book, Growth triumphant: the Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective. Easterlin concedes that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happy than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people's self-assessment of their own happiness. "There has not been improvement in average happiness in the United States over almost a half century-a period in which real GDP per capita more than doubled," Easterlin reports.The explanation for this paradox may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin's word: "As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to vitiate the expected growth in happiness due to higher income."Money can buy happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one's amounts get bigger and other people aren't getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater's finding that Americans' perception of income "necessary to get along" rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capita income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well off is equated with being happy.Easterlin's findings challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of wants" as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people's basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin's evidence points to the persistence of materialism."Despite a general level of affluence never before realized in the history of the world,"Easterlin observes, "Material concerns in the wealthiest nations today are as pressing as ever and the pursuit of material need as intense." The evidence suggests there is no evolution toward higher order goals. Rather, each step upward on the ladder of the economic development merely stimulates new economic desires that lead the chase onward. Economists are accustomed to deflating the money value of national income by the average level of prices to obtain "real" income. The process here is similar-real income is being deflated by rising material aspiration, in this case to yield essentially constant subjective economic well-being. While it would be pleasant to envisage a world free from the pressure of material want, a more realistic projection, based on the evidence, is of a world in which generation after generation thinks it needs only another 10% to 20% more income to be perfectly happy.Needs are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Eaterlin's view."The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, it is a world founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in the last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.51. What does "this paradox" in paragraph 3 refer to?52. Why will higher income not always bring more happiness?53. When will a person feel happy according to Easterlin?54. How does Easterlin's findings differ from Maslow's theory?55. What does Easterlin think of the future of the world?Part IV Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )Section ADirections:Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.56. We often hear that computers are cold and inhuman, but in fact many people are more comfortable with a computer than with another person. Computers are patient and do not judge the people who use them. Many students who would be embarrassed to show a teacher that they do not understand something are happy to ask a computer questions. Some patients would rather explain their health problems to a computer than to a doctor. There is even a computer program which deals with psychological problems. The program has become popular because many people feel uncomfortable discussing such problems with another person.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage from Chinese into English.57. 教育不是目的，而是达到目的的一种手段。

1．清华大学材料科学基础历年考研真题及详解2009年清华大学材料科学基础（与物理化学或固体物理）考研真题及详解2008年清华大学材料科学基础（与物理化学或固体物理）考研真题及详解2007年清华大学材料科学基础（与物理化学或固体物理）考研真题及详解清华大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料科学基础（与物理化学或固体物理）适用专业：材料科学与工程一、（5分）证明：对于立方晶系，有二、（10分）画出下述物质的一个晶胞：金刚石 NaCl 闪锌矿纤锌矿石墨三、（10分）请导出摩尔分数为x A、x B的二元系中的综合扩散系数D与分扩散系数D A、D B之间的关系。

四、（10分）根据图1-1所示的铁碳平衡相图，回答以下问题：1．写出在1495℃、1154℃、1148℃、738℃和727℃发生的三相平衡反应的反应式。

2．画出含碳量的过共析钢在室温下的平衡组织，并计算其中二次渗碳体的百分数。

3．含碳量的亚共晶白口铸铁在从液相平衡冷却到室温时会发生什么三相平衡反应和两相平衡反应（可用热分析曲线表示）？室温下该成分的铸铁中有没有二次渗碳体？如有的话，计算其百分数。

五、（10分）1．解释冷变形金属加热时回复、再结晶的过程及特点。

2．已知Cu-30％Zn合金的再结晶激活能为250kJ/mol，此合金在400℃的恒温下完成再结晶需要1h，试求此合金在390℃的恒温下完成再结晶需要多少小时。

六、（15分）沿铝（A1）单晶的方向拉伸，使其发生塑性变形，请确定：1．画出立方晶系的标准投影，并由此确定初始滑移系统。

2．转动规律和转轴。

图1-1　第四题图3．双滑移系统。

4．双滑移开始时晶体的取向和切变量。

5．双滑移过程中晶体的转动规律和转轴。

6．晶体的最终取向。

七、（15分）有一面心立方单晶体，在（111）面滑移的柏氏矢量为的右螺型位错，与在面上滑移的柏氏矢量为的另一右螺型位错相遇于此两滑移面交线，并形成一个新的全位错。

北京科技大学
2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
试题编号：624 试题名称：设计理论（共 1 页）适用专业：★设计艺术学
说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

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一．名词解释（50分，每题5分）
1 设计思维
2 唐三彩
3 汉字六书
4 国际主义风格
5 流线型风格
6 解构主义设计立体视觉
7 人机工程学
8 系统
9 人体测量百分位数
10 知觉
二．分析单人单机人机系统的组成，可以图示或举例说明（10分）
三．依据产品功能特征，IIB型产品应如何考虑人体尺寸的影响；并举例说明选择原理和依据（10分）
四．“2007年，某电厂值班员不带安全帽端茶杯上6米高的运转平台时，未手扶栏杆（高0.86米，竖杆间距0.74米，无横杆），单脚踏空后从4米高的楼梯跌落。

”就以上资料，分析本次事故成因，并提出预防措施（10分）
五．简述设计与消费的关系（10分）
六．平板电脑，是一种小型、方便携带的个人电脑，以触摸屏作为基本的输入设备。

拥有的触摸屏允许用户通过触控笔或数字笔来进行作业，而不是传统的键盘或鼠标操作。

就人使用平板电脑的行为，分析人与平板电脑的人机关系要素（20分）
1。

北京科技大学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号：618 试题名称：基础英语（共 10 页）适用专业：外国语言文学说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效;请用蓝色或黑色钢笔或签字笔答题。

=============================================================================================================Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. Whatever the causes, English is more widely spoken and written than any other language_____________.A. ever wasB. had ever beenC. has ever beenD. would ever be2. He has _____________ strange hobbies like collecting bottle tops and inventing secret codes.A. gone onB. gone in forC. gone withD. gone through with3. The captured criminals were _____________ in chains through the streets.A. exhibitedB. displayedC. paradedD. revealed4. The ceremony will _____________ as soon as the minister arrives.A. commenceB. completeC. disperseD. descend5. Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _____________ heavy schedules.A. owing toB. as toC. in relation toD. with regard to6. The old building is in a good state of _____________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. conservationD. compensation7. The city has decided to _____________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away8. _____________ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A. NoneB. BothC. MostD. Neither9. Louis was asked to _____________ the man who stole her purse.A. confirmB. recognizeC. claimD. identify10. The bus that_____________ outside the inn would soon take the visitors downtown.A. held backB. pulled upC. set forthD. got down11. Last year, these ships transported a total of 83.34 million tons of cargo, a 4 percent increase_____________ the previous year.A. overB. beyondC. thanD. up12. My son doesn’t know what to _____________at the university; he can’t make up his mind about his future.1。