Realism
1、It aims at the interpretation of actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.
2、Major features：（Familiar aspects of contemporary and everyday life are represented in a）straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;Characters from all social levels社会阶层; Open ending; Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;objectivity客观; it presents moral visions.
American realistic authors
1、Bret Harte：the first American writer of local color .
2、William Dean Howells: the arbiter of American realism /holds that truth is the highest beauty.
3、Henry James insisted that art must be related to life.
4、Henry James / Mark Twain: the greatest of American realists.
5、Samuel Langhorne Clemens：American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire.（无礼的幽默和尖锐的社会讽刺）
Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression（憎恨虚伪和压迫）.
6、Mark Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is marked by growing pessimism and bitterness（不断增长的悲观和痛苦）
Major works: The Gilded Age镀金时代（第一部长篇小说）: A Tale of To-day (1873); The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》
Travel fiction: The Innocents Abroad (or The New Pilgrim’s Progress)(1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》;Roughing It (1873) 艰难生涯;Life on the Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上的生活，combines an autobiographical account(结合了自传)
7、Historical Romance: The Prince and the Pauper(1882)（王子与贫儿）, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court（在亚瑟王朝廷中的康涅狄格州美国人）, It is
a parable of colonialization(这是一个殖民化的寓言).
8、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) 《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》充满夸张和喜剧的边疆生活。The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》
Anti-imperialist:反帝国主义，The essay “To the Person Sitting in Darkness”坐在黑暗中的人(1901)
9、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches (1867) 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙。
10、He hated tyranny and iniquity, despised meanness and cruelty, and took his role as
a social critic in a serous and responsible manner.他讨厌专制和罪孽，藐视卑鄙和残忍，负责任，社会评论家。
11、《汤姆·索亚历险记》发表于1876年。小说主人公汤姆·索亚天真活泼，敢于探险、追求自由，不堪忍受束缚个性、枯燥乏味的生活，幻想干一番英雄事业。小说通过主人公的冒险经历，对美国虚伪庸俗的社会习俗、伪善的宗教仪式和刻板陈腐的学校教育进行了讽刺和批判，以欢快的笔调描写了少年儿童自由活泼的心灵。《汤姆·索亚历险记》以其浓厚的深具地方特色的幽默和对人物敏锐
观察，一跃成为最伟大的儿童文学作品，也是一首美国“黄金时代”的田园牧歌。本书的姊妹篇是《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》-Twain's masterpiece.
12、哈克贝利是一个聪明、善良、勇敢的白人少年。他为了追求自由的生活，逃亡到密西西比河上。在逃亡途中，他遇到了黑奴吉姆。吉姆是一个勤劳朴实、热情诚实、忠心耿耿的黑奴，他为了逃脱被主人再次卖掉的命运，从主人家中出逃。两个人历经种种奇遇。这部小说从思想到技巧都有许多创新。小说赞扬了男孩哈克贝利的机智和善良，谴责了宗教的虚伪和信徒的愚昧，同时，塑造了一位富有尊严的黑奴slave形象。
Theme: Racism and Slavery种族主义与奴隶制; Intellectual and Moral Maturation 聪明的、道德成熟；The Hypocrisy of "Civilized" Society文明社会的虚伪；
Commen t:流浪汉小说，第一人称的叙事，插曲式的结构，定型化的人物形象，幽默生动、诙谐讽刺的艺术风格，哈克反传统风格。
Theodore Dreiser
1、American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school.美国小说家、自然主义
2、His career as a novelist began in 1900 with Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹
《嘉莉妹妹》是美国现实主义作家德莱塞的重要作品之一，是《珍妮姑娘》的姐妹篇。《嘉莉妹妹》描写了农村姑娘嘉莉来到大城市芝加哥寻找幸福，为摆脱贫困，出卖自己的贞操，先后与推销员和酒店经理同居，后又凭美貌与歌喉成为演员的故事。作家以嘉莉为代表深刻揭露了美国资本主义制度对贫苦人民压榨的残酷性和资产阶级生活方式对小资产阶级分子的腐蚀性。
3、The Financier (1912) , The Titan (1914), and The Stoic (1947),
4、Real fame, come to Dreiser until 1925, when his An American Tragedy美国悲剧
had great popular success.
5、Point of view: Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) 社会达尔文主义（赫伯特斯潘
塞）
6、Theme: American Dream
Jack London
1、short stories,：The Son of the Wolf; his masterpiece The Call of the Wild (1903
2、London's style—brutal, vivid, and exciting残忍、生动、令人兴奋
3、Mayor works: The Call of the Wild (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), White Fang 白牙,Martin Eden (1909),
4、意象和主题：Images of death, cruelty, and Darwinian struggle死亡意象，残酷，和达尔文斗争
Martin Eden
1、It is about a writer who bears an extremely strong resemblance相似to Jack
London.
2、Theme: criticism 批判主义of American society; disillusion破灭of American
dream
Henry James
1、His fiction juxtaposed American innocence and European experience in a series of intense, psychologically complex works.
2、James's work is characterized by leisurely pacing and subtle delineation of character悠闲地
人物描写而不是戏剧化的事件rather than by dramatic incidents or complicated plots.
3、Works:The American(1877), Daisy Miller(1879) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881).
4、Literary career / three periods: international themes，dropped international themes，returned to his “international theme”.
5、Major subjects /three subjects ：Children（James wrote about children as children,
not as small adults），New woman（as a representative of culture and refinement. 作为文化和优雅的代表），Artist. Other subjects；evil
6、Theory of Fiction/(The Art of Fiction)：The novelist must be faithful to life ，He advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him 艺术家自由写作，self-containment of the work of art艺术作品的自我封闭，Dramatization: showing rather tellin g戏剧化表现而说，Central consciousness through whom events are observed通过事件观察的中心意识（he used a particular method of telling the story），Psychological realis m心理现实主义:（His realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter）
6、James was writing before Freud had done his studies, so he has been called the
first of the “modern psychological novelists,”and “a realist of the inner life.”Also he is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-consciousness”novels and the founder of psychological realism. 7、The Portrait of a Lady贵妇画像
（主角Isabel Archer、Gilbert Osmond ）
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)女
1、Work: A Bird came down the Walk: iambic trimeter抑扬音步；
2、I heard a Fly buzz when I died由于这一卑微生灵出现于预期中上帝出现的庄
严时刻，诗歌因此平添了一层讽刺意味；充分体现出诗歌的戏剧性，使读者领悟到诗人的蕴意：上帝从不垂顾弥留之际的受难者，而一向为人所不齿的苍蝇却在这一刻表现出勃勃生机和无限深情，与死者逐渐消失的呼吸以及上帝的冷漠形成鲜明对照；或许是因为苍蝇的叫唤声能有效地调动起读者的联觉，激发他们去想象人们弥留之际的痛苦和惆怅。
Ernest Hemingway
1、Spokesman for Lost Generation 迷惘一代的代言人
Robert Lee Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特
1、His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes philosophy of life, mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.
2、Poem:The Road not Taken
The Road Not Taken" consists of four stanza s of five lines; the rhyme scheme is ABAAB; there are four stressed syllables per line, varying on an iambic tetrameter base.
Mending Wall 修墙
In Frost’s poem, the collapsing墙的倒塌of the wall strongly suggests the human’s wish to eliminate the estrangement消除隔阂, but the wish often results naturally in a
new mending job. Sometimes, people are exposed to the paradoxical fact that it is just due to the existence of these wall s that human beings may possibly fee l safely defended and, therefore, be calmed down to communicate just over the fence so as to, more or less, understand each other. old generation who tries to keep the tradition and hates reform and change.
Carl Sandburg(1878-1967)
1、He wrote in free verse and rich and spontaneous slang.
2、Work: Chicago
the poet shows his pride in the city, he is proud of its diligence, its persistence, its vigor and its hopeful future.
Wallace Stevens
1、Work: Anecdote of the Jar
Any society without art is one without order and that man makes the order he perceives, and the world he inhabits is one he half creates.
William Faulkner
1、W ork: A Rose for Emily (Emily Grierson、Homer Barron)
She Sacrifice to the Old South, he represents the new North
John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克
Work: The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄
●Selected readings：Song of myself p19
●Because I could not stop for Death-- p21
●The adventures of Huckleberry Finn lecture
●Martin Eden p122 The road not taken p170
●Sister Carrie p139 Chicago p177-78
●Anecdote of the jar p 191 A Farewell to Arms p 256-57
Walt Whitman
Work：Leaves of Grass Song of myself自我之歌
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
文学观念与文学本体 1、美国学者艾布拉姆斯在哪部着作中提出了文学四要素，分别是什么 《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》 艾布拉姆斯的文学研究座标：强调文学研究要从世界、作者（艺术家）、作品、读者（欣赏者）四个角度进行，这就是着名的“四要素”说。 2、模仿说与表现说 模仿说：【从文学与生活的关系上界定文学的特点，西方有古老的“模仿说”。模仿最初是指祭祀活动中祭司表演的歌舞，后来从祭典术语转化为哲学术语，表现对外在世界的再造或复制，“模仿说”就是在这个意义上解释什么是文学的。】 模仿说的文学观在亚里士多德的《诗学》中得到了详尽、系统的阐述。亚里士多德认为，模仿是艺术的本质，一切艺术都是模仿的产物，并强调不同的艺术在模仿的对象、媒介和方式上具有各自的特点。在这个基础上，他进一步提出，史诗与戏剧的模仿对象是人，是人的“行动和生活”。显然，与前人偏重于模仿自然的说法相比，他更关注文学与社会生活的联系。 表现说：“表现说”的文学观认为，“一件艺术品本质上是内心世界的外化，是激情支配下的创造，是诗人的感受、思想、情感的共同体现。因此，一首诗的本原和主题，是诗人心灵的属性和活动，如果以外部世界的某些方面作为诗的本质和主题，那必须先经诗人心灵的情感和心理活动由事实而变为诗”。 表现说认为文学是对主体心灵与情感的表现和抒发。中国古代文论倾向于表现说。中国古代的“诗言志”和“诗缘情”的理论与上述的观点非常接近，特别是“诗缘情”的认识，不仅注意到主体在文学创造中的作用，而且把情感视为文学表现的主要对象，这大大推进了中国古代文论对文学特质的认识。（1）“言志说”。《庄子天下篇》最早提出：“诗以道志”。（2）“缘情说”。陆机《文赋》：“诗缘情而绮靡”。 由于叙事文学长期居于主导地位，表现说的文学观在西方产生的比较晚，直到18世纪末随着浪漫主义运动的兴起，才对文学实践发生广泛的影响。表现论是近现代西方占主导地位的文学观。（1）情感表现说。华兹华斯：诗是强烈情感的自然流露。（2）本能表现说。弗洛伊德：“艺术即做梦”，是作家愿望的实现。合理性与不足：本能表现说重视创作主体的能动性、自主性，和丰富的心理蕴涵，对文学的性质和规律有不少新的发现。但片面强调艺术的自我表现性，忽视了文学与广阔社会生活的密切关联。
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题： 1.选择/对错60分（40道选择，20个对错） 2.名词解释10分（5个） 3.选段配对10分（5个） 4.问答20分（10/2） 1．历史：Father / poetess… 2. 名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson 3．作品：The W asteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter 1.a)选择题（40个，40分） 1. At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 2. Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________ A. He was born in a poor family. B. He was a pious puritan. C. He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”. D. He was a master of diplomacy. 3. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________. A. Lost Generation B. Iceberg theory C. American Dream D. Code Heroes 4. Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________ A. Hester Prynne B. Roger Chillingworth C. Captain Ahab D. Pearl 5. Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________well presents the disillusionment of American Dream. A. The American Tragedy B. The Call of the Wild C. Martin Eden D. The Grapes of Wrath b)判断对错题（20个，20分） 1. Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife. (F) 2. The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful. (F) 3. Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize. (F) 4. Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate. (F)
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 1. 2. 6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. .Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At th century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well
文学概论期末考试总结 一、选择填空 1.文艺学是一门以文学为对象，以揭示文学基本规律，介绍相关知识为目的的学科，包括三个分支，即文学理论、文学批评和文学史。 2.美国当代文艺学家M.H.艾布拉姆斯在《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》一书提出文学四要素的著名观点。 3.文学文化学又可以说是一种最新的文学理论形态。 4.首先是列宁用“反映”这个词说明了文学是对于生活的反映。 5.伊瑟尔提出“隐含的读者”的概念。 6.在魏晋以前，文学的文化含义是居于主导地位的。 7.查理斯·巴托作出一个意义深远的区分：诗与绘画、雕塑、音乐、艺术和修辞等纳入七种“美的艺术”之中。 8.话语的要素：说话人、受话人、文本、沟通、语境。 9.话语蕴藉的典范形态：含蓄和含混。 10.文学定义：文学是一种语言艺术，是话语蕴藉中的审美意识形态。 11.精神生产的概念最初见于《德意志意识形态》。 12.诗人的职责不在于描述已经发生的事，而在于描述可能发生的事。 13.文学创造的主题是具体的社会人。（马克思） 14.创作主体对客体审美价值的把握以感性直观为思维特征。 15.材料是文学创造的第一要素。 16.“诗意的裁判”是恩格斯评价巴尔扎克时使用的一个概念。 17.高尔基曾不无道理地把文学称之为“人学”。
18.克莱夫·贝尔提出了“有意味的形式”。 19.文学作为认识活动，以内在尺度创造艺术真实，要义是求“真”，体现为“历史理性”。 二.名词解释 1.文学本体论：文学本体论认为，文学活动的本体在于文学作品，而不是外在的世界或作者。作为本体的作品，并不是指传统理论中的内容或内容与形式的统一，而是仅仅指作品形式，即所谓“肌质”、“隐喻”、“复义”、“含混”、“语境”、“反讽”等语言学或修辞学因素。 2.话语蕴藉：话语蕴藉是指文学活动的蕴蓄深厚而又余味深长的语言与意义状况，表明文学作为社会话语实践蕴含着丰富的意义生成可能性。有两层意思：第一，整个文学活动带有话语蕴藉属性。第二，在更具体的层次上，被创造出来以供阅读的特定文本带有话语蕴藉属性。 3.艺术概括：简括地说，就是作家依据自己的体验和认识，以主体的审美价值追求能动介入的方式，对富有特征的事物给予独特艺术处理，从而在主体与客体相统一的基础上，创造既具有鲜明的独特个性又具有相当普遍意义、体现着一定审美价值取向的艺术形象之方法。 4.审美理想：也称美的理想，是指审美主体在长期社会实践和审美活动中形成的、由个人审美经验和人格境界所肯定的、融合了特定历史文化传统的关于美的理想观念或范型。特征：首先，审美理想是以理念形式存在的鉴赏的原型和最高典范。其次，审美理想是直观形象与理性观念的结合。第三，审美理想是个体性与群体性的统一。 三.简答
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style