2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Text 3 During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars，policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind. [421 words] 31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have [A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According go the author， health-savings plans will [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？ [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses： a） certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b） winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c） soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d） none of the above. Anders Ericsson， a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born.[410 words]21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to [A] stress the importance of professional training. [B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup. [C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance. [D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” （Line 4， Paragraph 2） most probably means [A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson good memory [A] depends on meaningful processing of information. [B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. [C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. [D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？ [A] “Faith will move mountains.” [B] “One reaps what one sows.” [C] “Practice makes perfect.” [D] “Like father， like son”Text 2 For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old； that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it isa bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as， What's the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how much can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？ The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Section I Use of English Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 大1家 of these nations looked 大2家 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 大3家 the ideals of representative representative government, government, careers 大4家 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 大5家 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 大6家 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 大7家 set of laws.On the issue of 大8家 of religion and the position of the church, 大9家, there was less agreement 大1010家家 the leadership. Roman Catholicism Catholicism had had been the state religion religion and and the only one 大1111家家 by the Spanish crown. 大1212家家 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 大1313家家 the the official official official religion religion religion of of of the the new states, states, some some some sought sought sought to to to end end the 大1414家家 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 大1515家家 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 大1616家家 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain Spain’’s 大1717家家 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people people of mixed of mixed of mixed origin came origin came origin came much much 大1818家家 because the because the new nations still new nations still needed the revenue such policies 大1919家家. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 大2020家家 self-rule and democracy. 1. ［A ］ natives ［B ］ inhabitants ［C ］ peoples ［D ］ individuals  2. ［A ］ confusedly ［B ］ cheerfully ［C ］ worriedly ［D ］ hopefully  3. ［A ］ shared ［B ］ forgot ［C ］ attained ［D ］ rejected  4. ［A ］ related ［B ］ close ［C ］ open ［D ］ devoted  5. ［A ］ access ［B ］ succession ［C ］ right ［D ］ return  6. ［A ］ Presumable ［B ］ Incidentally ［C ］ Obviously ［D ］ Generally  7. ［A ］ unique ［B ］ common ［C ］ particular ［D ］ typical  8. ［A ］ freedom ［B ］ origin ［C ］ impact ［D ］ reform  9. ［A ］ therefore ［B ］ however ［C ］ indeed ［D ］ moreover  10. ［A ］ with ［B ］ about ［C ］ among ［D ］ by  11. ［A ］ allowed ［B ］ preached ［C ］ granted ［D ］ funded  12. ［A ］ Since ［B ］ If ［C ］ Unless ［D ］ While  13. ［A ］ as ［B ］ for ［C ］ under ［D ］ against  14. ［A ］ spread ［B ］ interference ［C ］ exclusion ［D ］ influence  15. ［A ］ support ［B ］ cry ［C ］ plea ［D ］ wish  16. ［A ］ urged ［B ］ intended ［C ］ expected ［D ］ promised  17. ［A ］ controlling ［B ］ former ［C ］ remaining ［D ］ original  18. ［A ］ slower ［B ］ faster ［C ］ easier ［D ］ tougher  19. ［A ］ created ［B ］ produced ［C ］ contributed ［D ］ preferred  20. ［A ］ puzzled by ［B ］ hostile to ［C ］ pessimistic about ［D ］ unprepared for Section II R eading ComprehensionReading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing choosing [A], [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your your answers answers answers on on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer playerin 20062006’’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children conceive children in in in springtime, springtime, springtime, at at at the annual the annual the annual peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; d) d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in in ““none of the above.above.”” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, grew up in Sweden, and studied and studied and studied nuclear nuclear nuclear engineering until engineering until engineering until he realized he realized he realized he he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. Ericsson recalls. ““He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not is not genetically genetically genetically determined, determined, determined, led led led Ericsson to Ericsson to Ericsson to conclude that conclude that conclude that the act of the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes encodes””the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating repeating a a task. Rather, Rather, it it involves involves setting setting setting specific specific specific goals, goals, goals, obtaining obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data data they they they can, can, not not just just just performance performance performance statistics statistics statistics and and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming programming –– are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word 22. The word ““mania mania”” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires requires immediate immediate immediate feedback feedback feedback and and a high degree degree of of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] [A] ““Faith will move mountains.Faith will move mountains.””[B] [B] ““One reaps what one sows.One reaps what one sows.””[C] [C] ““Practice makes perfect.Practice makes perfect.””[D] [D] ““Like father, like son.Like father, like son.””Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called called ““Ask Marilyn.Marilyn.”” Peopleare invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about about 23 23 years years old; old; old; that that gave gave her her an IQ of 228 228 –– the the highest highest highest score score score ever ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What What’’s s the difference the difference the difference between love between love between love and fondness? Or what is the nature and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? coincidence? It It It’’s not obvious how the capacity to visualizeobjects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, Clearly, intelligence intelligence intelligence encompasses encompasses encompasses more more more than than than a a score score on on a test. test. Just Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children children’’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant Savant’’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution distribution among among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological chronological age age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed necessary to succeed in in in school school school and in and in and in life, argues life, argues life, argues Robert J. Robert J. Robert J. Sternberg. Sternberg. In his In his article article article ““How How Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?””, , Sternberg Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem critical to problem solving solving solving and and and life success. life success. life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it ’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People [A] People no longer no longer no longer use IQ scores use IQ scores use IQ scores as as as an indicator of intelligence. an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant Savant’’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant [C] vos Savant’’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one ’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author 30. What is the author’’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, diagnosis, or or a disappearing disappearing spouse spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today as well. Today’’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck two-paycheck status. status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times times of of financial financial setback setback setback –– a back-up back-up earner earner earner (usually (usually (usually Mom) Mom) Mom) who who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This This ““added-worker effect effect”” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help familiesweather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining joining millions millions of families families who who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, younger families, the picture the picture the picture is is is not not not any any any better. Both better. Both better. Both the absolute the absolute the absolute cost cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much workers, with much workers, with much higher deductibles and higher deductibles and higher deductibles and a large new a large new dose of investment risk for families ’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today 31. Today’’sdouble-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush 32. As a result of President Bush’’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families [D] increase the families’’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted sorted out out their worst accounting accounting and and compliance compliance troubles, troubles, troubles, and and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America America –– the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several Several massive massive leakages leakages of of customer customer and and employee employee data data this year year –– from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data Data is is becoming becoming an an asset asset which which which needs needs needs to to be be guarded guarded guarded as as much much as as any other asset,other asset,”” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University ’s business school. school. ““The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible responsible for for on behalf behalf of of shareholders.shareholders.”” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York ’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore to restore –– and that and that few things are more few things are more few things are more likely to destroy trust than likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs affairs may may have been encouraged encouraged –– though though not not justified justified –– by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information aboutsome some 40 40 million million credit-card credit-card credit-card accounts accounts accounts in in in America, America, America, disclosed disclosed disclosed on on June June 1717th ,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America ’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement 36. The statement ““It never rains but it pours ” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According 37. According to to Paragraph Paragraph 2, 2, some organizations organizations check check their systems systems to tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders [A] shareholders’’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bossesfail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC [B] FTC’’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A —G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids B. Build Your Kids’’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids G. Build Your Kids’’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job job’’sstarting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult ’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes , that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.work-life unreadiness.””大4141家家 You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests interests they they keep coming back to, as theseoffer clues to the careers that will fit them best.大4242家家 Kids Kids need need need a a range range of of of authentic authentic authentic role role role models models models –– as opposed opposed to to to members members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table dinner-table discussions discussions discussions about about about people people people the the the family family family knows knows knows and and how how they they they got got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.idea.”” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.大4343家家 Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice practice delaying delaying delaying gratification gratification gratification and and deploying deploying effective effective effective organizational organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.大4444家家 Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.大4545家家 They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. of inadequacy. They They They should should should also also also learn how learn how learn how to solve to solve to solve problems and problems and problems and resolve resolve conflicts, conflicts, ways ways to brainstorm brainstorm and and think critically. critically. Discussions Discussions Discussions at at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major major role role role to to to play, play, play, but but but now now now it it it is is is more more more delicate. delicate. delicate. They They They have have have to to to be be be careful careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived conceived as as it may seem) while becominga partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and judgment by absorbing and reflecting reflecting reflecting on on on law is a law is a law is a desirable component of desirable component of a journalist a journalist’’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities responsibilities of of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The subject for journalists. The better better better informed they informed they informed they are about are about are about the way the way the way the the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many。

2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案2007年考研英语(一)真题及答案IntroductionIn this article, we will provide an analysis of the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) paper, commonly referred to as Exam 1, along with the respective answers. The purpose of this article is to help students gain a better understanding of the exam format, content, and potential approach to tackling the questions. Each section will be discussed separately, guiding the readers through the exam paper and highlighting key points for consideration.Section I: Cloze (15 points)The first section of the exam paper focused on a passage with a series of missing words or phrases, requiring candidates to select the best option to complete each gap. This section aimed at assessing candidates' language comprehension and vocabulary usage. The passage for this particular paper revolved around the topic of environmental protection.Section II: Error Correction (10 points)Section II of the exam required candidates to identify and correct grammatical errors in a given passage. It aimed at evaluating candidates' grammatical knowledge, as well as their ability to identify and rectify common errors in sentence structure, word choice, and verb tense agreement.Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)The third section of the exam consisted of four reading passages, with each passage followed by a set of questions. Candidates were required to read the passages carefully and answer the questions based on their comprehension and interpretation of the text. The passages covered a variety of topics, such as literature, history, science, and social issues.Section IV: Translation (15 points)The fourth section tested candidates' translation skills, requiring them to translate a given Chinese text into English. This section aimed at assessing candidates' grasp of both languages and their ability to convey meaning accurately and effectively.Section V: Writing (20 points)The final section of the exam required candidates to write an essay on a given topic within a specified word limit. It tested candidates' ability to formulate and present coherent arguments, as well as their written language proficiency.Exam AnswersUnfortunately, it is not possible to provide the exact questions or answers from the 2007 exam paper due to copyright restrictions. However, we encourage candidates to review the exam paper independently and refer to past papers and study materials to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions that may be asked.ConclusionIn conclusion, the 2007 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (English language) Exam 1 covered various aspects of English language proficiency, including vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, translation, and essay writing. Understanding the exam format and content is vital for candidates to effectively prepare and perform well. We hope this article has provided valuable insights and guidance for tackling the exam successfully. Good luck to all candidates!。

Text 3 During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars，policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind. [421 words] 31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have [A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According go the author， health-savings plans will [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？ [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4 It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance， a new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite： data insecurity. Left， until now， to odd， low-level IT staff to put right， and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel， information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as diverse as Time Warner，the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. “Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the key to market value， which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed， just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （GAAP）. perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices， suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security， redundancy， and recovery is a management issue， not a technical one.” he says. The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust， that most valuable of economic assets， is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty （in America，but not Europe） for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law. American firms did not have to tell anyone， even the victim， when data went astray， I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. [416 words] 36. The statement： “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce [A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations [C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage. 37. According to Paragraph 2， some organizations check their systems to find out [A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen. [C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located. 38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that [A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to. [B] information protection should be given due attention. [C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security. [D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. 39. According to Paragraph 4， what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to [A] see the link between trust and data protection. [B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. [C] realize the high cost of data restoration. [D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that [A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. [B] FTC's decision is essential to data security. [C] California takes the lead in security legislation. [D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.Part BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41——45）。

2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1of these nations looked 2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3the ideals of representative government, careers 4to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7set of laws.On the issue of 8of religion and the position of the church, 9, there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11by the Spanish crown. 12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19. Egalitarian sentiments were oftentempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries toconvey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to completeverbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’sbecause[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the autoindustry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance –have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley –have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore –and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s FederalTrade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholder s’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and lastparagraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.学无止境本文档有用就请下载支持吧！。

2007 年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Vocabulary ( 10 points )Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1．His wife has been _______a lot of pressure on him to change his job．A．taking B．exerting C．giving D．pushing2．It is estimated that，currently, about 50，000 species become _____every year．A．extinct B．instinct C．distinct D．intense3．John says that his present job does not provide him with enough ______for his organizing ability．scope B．space C．capacity D．range4．Many _______will be opened up in the future for those with a university education．A.probabilitiesB.realities C．necessities D．opportunities5．After his uncle died，the young man _____the beautiful estate with which he changed from a poor man to a wealthy noble．A．inhabited B．inherited C．inhibited D．inhaled6．The manager is calling on a______ customer trying to talk him into signing the contract．A.prosperousB.preliminary C．pessimistic D．prospective7．In 1991，while t11e economies of industrialized countries met an economic_____，the economies of developing countries were growing very fast．A．revival B．repression C．recession D．recovery8．The destruction of the twin towers _________shock and anger throughout the world．A．summoned B．tempted C provoked D．stumbled9．About 20 of the passengers who were injured in a plane crash are said to be in _____condition．A．decisive B．urgent C．vital D．critical10．The interactions between China and the US will surely have a significant _______on peace and stability in the Asia—Pacific region and the world as a whole．A．importance B．impression C．impact D．implication11．The poor countries are extremely _______to international economic fluctuations-A．inclined B．vulnerable C．attracted D．reduced12．Applicants should note that all positions are——to Australian citizenship requirements．A．subject B．subjective C．objected D．objective13．We aim to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly and that they have equal ______to employment opportunities．A．entrance B．entry C．access D．admission14．Successful learning is not a(n)________activity but consists of four distinct stages in a specific orderA．only B．sole C．mere D．single15．The opportunity to explore and play and the encouragement to do so Can ________the performance of many children．A．withhold B．prevent C．enhance D．justify16．All her hard work __________in the end，and she finally passed the exam．A．showed off B．paid off C．1eft off D．kept off17．In order to live the kind of life we want and to be the person we want to be，we have to do more than just ________with events．A．put sup B．set up C．turn up D．make up18．The team played hard because the championship of the state was______.A．at hand B．at stake C．at large D．at best19．I don’t think you'll change his mind；once he’s decided on so something he tends to _____it.A．stick to B．abide by C．comply with D．keep on20．Tom placed the bank notes，_________the change and receipts，back in the drawer．A. more thanB. but for C．thanks to D. along withSection II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory，right ? Dana Denis is just 40 years old，but 21 she’s worried about what she calls’my rolling mental blackouts.””I try to remember something and I just blank out，”she saysYou may 22 about these lapses，calling them ”senior moments ”or blaming "early Alzheimer’s (老年痴呆症)．”Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get，the 23 you remember? Well, sort of．But as time goes by, we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age—related．“When a teenager can’t find her keys，she thinks it's because she’s distracted or disorganized，”says Paul Gold．“A 70-year-old blames her 25 ．”In fact，the 70-year-old may have been 26 things for decades．In healthy people，memory doesn’t worsen as 27 as many of us think．“As we 28 ，the memory mechanism isn’t 29 ，”says psychologist Fergus Craik．”It’s just inefficient．”/The brain’s processing 30 slows down over the years，though no one knows exactly 31. Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there’s less activity in the brain．But，cautions Barry Gordon，”It's not clear that less activity is 33 ．A beginning athlete is winded（气喘吁吁）more easily than a 34 athlete．In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task，it expends less energy on it.”There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears，though it 3 7 effort．Margaret Sewell says：”We’re a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain. 3 9 shape．It’s like having a good body．You Can’t go to the gym once a year 40 expect to stay in top form.”21．A. almost B. seldom C. already D. never22．A. joke B. laugh C. blame D. criticize23．A. much B. little C. more D. less24．A. since B. for C. by D. because25．A. memory B. mind C. trouble D. health26．A. disorganizing B. misplacing C. putting D. finding27．A. swiftly B. frequently C. timely D. quickly28．A．mature B. advance C. age D. grow29．A. broken B. poor C. perfect D. working30．A. pattern B. time C. space D. information31．A . why B. how C. what D. when32．A. since B. hence C. that D. although33．A. irregular B. better C. normal D. worse34．A. famous B. senior C. popular D. trained35．A. as B. till C. though D. yet36．A. stages B. steps C. advantages D. purposes37．A. makes B. takes C. does D. spends38．A. rest B. come C. work D. study39．A. to B. for C. on D. in40．A. so B. or C. and D. ifSection III Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage OnePrior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world’s last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world’s peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in community settings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages,rather than yield to the homogenizing（同化的）forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer—aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient（有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（原生的，土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.A．an increasingly interconnected worldB．maintaining small numbers of speakersC．relatively isolated language communitiesD．following the tradition of the 20th century42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _______.A．uncertain B．unrealistic C．foreseeable D．definite43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.A．small languages become acceptable in work placesB．homogenize the world’s languages and culturesC．global languages reach home and community settingsD．speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identityputer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.A．makes learning a global language unnecessaryB．facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC．raises public awareness of saving those languagesD．makes it easier for linguists to study those languages45.In the author’s view, many endangered languages are________.A．remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB．exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC．quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD．a unique way of bringing different groups togetherPassage TwoEveryone，it seems，has a health problem。

20GG年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:ReadthefollowingteGt.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)BP1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindepe ndentnations.TheroughlP20million大1家ofthesenationslooked大2家tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manPo ftheleadersofindependence大3家theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers大4家totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the大5家toprivatepropertP,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsocietP.大6家therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentst ates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallPviableandintegratedbPa大7家setoflaws.Ontheissueof大8家ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,大9家,therewaslessagreement 大10家theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlPon e大11家bPtheSpanishcrown.大12家mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism大13家theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe大14家ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallPing大15家fortheconservativeforces.TheidealsoftheearlPleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,val uingequalitPofeverPthing.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad大16家inreturntoabolishslaverPintheareasheliberated.BP1854slaverPhadbeenab olishedeverPwhereeGceptSpain’s大17家colonies.EarlPpromisestoendIndiantributeandtaGesonpeopleofmiGedori gincamemuch大18家becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies大19家.Egalit ariansentimentswereoftentemperedbPfearsthatthemassofthepopulation was大20家self-ruleanddemocracP.1. [A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2. [A]confusedlP[B]cheerfullP[C]worriedlP[D]hopefullP3. [A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained4. [A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5. [A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6. [A]PresumablP[B]IncidentallP[C]ObviouslP[D]GenerallP7. [A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]tPpical8. [A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact9. [A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10. [A]with[B]about[C]among[D]bP11. [A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12. [A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13. [A]as[B]for[C]under14. [A]spread[B]interference[C]eGclusion[D]influence15. [A]support[B]crP[C]plea[D]wish16. [A]urged[B]intended[C]eGpected[D]promised17. [A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18. [A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19. [A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20. [A]puzzledbP[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:ReadthefollowingfourteGts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteGtbPchoosi ng[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkPouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TeGt1IfPouweretoeGaminethebirthcertificatesofeverPsoccerplaPerin20GG ’sWorldCuptournament,PouwouldmostlikelPfindanoteworthPquirk:elit esoccerplaPersaremorelikelPtohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsofthePe arthaninthelatermonths.IfPoutheneGaminedtheEuropeannationalPoutht eamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,Pouwouldfindthisstran gephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesse s:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabi estendtohavehigheroGPgencapacitP,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)socc er-madparentsaremorelikelPtoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannual peakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-Pear-oldpsPchologPprofessoratFloridaStateUniv ersitP,saPshebelievesstronglPin“noneoftheabove.”E ricssongrewupinSw eden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreop portunitPtoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsPchologP.HisfirsteG periment,nearlP30Pearsago,involvedmemorP:trainingapersontohearandt henrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20h oursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekept improving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80number s.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemorPitselfisnot geneticallPdetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingis moreofacognitiveeGercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinb orndifferencestwopeoplemaPeGhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosediff erencesareswampedbPhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.A ndthebestwaPtolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullP,Ericssondet ermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentai lsmorethansimplPrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,o btainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasono utcome.EricssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudPingeGpertperformer sinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.ThePgatherallthedatathePcan,n otjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsofth eirownlaboratorPeGperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesarather startlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlPcalltalentishighlPoverrated.Or,put anotherwaP,eGpertperformers–whetherinmemorPorsurgerP,balletorcom puterprogramming–arenearlPalwaPsmade,notborn.21. ThebirthdaPphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplaPersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakeseGpertperformance.[D]eGplainwhPsomesoccerteamsplaPbetterthanothers.22. Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablPmeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hPsteria.[D]eGcitement.23. AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemorP[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveeGercises.[C]isdeterminedbPgeneticratherthanpsPchologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.24. Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekePtoeGcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlPtonurture.25.WhichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagetheteGttriest oconveP?[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practicemakesperfect.”[D]“Likefather,likeson.”TeGt2ForthepastseveralPears,theSundaPnewspapersupplement Parade hasf eaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilPn.”People areinvitedtoquerPMarilPnv osSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23Pears old;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskPout ocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfolde dandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.Soiti sabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(who seIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitPtovisualize objectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthat haveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.ClearlP,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdo esitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuc hcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologP,genetics,computerscienceandotherfi elds?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,ev enthoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenasthePusedtobe.Thetestcomesprima rilPintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelli genceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).GenerallPcostingse veralhundreddollars,thePareusuallPgivenonlPbPpsPchologists,althoughv ariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.Superhighsc oreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedon astatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplPdivid ingthementalagebPthechronologicalageandmultiplPingbP100.Otherstan dardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateR ecordEGam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.SuchstandardizedtestsmaPnotassessalltheimportantelementsnecess arPtosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“Ho wIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbes tassessanalPticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativitPandpracticalkn owledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreo ver,IQtestsdonotnecessarilPpredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationsch。

2007年考研英语试题答案解析SectionⅠUseofEnglish1.［答案］［B］［分析］词义辨析题，A.natives本地人；B.inhabitant居民；C.peoples民族；D.individuals个体。

本文首句指出：到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立国家。

本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。

这里的这里没有限定范围是“本地人”，也没有提及不同的民族，更没有强调个体差异，因此排除其他选项。

2.［答案］［D］［分析］词汇辨析题。

A.confusedly困惑地；B.cheerfully 高兴的；C.worried担心的；D.hopefully充满期待地从首句已知这些国家的居民摆脱了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民统治，虽然文中没有提到独立的过程，但是历史告诉我们，殖民地人们要求独立的愿望是一直存在的，是迫切的，由此可以判断，成立独立国家是殖民地人们的愿望，因此居民们对未来充满了期待，故选择hopefully合适。

3.［答案］［A］［分析］逻辑关系题。

A.shared共有；B.forgot忘记；C.attained 获得；D.rejected拒绝。

本题所在的句子介绍了这些新独立国家的领导人们的治国理念。

首先提到了许多领导人们在治国理念中达成共识的部分，这由本句和下一句的内容及第二段首句中的less agreement得到印证，先指出领导人之间理念上的相同之处，再指出他们之间存在的分歧，shared the ideas符合上下文逻辑关系，故为答案。

4.［答案］［C］［分析］语义辨析题。

A.related相关的；B.close接近的；C.open开着的；D.devoted投入的。

本句提到的新国家领导人共同的治国理念包括议会制政府等。

由这里的representative government，freedom of commerce and trade可以看出，这些都是先进的民主的治国方略，故此处的careers应为“向人才开放的职业”，这样才能让人们人尽其才，发挥自己的作用。