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第5章翻译常用的八种技巧5.1 重译法一、英译汉1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪，但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。
2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution.【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中，有两点是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。
3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges.【译文】运河是交通的动脉，开运河不是为了走游艇，而是为了通行驳船。
4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’.【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者，当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。
5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。
第4章句子的英译4.1 复习笔记汉语为语义型语言。
汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言。
英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
英语是主语显著语言(subject-prominent language)，英语句子构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上。
因此，汉英翻译时，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文功能相似、意义相符的关键。
一、主语的确定在汉译英的实践中，对主语的确定可采取三种处理方法：(1)以原句主语作译文主语；(2)重新确定主语；(3)增补主语。
1. 以原文主语作译文主语英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或名词性的词语。
当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，原主语可以作为英译文的主语。
例：如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.2. 重新确定主语在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语。
用来替换原主语的，可以是句中其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。
例：以往的国际文献认为，印度是亚洲水稻的原产地。
Previously, in the international literature, India was said to be the country where Asian rice originated. (郭建中译)原文主语“国际文献”被译作介词短语in the international literature，充当句中状语；而作原文宾语的主谓词组中的主语“印度”则成了译文的主语。
译文达意，且句式严整、顺畅。
这是汉译英时常需采用的处理手法。
3. 增补主语汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语句的情况时常可见。
译成英语，需将主语增补起来。
第一章绪论1.1 翻译的性质和分类1. 翻译的定义：Definition of translation翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。
翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。
2. 翻译的分类：Classification of translation按文本而言，分为文学翻译、科级翻译、应用文翻译就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译。
全译：全文照译，全译是翻译的最基本方式，它是翻译的基础。
摘译：根据特定目的的摘取、翻译原文中的部分内用，以利译文读者更方便，更快捷的获取原文文献主要信息的方式。
编译：则是“编辑”和“”翻译的结合。
3.翻译活动涉及的因素：Factors involved in translation activities译者：translator, 作者：author, 原文: source text，原文读者: source-text readers译文：target text/translated text/target version, 译文读者: target-text readers1.2 汉英翻译的单位----句子C-E Translation Unit句子：句子是用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。
每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。
在连续说话时，句子和句子中间有一个较大的停顿。
在书面上，句子的停顿处，要根据不同的语调分别用句号、问号火感叹号。
（定义来自《汉语大辞典》）从意义上讲，句子能够表示一个完整的意思从功能上讲，句子表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气从形态上讲，句末有句号、问号或感叹号为标志因此，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。
1.3 汉英翻译的标准Standards for C-E TranslationChinese translation standards1．严复的标准信：faithfulness 指准确的传达原文的内容，即信于读者和作者，不允许对原作有任何歪曲或篡改，译作不容许有任何遗漏和省略。
新编汉英翻译教程陈宏薇第2版考研练习题库陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（第2版）配套题库（含考研真题）目录第1章绪论第2章汉英翻译基础知识第3章词语的英译3.1 词语指称意义和蕴含意义的确定3.2 词语英译与文化环境3.3 “假朋友”的识别3.4 成语和四字格的英译第4章句子的英译4.1 主语的确定4.2 谓语的确定与主谓一致问题4.3 语序的调整4.4 否定句的英译4.5 句子功能的再现第5章句群与段落的英译5.1 句群内的衔接与连贯5.2 段落翻译第6章篇章的英译6.1 广告文本的英译6.2 新闻文本的英译6.3 科技文本的英译6.4 说明性文本的英译6.5 歌词文本的英译6.6 文学文本的英译•试看部分内容绪论Ⅰ. 填空题1. 按照文本类型来分，翻译可分为_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】文学翻译；科技翻译；新闻翻译；应用文翻译查看答案【解析】根据书中所述，文本的类型概括起来有小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学文本，科技报告、科技论文等科技文本，新闻报道、通讯、社论、特写等新闻文本，广告、合同、产品说明书等应用文本。
2. 就翻译方式而言，主要有_____、_____、_____，其中_____是翻译最基本的方式。
【答案】全译；摘译；编译；全译查看答案【解析】全译，指全文翻译，为翻译最基本的方式。
摘译，指根据特定目的，选取、翻译原文的一部分，从而使译入语读者更快地获得所需源语文本中的信息。
编译为“编辑”和“翻译”的结合。
3. 汉语和英语均具有的语言层级为_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。
【答案】词；短语；句子；段落；篇章查看答案【解析】翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为涉及到两种语言在什么层级上进行转换的问题。
汉英两种语言均有的语言层级为词（wo rd）、短语（ph rase）、句子（sen tence）、段落（p aragraph）和篇章（text）。
新编汉英翻译教程第五章篇章与段落上海男人明,,有也相当滑聪聪聪聪聪…尊重女性。
是不是要我家里有没有一些,聪聪聪聪聪……聪聪不是叫那些富翁Shanghai men are smart and practical and even slippery, but 聪冷三天。
what impresses most is that they are aggressive in their career Dear readers, maybe you wish to known if I have any private and responsible to their families and respectful to females.property at home. Just a minute! Let me see… Ah, here it is butnothing much though. I have left my wife for safekeeping a few 聪聪聪……聪聪已是三年前的事情了。
日才退出厚两寸,重一changes of used underwear and a few pairs of socks with mendedsoles, all of which I used to wear last summer. She has now put 斤。
The thing happened three years ago. Shortly after Japanese troops withdrew, I went to Lida School in Jiangwan to inspect them away in a remote mountain valley to prevent them frombeing stolen in case of Kuomintang attack, so that I may wear the damage, and lingered over that mournful scene for somehours. On the way back I picked up this lump of iron. The them again this summer. These are all the property I have to myname. but wouldn’t the declaration of my family treasures make ground roundabout Lida School was littered with lumps of iron, some big, some small. I was told they were bomb fragments. The myself an object oflively ridicule to the rich?one I picked up was a small one. Measuring roughly six inchesacross, there inched high and two inches thick. It weight was 太湖明珠无能略水的民俗情。
3.3“假朋友”的识别对下列“假朋友”进行改译。
1.不冻港nonfreezing port【改译】ice-free port2.你真是个猪头。
You are so pigheaded.【改译】You are a big fool.【解析】题干给出的pigheaded意为“固执的”。
3.黑点black spot【改译】black dot【解析】black spot指“交通事故多发地段”。
4.流动资金circulating funds【改译】working capital5.新闻照片news photo【改译】press photo6.慢车slow train【改译】local train7.自学self-learn【改译】self-taught8.寒衣cold clothes【改译】warm clothes9.复习备考to prepare the test【改译】to study/prepare for the test【解析】to prepare the test意为“出考卷”。
10.大人big man【改译】adult【解析】big man指“大人物、要人”。
11.空军学校The School of the Air【改译】Air Force Academy【解析】The School of the Air指广播学校（即通过电台对各地学生授课的学校）。
12.宰客slaughter customers【改译】swindle money from customers13.（电脑）死机system dead【改译】system halted14.彩票colorful tickets【改译】lottery15.风凉话cold word【改译】irresponsible and sarcastic remarks16.抓紧时间grasp time firmly【改译】make the best use of time17.大龄青年old youth【改译】single youth above the normal matrimonial age18.扣帽子put a hat on【改译】put a label on19.赢得市场gain market【改译】gain a larger share of the market20.定向培训training for certain direction【改译】training for specific posts21.口水mouth water【改译】saliva22.洗牌to wash the playing cards【改译】to shuffle the playing cards23.白酒white wine【改译】spirits/liquor24.大片big movie【改译】blockbuster25.长镜头long lens【改译】zoom lens26.提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English 【改译】improve one’s English27.密码secret code【改译】password28.不冻港non-freezing port【改译】ice-free port29.红酒red liquor【改译】wine30.黄色书籍yellow book【改译】blue book/pornography【解析】题干给出的“yellow book”意为“黄皮书”（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封），是一个非正式用词。
第5章句群与段落的英译5.1 复习笔记一、句群的特征句群是一群句子的组合，是大于句子、小于段落的语法单位和表意单位。
一个句群起码包含两个以上的句子，它们在语法上有结构关系，在语义上有逻辑联系，在语流中衔接连贯。
句群的意义比句子复杂但相对完整，表达方式突出中心。
句群的语气灵活多样，但句群成分都必须表现出语域上的一致性。
语域是语境诸因素—话语的范围(field)、话语的语旨(tenor)和话语的方式(mode)共同作用所产生的言语变体。
句群与复句的关系类别没有很大差别，都可以分为因果类、并列类和转折类，但句群与复句是不同的概念。
对于书面语来说，判别复句和句群最好根据标句符号。
虽然句群常常与段落相重合，但句群往往小于段落，如一个段落可能包含几个句群，一个段落也可能只有一个句子，不成为句群。
二、句群内的衔接与连贯不管一个句群由多少个句子组成，都必须有一个中心思想，维系着几个句子之间紧密的逻辑联系，使它们形成一个整体。
因此，翻译时应围绕原文的中心思想，借助连接词、句法手段以及词、句的有序排列，实现译文的逻辑连贯。
三、段落的特征段落由句群和句群或者句群和句子组成，从表达内容上看容量比句子大得多，意义也复杂得多。
从书写形式看，段落与句群的差别表现为段落有换行的标志。
汉语段落和英语段落具有类似特征，都是相对完整的单位。
不过，汉语段落可以包含一个或一个以上的主题，英语段落一般只有一个主题，如往往有一个明显的主题句，其他句子则层层展开，以支持主题句。
但无论英语还是汉语，各段落的主题都是篇章主题的一部分，在篇章中起承上启下的作用。
四、段落功能与意义的再现汉语段落英译时，我们除了考虑各句译得正确、地道以外，还必须考虑到句子以外的因素，即段落主题性，句与句之间的衔接性以及各句所反映的概念或命题的连贯性。
另外，在正确理解和忠实原文内容的基础上，还可根据需要，灵活重建段落结构。
5.2 课后习题详解练习十三一、根据汉英句群和段落衔接与连贯的特点修改下面译文。
1. 我当时是接管中央美术学院的军代表。
听说白石老人是教授，每月到学校一次，画一张画给学生看，作示范表演。
有的学生提出要把他的工资停掉。
我说：“这样的老画家，每月来一次画一张画，就是很大的贡献。
……”I was then the military representative at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. I wastold that Baishi was a professor there and that he came to the Academy once amonth. Every time he came he would paint a picture as an example for the students to imitate, but some of them proposed that his salary should be stopped.“For an artist as old as he is, to come once a month and produce a painting is a great contribution…” I explained.【答案】原文中第二句与第三句间的逻辑关系不太清晰，应添加必要词句点明逻辑关系。
I was then the military representative at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. I wastold that Baishi was a professor there and that he came to the Academy once a month. Every time he came he would paint a picture as an example for the students to imitate, but some students proposed that his salary should be stopped since he came so infrequently.“For an artist as old as he is, to come once a month and produce a painting is a great contribution…”I explained.2. 老梁赞叹似地轻轻说：“你瞧这群小东西，多听话！”我就问道：“像这样一窝蜂，一年能割多少蜜？”老梁说：“能割几十斤。
蜜蜂这东西，最爱劳动。
广东天气好，花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。
酿的蜜多，自己吃的可有限。
每回割蜜，留下一点点，够它们吃的就行了。
它们从来不争，也不计较什么，还是继续劳动，继续酿蜜，整日整月不辞辛苦……”Old Liang said softly, almost with a sigh: “Look at these little things. How obedient!”I then asked: “How much honey does such a beehive yield each year?”“A few scores of catties. Bees love best of all to work. In Guangdong, the weather is fine and there are many flowers; the bees work all year round withouta stop. They eat very little of the honey they produce. Each time when the honeyis taken away, we just leave them a little sugar, enough for them to eat. They never make trouble. They go on working and making honey all day long and all year round without complaining…”【答案】译文中看不出蜜蜂勤劳与广东天气好、花多有何联系。
而且点睛之笔“酿的蜜多, 自己吃的可有限”之间的逻辑联系也没有清楚表现出来。
这样, 段落的连贯性不但受到影响, 也不利于读者对原文思想意义的深刻理解。
据此，我们可以添加必要的连接词，如as, although等, 以体现原文中隐含的逻辑性, 构建连贯通畅的译文。
Old Liang said softly, almost with a sigh: “Look at these little things. How obedient!”I then asked: “How much honey does such a beehive yield each year?”“A few scores of catties, Bees love best of all to work. They work here all year round without a stop as our (Guangdong) province has fine weather and plenty of flowers. Yet, although they produce much honey, they eat very little.Each time we just leave them a little sugar when the honey is taken away. It is then enough for them to eat. They never make trouble. They go on working and making honey all day long and all year round without complaining…”3. 这已是三年前的事了。
日军才退出，我到江湾立达学园观察被害的实况，在满目疮痍的环境中徘徊了几个小时，归途拾得这片钢铁回来。
这种钢铁片，据说就是炸弹的裂块，有大有小，那时在立达学院附近触目皆是，我所拾的只是小小的一块，阔约六寸，高约三寸，厚约两寸，重约一斤。
The thing happened three years ago. Shortly after the Japanese troops withdrew, I went to Lida School in Jiangwan to inspect the damage, and lingered over that mournful scene for some hours. On the way back I picked up this lump of iron. Such lumps of iron were said to be bomb fragments. Some were big, some were small. And the ground roundabout Lida School was littered with those lumps of iron. The one I picked up was a small one, measuring roughly six inches across, three inches high and two inches thick. Its weight was about a catty.【答案】译文中关于钢铁片的背景说明不太符合英语行文的顺序, 因而表达不够清晰, 需改变原文中的一些信息安排顺序。
The thing happened three years ago. Shortly after the Japanese troops withdrew,I went to Lida School in Jiangwan to inspect the damage, and lingered over thatmournful scene for some hours. On the way back I picked up this lump of iron.The ground roundabout Lida School was littered with lumps of iron, some big, some small. I was told they were bomb fragments. The one I picked up was a small one, measuring roughly six inches across, three inches high and two inches thick. Its weight was about a catty. (David E. Pollard译)二、翻译下列段落，注意分析原文的衔接手段，力求使译文衔接自然。
