Unit 5 词的语用意义Pragmatic Meaning of Word
一、语用意义的定义
I. Linguistic Meaning and Pragmatic Meaning
Linguistic Meaning contains two aspects:
lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
Lexical meaning refers to conceptual meaning or
cognitive meaning.
Grammatical meaning reveals the information conveyed by grammatical category, such as the action referred to as present tense, or past tense, or plural form or not, etc.
While linguistic meaning is used to study the static meaning of word, i.e. the adherent, fixed, unaffected meaning, pragmatic meaning is used to study the dynamic meaning of word, i.e. the meaning expressed by speakers with specific intention in specific context while using language.
II. Context
Context includes linguistic context and non-linguistic context
下列各组同义词在日常使用时所含意义的褒贬程度不一。将它们按褒义、中性和贬义的顺序重新排列：
1. student, scholar, bookworm
2. stubborn, firm, pigheaded
3. counterfeit, replica, copy 5. unusual, bizarre, unique
6. tolerant, flexible, wishy-washy
7. caustic, penetrating, sharp 8. reserved, aristocratic, snobbish
9. buffoon, wit, comic 10. officer, policeman, cop
11. slender, skinny, thin 12. literary artist, hack, writer
13. friend, accomplice, company 14. depreciation, appreciation, perception
二、语用意义的特点
I. 原词附属性
II. 主观体验性
III. 词义不确定性
IV. 概念临时性
1.指示（deixis）现象
2.共轭搭配（zeugma）
V. 语境共生性
下列各对句子中的斜体词具有相似的语义，但它们表示的语用含义不同。分析它们在各局中的实际意义：
1.T he thief tried to conceal the evidence.
The thief tried to hide the evidence.
2.I’m going to buy a new coat.
I’m going to purchase a new coat.
3.T hese tomatoes are large.
These tomatoes are big.
4.T his is a very loose definition.
This is a very short definition.
5.Y ou have my deep sympathy.
You have my profound sympathy.
6.I t is a very wide street.
It is a very broad street.
7.T he boy felt surprised at the happenings. The boy felt shocked at the happenings.
根据语境解释下列各句中斜体词的fish意义：
1.I like fish.
2.H e caught a fish.
3.Y ou are such poor fish.
4.H e looked eager to fish for compliments.
以下两组句子中各有一个词同时满足所给语境，猜出这个词（每一短横为一个字母）：
1. --------(8个字母)
⑴ One of the keys on the ________ is stuck.
⑵His _________ is twenty years old, but it still works.
⑶Bill Smith just bought a portable electric _______.
⑷The new girl typed her composition on the________.
⑸I don’t care what you say. I think a ________ is better than an abacus.
2.-----(5个字母)
⑴ I’m not cross, just________.
