昆明医科大学考博历年病理学试题(2009-2017)

博士病理生理学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学是研究什么的科学？A. 正常生理功能B. 疾病的病因和发病机制C. 疾病的预防和治疗D. 疾病的诊断方法答案：B2. 细胞凋亡与哪种病理生理过程有关？A. 肿瘤形成B. 炎症反应C. 组织修复D. 细胞老化答案：A3. 炎症反应中，哪种细胞是主要的效应细胞？A. 红细胞B. 淋巴细胞C. 巨噬细胞D. 血小板答案：C4. 以下哪项不是病理生理学研究的内容？A. 细胞损伤B. 细胞死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞再生答案：C5. 病理生理学中的“应激反应”是指什么？A. 身体对外界刺激的适应性反应B. 身体对疾病状态的防御性反应C. 身体对感染的免疫反应D. 身体对药物的代谢反应答案：A二、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 病理生理学是医学的一个分支，主要研究疾病的病因、发病机制和转归。

（对）2. 病理生理学与临床病理学是同一概念。

（错）3. 细胞凋亡是一种病理性死亡过程。

（错）4. 炎症是机体对损伤因子的一种防御性反应。

（对）5. 病理生理学研究的重点是疾病的预防和治疗。

（错）三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 简述病理生理学的主要研究内容。

答案：病理生理学主要研究疾病的发生、发展过程，包括病因、发病机制、病理变化以及机体对疾病的反应和适应。

2. 描述细胞凋亡与细胞坏死的区别。

答案：细胞凋亡是一种程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常没有炎症反应，是机体正常生理过程的一部分。

而细胞坏死是非程序化的，通常由于外界因素如缺氧、感染等引起，伴随炎症反应。

3. 炎症反应的四个主要表现是什么？答案：炎症反应的四个主要表现是红、肿、热、痛。

4. 什么是病理性应激反应？它在疾病中的作用是什么？答案：病理性应激反应是机体在疾病状态下对内外环境变化的适应性反应。

它有助于机体抵抗损伤，但过度或不适当的应激反应可能导致疾病的发展和恶化。

四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述病理生理学在临床诊断和治疗中的重要性。

昆明医科大学外科学专业课考博真题博士试题昆明医科大学外科学专业课考博真题博士试题一、选择题1、关于骨骼肌收缩的描述，正确的是：（） A. 收缩的总张力与肌纤维数量无关 B. 收缩的总张力与肌纤维的直径无关 C. 不同肌纤维的收缩速度相同 D. 不同肌纤维的收缩效率相同 E. 收缩的总张力与刺激强度无关2、下列哪一项不是造成骨折的原因？（） A. 直接暴力 B. 间接暴力 C. 肌肉拉力 D. 骨骼疾病 E. 长期劳损3、关于休克的治疗，错误的是：（） A. 尽早去除休克病因 B. 补充血容量 C. 采取头低脚高位的体位 D. 注意保温 E. 给予血管收缩药物二、简答题1、简述外科休克的分类及各类的特点。

2、简述骨折的愈合过程及其影响因素。

3、简述脓肿和脓肿的原因及两者的区别。

三、论述题1、论述外科感染的概念、分类、临床表现及治疗方法。

2、论述恶性肿瘤的治疗方法及其优缺点。

3、论述甲状腺手术的手术适应证及其手术治疗原则。

四、分析题有一位青年男性患者，因“左上腹疼痛5天，加重2天”来院就诊。

患者5天前无明显诱因出现左上腹疼痛，疼痛为阵发性，可忍受，无放射痛，无畏寒、发热，无恶心、呕吐，无胸闷、心悸，大小便正常。

患者有慢性乙型肝炎病史5年，未经系统治疗，平时经常熬夜、劳累。

体格检查：体温37.5℃，心率90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80mmHg。

左上腹轻压痛，无反跳痛，墨菲氏征阴性，肝脾肋下未触及。

实验室检查：白细胞10×10^9/L，中性粒细胞比例70%，淋巴细胞比例30%，Hb120g/L，血小板150×10^9/L。

肝功能检查：谷丙转氨酶（ALT）20U/L，谷草转氨酶（AST）30U/L，总胆红素（TBIL）20μmol/L。

乙肝病毒检测：HBsAg阳性，HBeAg阳性，HBcAb阳性。

根据以上病例特点，请分析并回答以下问题：1、该患者最可能的诊断是什么？并请列出你的诊断依据。

昆明医学院博士学位研究生招生入学考试英语试题（EETMARCH282009）考试注意事项一、本试卷由客观评分题和主观评分题两部分组成：客观评分题包括词汇与结构、阅读理解与完型填空三部分，共65题，按顺序统一编号；主观评分题包括翻译与写作两部分，共3题。

二、客观评分题（题号1 -- 65）答案一律用中性（2B）铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间画黑道，如[A][B][C][D]。

三、主观评分题答案做在专用答题纸上。

为了不影响评分，请认真书写中英文答案。

四、试卷上均不得作任何记号，答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。

五、本考试全部时间为180分钟，每部分所占时间考生可自行掌握。

六、考试终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考教师收点试卷及答题纸。

待监考教师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本考试结束，方可离开考场。

Part I V ocabulary and Structure (20 points, 30 minutes)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.The school committee hoped that their choice of play would be ______ with the students andtheir parents.A. recognizedB. popularC. favorableD.fascinated2.But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ________suffering and poverty.A. nothing butB. anything butC. none other thanD. nomore than3.The small mountain village was _______ by the snow for more than one month.A. cut backB. cut outC. cut offD. cutaway4.The American peopl e’s ________ of being polite is different from that held here in China.A. mindB. conceptC. considerationD.thought5.The ______ of AIDS has led to an expansion in research seeking a cure.A. innovationB. selectionC. proliferationD.conviction6.When he was asked about the missing briefcase, the man _______ ever seeing it.A. refusedB. opposedC. resistedD. denied7.Modern appliances _______ us from a good deal of household work. For instance, the dryerfrees us from hanging the laundry.A. escapeB. benefitC. liberateD.comfort8.Our boss, Mr. Thompson, _______ a raise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.A. was promisingB. has been promisingC. promisedD. haspromised9.People under stress have performed ________ feats of strength, like lifting an automobile offan accident victim.A．extraordinary B. specific C. abrupt D. abnormal10.After so many weeks without rain, the ground quickly ______ the little rain that fell last night.A. skippedB. soakedC. retrievedD.absorbed11.The government official can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his arguments in favour ofthe revision of the tax law.A. on which to baseB. which to be based onC. to base on whichD. on which to be based12.Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the universe ________ it provides thebuilding blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. provided thatD. inthat13. What are your _______ for judging a bottle of wine?A. regulationsB. rulesC. premisesD. criteria14.He was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _______ to the outside world.A. to be lostB. lost Ｃ. losingD. having lost15.Is it possible to make an early _______ to have my hair cut tomorrow?A. enrollmentB. engagementC. appointmentD. arrangement16.Since I could not see anything through the microscope, _ ____my careful adjustment, I gaveup.A. for allB. above allC. after allD. in all17.The _______ populated area was a breeding place for infectious diseases.A. denselyB. sparselyC. improperlyD. poisonously18.Renewing my driver’s license today is _________. Otherwi se, the license will expire atmidnight.A. imaginativeB. feasibleC. imperativeD.empirical19.An atom bomb would ________ a city.A. destroyB. damageC. moistD. wet20. All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take thetrain.A. had been cancelledB. were cancelledC. have been cancelledD. having been cancelled Part II Reading Comprehension. (25 points, 60 minutes)Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the center.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Language is often irrational even in the way it combines words into sentences – in its synthesis. If language were perfectly rational in this respect, we should be able to handle words like the nine digits in arithmetic, and combine them into sentences at pleasure by applying a few simple grammaticalrules. In practice, however, we find that a great part of all languages consists of a limited number of natural sentences, only some of which admit of being formed a priori and freely modified by the substit ute of the other words, as when from “have”, “ink”, “pen”, we make up such sentences as “I have the ink”, “Who has the pen?” “Who has the ink?” “He has the ink,” and so on.But just as we cannot go on speaking long without using irregular inflections, so also we cannot go on speaking naturally for any length of time without using irregular combinations of words –combinations which cannot be constructed a priori. The sentences which make up natural speech are of two kinds – general sentences, such as those which have just been given, and special sentences or idioms, such as “how do you do?” “never mind”, which are really on a level with simple words, such as salutation, indifference, and like them, have to be learnt one by one, in the same way as the irregularities of the grammar. Many of them, indeed, have meanings inconsistent with those of the words of which they are made up. Thus “do” never has the meaning it has in “how do you do?” and “help” in the idiomatic expression “I could not help being late” has the meaning “prevent” “avoid”, which is the exact contrary of its ordinary meaning.Again, even in those cases in which the grammar and dictionary allow us to express an idea by various combinations of words, there is often only one of these combinations in actual use. Those who have had to do Latin prose composition know that the main difficulty of the art consists in having an instinctive knowledge of what combinations to avoid. French has a similar character. English and Greek are much freer in this respect, a fact which many foreigners find it difficult to realize. When they ask me such questions as “Can one speak of an ‘elegant supper?” “Can you say, ‘He was bad last night?” I always answer that English is a free language, and that there is nothing t o prevent any one calling a supper “elegant” although I do not remember ever doing so myself. Nevertheless, English has its imitations as well as other languages. Foreigners’ English often presents the curious spectacle of a language constructed on strict grammatical principles, but with hardly a single genuinely English sentence in it.21. Language is irrational in that ___________.A.we can combine words by using simple grammatical rulesB.words in a language are like the nine digits in arithmeticC.the meaning of a sentence can be inferred from the meanings of the words in itD.the meaning of a sentence does not always conform to the meaning of the words in it22.According to the author, __________.A.all languages have a limited number of natural sentencesB.not all sentences in a language can be modified by substituting different wordsC.regular combinations of words should be avoided in our speechD.we should construct a priori before we combine words into sentences23.Which of the following is true?A.Grammatically correct sentences are definitely correct.B.Grammatically correct sentences are not necessarily used in practice.C. A sentence based on grammar should be idiomatic.D. A sentence in practical use must be rational.24.The author thinks it ________ to call a supper “elegant”.A. not idiomaticB. impossibleC. wiseD. good English25.The main idea of the passage is that ________.A.We cannot speak by strict grammatical rulesB.No rule but has exceptionsC.There are two kinds of sentences in a languagenguage has strict grammatical rules to followQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Predicting the future is always risky. But it's probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th century as America's “Disney era ”. Today, it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern America as powerfully as the company that created Mickey Mouse. Globally, brands like Coca-Cola and McDonalds may be more widely known, but neither encapsulates 20th-century America in quite the same way as Disney. The reasons for Disney's success are varied and numerous, but ultimately the credit belongs to one person — the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing, Walt Disney. Ironically, he could not draw particularly well. But he was a genius in plenty of other respects. In business, his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability. After setting himself up in Hollywood, he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising — something his company still does brilliantly today.But what really distinguished Disney was his ability to identify with his audiences. Disney always made sure his films championed the “ little guy ”, and made him feel proud to be American. This he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of ordinary people. Some celebrated American achievements — Disney's very first cartoon Plane Crazy, featuringa silent Mickey Mouse, was inspired by Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic. Others, like the There Little Pigs and Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, showed how, through hard work and helping one's fellow man, or Americans could survive social and economic crises like the Great Depression.Disney's other great virtue was the fact that his company — unlike other big corporations —had a human face. His Hollywood studio —the public heard —operated just like a democracy, where everyone was on first name terms and had a say in how things should be run. He was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate America, but, during World War II, studios made training films for American soldiers.The reality, of course, was less idyllic. As the public would later learn, Disney's patriotism had an unpleasant side. After a strike by cartoonists in 1941, he became convinced that Hollywoodhad been infiltrated by Communists. He agreed to work for the FBI as a mole, identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.But, apart from his affiliations with the FBI, Disney was more or less the genuine article.A new book, The Magic Kingdom; Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, by Steven Watts, confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary Americans — in the 30s and 40s he voted for Franklin Roosevelt, believing he was a champion of the workers. Also, Disney was not an apologist for the FBI, as some have suggested. In fact, he was always suspicious of large, bureaucratic organizations, as is evidenced in films like That Darned Cat, in which he portrayed FBI agents as bungling incompetents.By the time he died in 1966, Walt Disney was an icon like Thomas Edison and the WrightBrothers. To business people and filmmakers, he was a role model; to the public at large, he was “Uncle Walt ”—the man who had entertained them all their lives, the man who represented them all their lives, the man who represented all that was good about America.26. Walt Disney is believed to possess the following abilities EXCEPT ___________.A. paintingB. creativityC. managementD. merchandising27. According to the passage, what was the pleasant side of Disney’s patriotism?A. He sided with ordinary Americans in his films.B. He supported America’s war efforts in his own way.C. He had doubts about large, bureaucratic organizations.D. He voted for Franklin Roosevelt in the 30s and 40s.28. In the sixth paragraph the sentence “Disney was more or less the genuine article” means that__________.A. Disney was a creative and capable personB. Disney once agreed to work for the FBIC. Disney ran his company in a democratic wayD. Disney was sympathetic with ordinary people29. The writer’s attitude toward Walt Disney can best be described as __________.A. sympatheticB. objectiveC. criticalD. skeptical30. The word icon in the last paragraph means __________.A. an imageB. a pictureC. an object of great attentionD. a great scientistQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Dramatically increasing costs of developing new drugs and more stringent regulatory requirements made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration further dampened the drug industry’s appetite for jumping into new antibiotic research and development.The result was virtual paralysis in antibiotic development just when the resistance was careering out of control. “In 1991 an informal survey among pharmaceutical companies in the United States andJapan suggested that at least 50 percent of them had either diminished substantially or totally gotten out of antibacterial research,” says Shlaes. “People simply sloughed off the problem of resistance.”But it’s no surprise that bugs should develop resistance to our efforts to wipe them out. It’s only natural for an organism to do everything it can to evade its killer. By developing new drugs, we attempt to stay one step ahead of our microbial enemies, and the microbes furiously return the favor. Antibiotics actually promote resistance. For example, let’s say that Shoemaker’s young patient was indeed suffering from and ear infection. An antibiotic might wipe out most of those bad bugs, but a few might survive. If the child’s besieged immune system were capable of mopping up, all would be well. But if it weren’t, with the susceptible bacteria now dead, the resistant strains could spread like weed through a newly harvested fiel d. And if the child didn’t take the entire prescribed course of drugs, or if they were the wrong kind, more resistant strains might propagate.To compound the problem, antibiotics don’t just kill bad bugs, they also cut down innocent bystanders. That’s unfortunate, says Levy. “Non-disease-causing bacteria are essential parts of the body’s natural armor against invading infectious bacteria.” These benign microbes limit the spread of their dangerous brethren simply by being in the way. With them gone, the field is even more wide open to resistant bugs to grow rapidly.All that may be unintended result when antibiotics are used to cure disease. But much of antibiotic use is preventive – the penicillin given to the Vietnamese prostitutes, say, or antibiotics prescribed before surgery. Often the doses involved are comparatively low, and the drugs are given over long periods. This regime can be even more favorable for breeding resistance, as can low doses in animalfeed or in agriculture – or in antibacterial products like plastics, household cleaners, soaps, and toothpaste, a more recent menace.31. One of the reasons that made antibiotics research and development paralyzed is that __________.A. the cost of developing new drugs kept risingB. regulatory requirements are not so strictly observed as beforeC. there aren’t enough funds, and labors for drug industry to develop in this fieldD. the market demand is not high32. The case of Shoemaker’s young patient is taken to show that ___________.A. antibiotics can promote resistance of bugsB. antibiotics can kill all the bad bugsC. antibiotics can prevent the bugs from reproducing for goodD. antibiotics research is not well developed33. According to the text, which of the following statements in N0T true?A. Antibiotics kill innocent bacteria as well as bad bugs.B. If drugs were not taken properly, more resistant strains might breed.C. A person’s immune system plays a significant role in the effects of antibiotics.D. Antibiotics are not effective by and large.34. If non-disease-causing bacteria were killed, __________.A. the spread of infectious bacteria would slow downB. the positive effect of antibiotics would be proven fullyC. the spread of bad bugs would be freer and quickerD. resistant bugs would lose their ground to function35. In the last paragraph, it is inferred that ____________.A. preventive use of antibiotics leaves no room for bugs to develop resistanceB. low-dosed or long-term use of antibiotics can be a threat to our health as wellC. low-dosed or long-term use of antibiotics is not likely to breed resistance of bugsD. daily-used antibiotic products can thoroughly prevent the breed of resistant bugsQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Until recently, questions about managed care focused on the issues of access to services, choices of doctors and waiting time. Now though, patients and employers are demanding to know more about their managed care plans. What percentage of breast cancer sufferers in a given plan survive? How many babies delivered are healthy? How many times a year do asthma sufferers get rushed to the emergency room?The emphasis on outcomes, though, is relatively new. The Foundation for Accountability a Portland(Ore.)-based group, is developing the first comprehensive set of measurements. Patients, employers and government purchasers of health plans formed the foundation 18 months ago to improve quality in health care delivery.So far, the group has developed seven sets of measurements about specific diseases such as asthma, breast cancer, diabetes and heart disease. No community has yet begun to use these measurements. But David Lansky, the foundation’s president, said that M edicare is preparing to test them in Florida, Minnesota and Washington State. It’s a four-year project and involves gathering data for analysis and giving feedback to doctors and managed care plans.Take breast cancer. The foundation measures quality of care three ways. It tries to determine whether the health plan has steps in place that lead to good care. For example, does it allow mammograms as often and early in life as the latest guidelines suggest? Does the patient understand all of the treatment options available to her?Patient satisfaction is another consideration. Does the health plan communicate well with the patient? Is the patient involved in treatment decisions? Does the patient have access to specialists? How long does the patient have to wait to get the results of a breast biopsy?The result, or outcome, is the final question. People want to know how long patients with breast cancer live and avoid recurrences of their disease. Do they have access to reconstructive surgery and counseling? Do they return to normal life as soon as possible?The ultimate goal, Lansky said, is to get this information into the hands of consumers while they’re choosing a doctor, a hospital or a health maintenance organization (HMO)36. Which of the following statements is true concerning people’s attention to managed care service?A.They used to focus on outcomes.B.They don’t care about access to services, choices of doctors and waiting time for the timebeing.C.They begin to stress the outcomes.D.They begin to stress delivery time.37. The Foundation for Accountability is an organization that __________.A. was set up to improve quality in health care deliveryB. has got its sets of measurements into effectC. is formed exclusively by patients and government purchasers of health plansD. develops sets of measurements about minor diseases38. The set of measurements will be tested ___________.A. over half a decadeB. in three states of the United StatesC. in PortlandD. and the result will be reported to patients other than doctors39. Regarding measuring quality of breast cancer care, it is mentioned in the text that _________.A. it takes three ways to measure, i.e., doctors’ attitude, patient satisfaction and o utcomeB. the Foundation worked out three sets of measurementC. the measurement should take the communication between patient and the health plan intoconsiderationD. the outcome is the least important.40. The significance of measurements mainly lies in that __________.A. health care will be more popularly accepted by consumersB. the Foundation can make some profits by providing informationC. consumers divert their attention on health care from choices of doctors to outcomesD. consumers can have information about the quality of health care when they needQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.One method of determining your strong points is to appraise past performance honestly and to draw a balance sheet of your assets and liabilities. An appraisal of this sort might profitably be discussed with a friend to obtain a fresh, objective viewpoint on what one should try to do.Second, in job hunting it is important to advertise yourself. One young man – fortunately, a wealthy one – has turned his worries over to the bank where he keeps his money. He has told the bank that sooner or later something will turn up which he would be glad to have called to his attention. To be sure, this man is an exception. Many others, however, are content to call on their friends of business acquaintances, mention that they are “looking” not leaving a clear impression for what, and expect to get results.Job hunting is the hardest of all types of work, and it can be the most interesting. An orderly planned approach is essential. Let us assume you have decided what you want to do, believe and can prove you can do it well, know where you are willing to live, and have an idea of your worth. In short, you have prepared yourself to look for a job.No matter how flexible you are, there are certain companies to which you might be useful and many others to which you will not. Type of industry and size of company are two limiting factors to begin with, aside from your own personal preferences as to location, travel, salary, etc.41. If you want to have a self-appraisal, you should ___________.A. be aware of your strong pointsB. be honest with yourselfC. have enough assetsD. have a balanced mind42. The author suggests that one need discuss with a friend about jobs ___________.A.because friends might know more job opportunitiesB.because friends know you better than you doC.because friends are more honest than you areD.because friends can be more objective43. The example of the young man is used to show that ___________.A. even rich people need to look for a jobB. one should look for the right person in job huntingC. the young man is rich and fortunateD. self-advertising is important in job hunting44. When you prepare yourself to look for a job, you should do all the followingEXCEPT___________.A.knowing what you want to doB. deciding what you candoC. being flexible for everythingD. knowing your ownworth45. The passage discusses ____________.A. the job seekerB. the job marketC. the ideal jobsD. limiting factors in job huntingPart III Cloze (20 points, 1 point each, 30 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B. C, and D. You should choose the One that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.The normal human daily (46) of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep (47) alternation with some 16-17 hours’ cycle and that the sleep normally coincides(48) the hours of darkness. Ourpresent concern is with how easily and to what extent this (49) can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease (50) people can change from working in the day to working at night is a (51) of growing importance in industry where automation (52)round-the-clock working of machines. It normally (53) from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a (54) routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. (55) , it is often the case in industry that (56) are changed every week. This means that no sooner has he (57) one routine (58) he has to change to another, (59) much of his time (60) neither working nor sleeping very well .One answer would seem to be better periods on each sh ift, a month, or even three months. (61) , recent research has shown that people (62) such systems will revert to go back to their(63) habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough to destroy any(64) to night work built up during the week. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to those night workers whose(65) may persist through all week-ends and holidays.。

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷医学考博历年真题试卷昆明医学院2010年博士入学考试外科学试题第一大部分必做题一、单项选择（一个2分，10题，共20分）1、灭菌2、病例：钾代谢异常、脱水类型3、高渗性脱水诊断指标4、ARDS的病理改变5、疝气6、烧伤三度四分法7、急性腹膜炎休克原因8、失血性休克补充血容量，最优晶体液9、术后感染预防措施10、想不起来了二、名词解释（6个中文，4个英文，每个2分，共20分）1、等渗性缺水2、低血容量性休克3、肠外营养4、脓毒症5、肿瘤TNM分期6、急性移植排斥反应7、acute cholecystitis8、hernia9、PTCD 10、colon cancer三、简答题（一个10分，共30分）1、病例：脱水类型，补什么，补多少？2、病例：肠梗阻，检查方法，治疗原则。

3、鉴别癌性阻塞性黄疸和结石性阻塞性黄疸。

第二大部分根据专业选作普外（一个简答10分，一个论述20分）1、简答：乳腺癌前哨淋巴结概念及意义。

2、论述：原发性肝癌治疗原则，治疗方法及新进展。

昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题昆明医学院2011年博士研究生入学考试外科学试题特别提示：1、本试题共4页。

2、试题答案请写在专用答题纸上。

3、本试题共计100分，包括公共部分（70分），每位考生必答；选答部分（30分），考生可导师相近或相关专业选择作答，多选无效。

4、考生将选答部分专业注明在答题纸“考试科目名称”一栏中，例如：外科学（骨科）。

第一部分公共部分试题（70分）一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.杀灭芽胞细菌所需的温度和时间为：A. 高温1240C , 持续30分钟B．高温1000C ，持续20分钟C. 高温1200C ，持续20分钟D．高温1190C ，持续20分钟2. 低钾血症时，心电图不应表现A．出现u波B．T波变宽C. 高而尖的T波D．T波双向3．循环骤停进行复苏时，最有效的药物是A. 肾上腺素B．异丙肾上腺素C. 去甲肾上腺D．间羟胺4．上腹部出现顽固性呃逆，首先应想到的原因A. 膈下感染B．腹膜后血肿刺激腹腔神经丛C．手术造成膈神经损伤D. 粘连引起胃扭转5. 溶血性反应的治疗下列哪项是错误的：A. 使用抗组胺药物B．保护肾功能C. 换血治疗D．防治弥散性血管内凝血6．烧伤创面出现焦痂下积脓，下列处理方法哪项不正确A. 清除烧痂，充分引流B. 湿敷包扎治疗C. 控制感染下，切除焦痂植皮D．中药外用，蚕食脱痂7. 下列各项中，不符合DIC诊断标准的是A. 3P试验阴性B. 血浆纤维蛋白原<1．5g/LC. 血小板计数 < 80X109/LD. 凝血酶原时间比对照组延长3秒以上8. 有关休克的描述，不正确的是A. 血压低于90／60 mmHg，就可诊断为休克B. 急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎可导致脓毒性休克C. 挤压伤可引起创伤性休克D. 鱼精蛋白副凝试验阳性是诊断弥散性血管内凝血的佐证9．ARDS最早期的症状是A. 呼吸加快窘迫感B．明显的呼吸困难C. 病人发绀D．呼吸道分泌物增多10．女，48岁，行胃大部分切除术，输血150ml后，出现寒战，肌肉注射异丙嗪25mg，继续输血，半小时．7℃，血压70／60mmHg，脉搏160次／分，发绀，意识不清，烦躁不安，可能原因:A. 输血后出血倾向B．发热反应C. 溶血反应D．细菌污染反应二、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）1．移植； 2. MODS；3.水中毒；4.急性胃肠功能障碍；5.低渗性缺水；6.代谢性酸中毒；7.全身炎症反应综合症； 8.肠内营养；9.心肺脑复苏； 10.charcot三联症。

2022年昆明医科大学临床医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷A一、判断题1、宫颈息肉是一种肉芽肿性炎。

（）2、类风湿关节炎是以滑膜渗出性炎为主要表现的器官特异性自身免疫病。

（）3、臭氧化学性质高度稳定，容易与细胞膜表面的不饱和脂肪酸发生反应，导致炎性介质的释放，引起呼吸道的炎症。

（）4、线粒体病患者受影响最明显的组织器官包括中枢神经系统、骨骼肌、心肌、肝和肾脏。

（）5、凋亡和坏死均有生理性和病理性之分（）6、菌血症患者血液中可查到细菌，机体无中毒症状。

”（）7、早期胃癌指癌组织浸润仅限于黏膜层或黏膜下层，同时无淋巴结转移。

（）8、B细胞淋巴瘤的病理学分类与B淋巴细胞的分化过程密切相关。

（）9、子宫内膜增生、异型增生和子宫内膜癌是一连续的演变过程。

（）10、脂性肾病是引起成人肾病综合征最常见的原因。

（）11、缩窄性心包炎是由于心包腔内渗出物机化和瘢痕而形成。

（）12、成人呼吸窘迫综合征起病急，预后差，病死率可高达5%以上。

（）13、单纯性神经元萎缩是神经元慢性渐进性变性直至死亡的过程。

（）14、单纯性甲状腺肿一般不作甲状腺功能亢进或功能低下。

（）15、病灶中发现抗酸染色阳性的细菌即可诊断为结核病。

（）二、选择题16、透明血栓的主要成分是（）A.红细胞B.血小板小梁C.中性粒细胞D.纤维蛋白E.网状纤维17、白细胞渗出到损伤部位，包括如下过程（）A.边集和滚动、黏附和游出、趋化作用B.边集和滚动、趋化作用、黏附和游C.趋化作用、边集和滚动、黏附和游出D.趋化作用、黏附和游出、边集和滚E.黏附和游出、边集和滚动、趋化作用18、产气英膜杆菌感染可引起（）A.干性坏疸B.湿性坏疸C.气性坏疽D.脂肪坏死E.液化性坏死19、下列哪些细胞属于不稳定细胞（）A.骨母细胞和平滑肌细胞B.表皮细胞和间皮细胞C.心肌细胞和神经细胞满D.肾小管上皮细胞和肝细胞E.唾液腺和涎腺的上皮细胞20、低分化的肿瘤特点是（）A.异型性小B.预后好C.瘤细胞呈明显的巢状排列D.转移风险低E.恶性程度高21、下列哪一种物质中毒可引起周围神经系统病变，出现脱下垂或足下垂，还可刺激牙跟使近齿跟处的色素沉着（）A.铅B.汞C.锅D.砷E.氟22、引起急性弥漫性增生性肾炎患者水肿的主要原因是（）A.肾小管重吸收功能降低B.继发性醛固酮增多C.肾小球滤过率减少，毛细血管通透性增高D.低蛋白血症E.促红细胞生成素分泌减少30、引起急性弥漫性增生性肾炎患者水肿的主要原因是（）A.肾小管重吸收功能降低B.继发性醛固酮增多C.肾小球滤过率减少，毛细血管通透性增高D.低蛋白血症E.促红细胞生成素分泌减少23、常出现砂粒体的甲状腺疾病是（）A.胎儿型腺瘤B.慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎C.弥漫性非毒性甲状腺肿结节期D.髓样癌E.乳头状癌24、乳腺癌的癌前病变是（）A.乳腺增生症B.纤维囊性乳腺病伴不典型增生C.硬化性腺病D.乳腺导管内乳头状瘤E.纤维腺瘤25、原发性胆汁性肝硬化是（）A.自身免疫性疾病B.细菌感染引起C.结石造成的胆道阻塞引起D.慢性化脓性胆管炎E.中华分枝睾吸虫引起26、急性感染性心内膜炎最常见的病原体是（）A.金黄色葡萄球菌B.肺炎球菌C.流感杆菌D.淋球菌E.草绿色链球菌27、家族性高胆固醇血症属于（）A.血浆蛋白病B.受体蛋白病C.膜转运蛋白病D.运输性蛋白病E.蛋白质构象病28、患者，男，60岁，头疼、癫痫伴神经状态的改变，临床诊断为恶性神经系统肿瘤。

病理考试试题和答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 病理学是研究（）的科学。

A. 疾病的发病机制B. 疾病的临床表现C. 疾病的病理变化D. 疾病的预防和治疗答案：C2. 细胞凋亡与坏死的主要区别在于（）。

A. 细胞膜完整性B. 细胞核的变化C. 细胞质的变化D. 细胞器的变化答案：A3. 炎症的基本病理变化包括（）。

A. 组织细胞损伤B. 血流动力学改变C. 血管通透性增加D. 所有上述选项答案：D4. 动脉粥样硬化的病变基础是（）。

A. 动脉壁的炎症B. 动脉壁的纤维化C. 动脉壁的脂质沉积D. 动脉壁的钙化答案：C5. 恶性肿瘤的生物学特性包括（）。

A. 快速生长B. 侵袭和转移C. 易复发D. 所有上述选项答案：D6. 肝硬化时，肝脏的病理变化主要表现为（）。

A. 肝细胞的广泛坏死B. 肝细胞的再生结节形成C. 纤维组织的广泛增生D. 肝小叶结构的破坏答案：D7. 风湿性心脏病的病变基础是（）。

A. 心脏瓣膜的炎症B. 心脏瓣膜的钙化C. 心脏瓣膜的纤维化D. 心脏瓣膜的坏死答案：A8. 胃溃疡的病变部位通常位于（）。

A. 胃底B. 胃体C. 胃窦D. 幽门答案：C9. 慢性支气管炎的主要病理变化是（）。

A. 支气管壁的炎症B. 支气管壁的纤维化C. 支气管壁的扩张D. 支气管壁的钙化答案：A10. 肾小球肾炎的病变基础是（）。

A. 肾小球的炎症B. 肾小球的纤维化C. 肾小球的坏死D. 肾小管的炎症答案：A11. 肺结核的病变特点是（）。

A. 干酪性坏死B. 肉芽肿形成C. 空洞形成D. 所有上述选项答案：D12. 心肌梗死的病变特点是（）。

A. 心肌细胞的坏死B. 心肌间质的出血C. 心肌间质的炎症D. 所有上述选项答案：D13. 脑梗死的病变特点是（）。

A. 脑组织的坏死B. 脑组织的出血C. 脑组织的软化D. 脑组织的炎症答案：C14. 甲状腺功能亢进症的病变特点是（）。

A. 甲状腺滤泡的增生B. 甲状腺滤泡的萎缩C. 甲状腺滤泡的坏死D. 甲状腺滤泡的炎症答案：A15. 糖尿病的典型病理变化是（）。

第一部分，下A．在适宜的动物身上可以复制某种疾病15.在坏死组织发生分离排出的过程中第一、二章细胞的损伤、适应与修复的模型列哪项描述的内容不够合适一、单选题（共132道）体A．有溶解现象出现B．动物实验的结果可以直接应用于人C．可以了解疾病的病理发展过程B．有炎性过程参与1.外科病理学应用最广泛的病理学研究方法是D．可在一定程度上了解药物或其他因素C．可产生空洞A．尸体剖验D．不会形成包裹对某种疾病的疗效和影响疡B．细胞培养和组织培养E．可利用动物研究疾病的病因、发病机E．一定会形成溃C．动物实验16.结核球的形成是干酪样坏死物被制D．电镜9.“静脉石”的形成是静脉内的血栓发生A．机化E．活检B．钙化了2．易发生干性坏疽的器官是：A．机化C．包裹A．肺B．钙化D．排出B．阑尾C．包裹E．吸收C．膀胱D．脱落17.一般来说，当坏死灶较大不能溶解吸收D．四肢E．吸收或完全机化时，下列哪一项叙述较合适E．子宫10.下列哪种色素与细胞萎缩有关A．一定形成空洞3.脱落细胞学可用来检查A．胆色素B．最易分离排除A．痰液B．疟色素C．不会形成溃疡B．尿液C．脂褐素D．大多产生包裹C．胸腔积液D．黑色素E．长期不发生变化D．乳房穿刺物E．含铁血黄素18．在组织学上看到有细胞核固缩、碎裂、E．以上均可溶解时．说明：4．细胞水肿和脂变常发生在11.不属于细胞、组织的适应性变化的病变A．细胞正开始死亡A．肺、脾、肾B．细胞的功能还有可能恢复是为B．心、脾、肺A．萎缩C．细胞的功能虽然可能恢复．但已极C．心、肝、肠B．发育不全困难D．肝、肾、脾C．肥大D．细胞已经死亡了一段时间E．心、肝、肾D．增生E．细胞浆可能还没有发生改变5.病理学被视为桥梁学科的原因是E．化生19．肉芽组织是由⋯⋯组成：维细胞A．与基础医学关系密切12．缺碘所致的甲状腺肿大属于:A．吞噬细胞和成纤维细胞B．与临床医学关系密切A．过再生性增生B．新生毛细血管和成纤C．能为临床医学的学习打下坚实的基础B．再生性增生C．新生毛细血管和单核细胞D．能指导临床的治疗C．甲状腺肥大D．单核细胞、巨细胞和淋巴细胞形成的E．与A、B、C有关D．内分泌障碍性增生结节6．下列哪种组织再生能力最强:E．甲状腺增生合并肥大E．以上都不是A．腺体13.组织发生坏死时，间质发生变化的情况20.急性胃炎时，表浅胃黏膜坏死脱落可形B．骨骼肌是成应该C．神经细胞A．和实质细胞同时发生A．糜烂D．软骨B．较实质细胞出现更早B．窦道E．平滑肌C．一般不发生改变C．瘘管7.下列哪种不是病理学的研究范畴D．在实质细胞病变之后发生D．空洞疡A．病因学E．只发生轻度变化E．溃B．发病机制14．“肥大”是指：21.坏死对机体的影响与下列哪项无关增多A．坏死细胞的生理重要性C．疾病的治疗A．实质细胞数目D．病理变化B．实质细胞体积增大B．坏死细胞的数量E．患病机体的功能、代谢变化C．组织、器官体积的增大C．坏死细胞所在器官的再生能力能力误D．是细胞、组织、器官体积的增大D．发生坏死器官的贮备代偿8.关于动物实验，下列描述中哪项是错的E．间质增生E．坏死灶有无形成脓肿22.下述哪项不是心脏萎缩的肉眼特点C．分化E．鼻腔黏膜上皮A．体积小D．化生37.下列组织或器官若发生增生，哪种有可B．呈褐色E．适应能不受激素作用C．心肌质地硬韧30.关于结核病引起的干酪样坏死，下列哪A．唾液腺D．心脏表面血管弯曲B．甲状腺一项是错误的E．心脏表面血管增粗A．坏死灶呈淡黄色，均匀细腻C．肾上腺23.下列哪项不属于萎缩B．镜下，坏死彻底，呈无结构的颗粒状D．前列腺A．老年女性的子宫E．垂体物质B．老年男性的睾丸C．容易钙化38.关于肥大，下列描述中哪项不正确C．青春期以后的胸腺D．容易液化，容易吸收A．肥大可伴化生D．呆小症E．坏死中心结核菌少B．妊娠子宫增大为肥大伴增生E．脊髓灰质炎患儿的下肢瘦小31.下列哪种疾病不可能发生纤维结缔组C．组织和器官的肥大其功能增强24.脑萎缩的大体特征是D．心脏肥大是由于细胞增生引起的织玻璃样变A．脑沟加深，脑回变窄A．结核性纤维素性胸膜炎E．肥大器官超过其代偿能力常导致失代B．脑沟加深，脑回增宽B．硅肺偿C．脑沟变窄，脑回增宽C．慢性表浅性胃炎39．液化性坏死主要发生于：D．脑沟变窄，脑回变窄D．肝硬化A．肺E．脑沟变浅，脑回变窄E．心肌梗死B．肾25.老年人产生萎缩的器官主要是32.引起细胞脂肪变性的主要原因不包括C．脑()A．贫血D．心A．心、肾B．严重挤压E．肝B．脑、心C．感染40.细胞缺氧时最常见的病理变化是C．肝、肺D．中毒A．线粒体肿胀D．心、肺E．缺氧B．内质网破裂E．肾、脑33．四肢骨折石膏固定后引起的骨骼肌萎C．核糖体脱落26.下列哪种情况常可引起脑萎缩D．脂褐素增多缩．主要属于：A．脑动脉粥样硬化A．神经性萎缩E．溶酶体增多B．脑膜炎B．废用性萎缩41.恶性肿瘤晚期患者，常引起C．脑脓肿C．压迫性萎缩A．全身性萎缩D．脑梗死D．营养不良性萎缩B．局部性萎缩E．颅内压升高E．生理性萎缩C．废用性萎缩27.含铁血黄素是在下列哪种细胞内形成34.形成两端开放的通道性坏死的缺损称D．内分泌性萎缩的A．糜烂E．压迫性萎缩A．多核巨细胞B．窦道42.组织中沉积的钙盐在HE染色时，下列B．单核巨噬细胞C．瘘管哪项描述是正确的C．嗜酸粒细胞D．空洞A．红色颗粒状D．中性粒细胞E．溃疡B．黑褐色颗粒状E．红细胞35.下述哪种肿瘤的发生可与化生有关C．蓝色粗颗粒状28.确诊淀粉样变常用的染色法是A．皮肤鳞状细胞癌D．粉红色颗粒状A．刚果红染色B．肾盂移行细胞癌E．黄褐色颗粒状B．苏丹Ⅲ染色C．肠黏液腺癌43.光镜下判断细胞是否坏死，主要观察C．普鲁士蓝染色D．肝胆管上皮癌A．染色质形态的改变D．PAS染色E．肠型胃癌B．核仁形态的改变E．HE染色36.化生不可能发生于C．细胞质形态的改变29．一种成熟的组织变成另一种成熟组织A．纤维结缔组织D．细胞核形态的改变的过程称为：B．神经纤维组织E．细胞形态的改变A．机化C．胃黏膜上皮44．细胞水肿发生的机理是B．钙化D．胆囊黏膜上皮A．内质网受损B．线粒体受损C．化生集，称为C．高尔基氏器受损D．机化A．多倍体D．核糖体受损E．不完全再生B．核分裂象E．中心体受损52.严重的细胞水肿可导致下列哪种改变C．核固缩45.细胞坏死时，具有标志性的改变是A．纤维素样坏死D．核碎裂A．核溶解、胞质浓缩和胞膜破裂B．凝固性坏死E．核溶解B．核碎裂、核膜破裂和核质浓缩C．溶解性坏死60.可以发生坏疽的器官是C．核溶解、核质少和胞膜破裂D．凋亡A．肝D．核固缩、胞质浓缩和细胞膜皱缩E．干酪样坏死B．肾E．核固缩、核碎裂和核溶解53.细胞水肿，电镜下的形态改变主要特点C．胰46.子宫内膜增生症属于D．阑尾是A．生理性增生A．线粒体嵴增多E．脾B．代偿性增生B．线粒体及内质网肿胀61.下列病变中不能根据肉眼所见确定坏C．内分泌性增生C．高尔基器多死性质的是D．不典型增生D．微绒毛增多A．凝固性坏死E．肿瘤性增生E．溶酶体增大，增多B．纤维素样坏死47．按组织再生能力的强弱来比较．下列54.最易遭受化学毒性代谢产物损伤的器C．脂肪坏死各组的排列哪个是正确的官是D．坏疽A．结缔组织＞神经细胞＞肝细胞A．心E．液化性坏死B．软骨＞腱＞肾小球B．肝62.凝固性坏死的特殊类型有C．骨＞平滑肌＞神经细胞C．脾A．坏疽与纤维蛋白样坏死D．鳞状上皮细胞＞横纹肌＞周围神经纤D．肺B．坏疽与脂肪坏死维E．肾C．干酪样坏死与坏疽E．肾小管上皮细胞＞骨髓细胞＞脂肪细55.下列哪一种细胞器对缺氧最敏感D．纤维蛋白样坏死与干酪样坏死胞A．线粒体E．脂肪坏死与干酪样坏死48．细胞萎缩在电镜下最显著的特点是：B．溶酶体63.液化性坏死好发生于下列哪种器官A．肌丝增多C．光面内质网A．脑B．线粒体增多D．高尔基器B．心C．滑面内质网增多E．粗面内质网C．肝D．粗面内质网增多56.下列组织对缺氧的耐受性依次为D．脾E．自噬泡增多A．脑>肝>肾E．肺49.肝细胞一般不发生B．肾>肝>脑64.脊髓的坏死属于A．脂肪变C．肝>脑>肾A．凝固性坏死B．细胞水肿D．肝>肾>脑B．干酪样坏死C．玻璃样变E．肾>脑>肝C．液化性坏死D．黏液样变性57.病毒性肝炎时，肝细胞最易发生D．纤维素样坏死E．糖原蓄积A．脂肪变E．脂肪坏死50.关于脂肪变，下列哪一种说法不正确B．玻璃样变65.常发生机化的病灶，下列哪项除外A．长期摄入脂肪过多可致心肌细胞脂肪C．细胞水肿及气球样变A．风湿性小体变D．淀粉样变性B．心肌梗死B．严重贫血可致心肌细胞脂肪变E．黏液样变性C．脑梗C．慢性肝淤血可致肝细胞脂肪变58.发生液化性坏死基本条件应包括D．肠上皮细胞化生D．酒精中毒可致肝细胞脂肪变A．含有较多的可凝固蛋白E．干酪样坏死E．严重贫血可致肾小管上皮细胞脂肪变B．组织淤血较严重66.纤维素样坏死物质不见于下列哪种病51．组织损伤后由结缔组织增生来修补的C．组织比较松软变过程称：D．产生蛋白酶较多A．风湿病A．再生E．有腐败菌感染B．良性高血压B．增生59.细胞坏死过程中，胞核变小，染色质浓C．系统性红斑狼疮D．类风湿性关节炎74.下列哪一种变化属于坏死的病理改变C．全身中毒症状严重E．恶性高血压A．细胞体积肿大，胞浆内有红染颗粒D．病变部分较干燥，腐败菌感染较轻67.急进型高血压时，细动脉壁内有细丝、B．细胞体积缩小，胞浆内有脂褐素颗粒E．病灶内坏死组织分界，产生大量气体颗粒状或凝集成片块状的嗜酸物质，其改C．细胞核膜破裂，染色质崩解为小碎片82.关于湿性坏疽的描述，下列哪项是不正变可能是D．细胞核增大，细胞核的DNA含量增确的A．玻璃样变A．常继发于肠、子宫及肺等内脏器官的加B．淀粉样变E．细胞体积正常或稍大，出现双核坏死C．黏液样变性75.细胞坏死的改变是自溶性改变，其发生B．坏死组织与周围组织边界不清D．纤维素样坏死C．常有恶臭味与下列哪种细胞器有关E．干酪样坏死A．线粒体D．若发于肢体末端只有动脉的阻塞68.关于凋亡叙述，下列哪项是错误的B．溶酶体E．全身中毒症状明显A．凋亡的发生与基因调节有关C．粗面内质网83.不属于凝固性坏死的病变是B．活体内单个细胞或小团细胞的死亡D．高尔基器A．脑梗C．又称程序性细胞死亡E．光面内质网B．心肌梗死D．细胞质膜破裂，核也碎裂76.血液中淀粉酶大幅度升高，可考虑为C．肾梗死E．不引起急性炎症反应A．肝细胞坏死D．干酪样坏死69．细胞缺氧．细胞膜受损．细胞内出现：B．脑液化性坏死E．脾贫血性梗死A．钠多，钾多，水多C．胰腺坏死84.气性坏疽是湿性坏疽的一种特殊形式，主要是合并了()的感染。

2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆一、名词解释6分×8题:①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体二、单选1分×30题急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变胰腺癌早期转移途径痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？葡萄胎的特点B细胞淋巴瘤乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体三、简答8分×4题:1.溃结和克罗恩病区别2.风湿病对心脏的影响3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥四、问答20分×2题:1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。

三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖一：简答题1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？3.光反射的传导通路？4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？5.股神经的走行及体表投影6.深浅感觉的异同点。

二：简答题1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。

2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。

3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。

4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径5.手神经的组成北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的南京医科大学第一附属医院，外科学专业病理生理学真题回忆简答题（6题）钙超载在缺血—再灌注中的作用应激时交感—肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的作用腺苷酸环化酶在信号转导通路中的作用应激性溃疡的发生机制临床输血和输液时常发生高热，简述其原因心力衰竭时心率加快的机制，对心功能的影响问答题（2题）严重代谢性酸中毒引起DIC的机制并简述出血的原因什么是肝性脑病？肝性脑病血氨增高的机制？临床中有何降血氨措施哈尔滨医科大学免疫一名解抗原，单克隆抗体，MAC,细胞因子，MHC限制性，PRR,免疫调节，调理作用，凝集反应，M细胞。