《汽车专业英语读译教程》--14-U8TB

第13单元课文C 车载诊断（OBD）1.第一代OBD系统第一代OBD系统监视燃油计量和发动机的所有的主要传感器，监视系统是否存在短路、断路，以及在某些情况下监视传感器的输入是否在正常范围。

在检测这些基本参数之外的故障方面，OBD系统的能力是有限的。

故障指示灯（MIL）用来告诉驾驶员系统出现错误。

只要存在故障，该灯将会保持点亮状态。

但是，如果为间断性故障，或者自行恢复正常，MIL就会熄灭。

在MIL点亮之后， OBD 系统就会生产一个故障码，并将其存储在长期存储器，而不管故障码是由一种硬故障还是由一种断续性故障所引起。

这些早期的系统并不存储关于故障指示灯初次点亮之后经过了多少个循环，或者故障是否为断续性故障这样的信息。

这些故障码（DTC）会被存储在ECM存储器中，而不管故障是一种持续性的硬故障还是一种软（断续的）故障。

切断ECM的电源，故障码便会被清除。

这些早期的系统中有一些可以利用诊断仪进行访问，从而提供串行数据流。

另有一些系统通过激活MIL，使其按一定规律闪烁，来显示故障码，并且需要使用端子测试来确定传感器的工作情况。

这些非标准故障码（每个制造厂家均有自己的故障码和系统编号方法）区别不同的故障状况，因而技师必须参考诊断表或故障树，并常常需要使用诊断接线盒来进行端子测试。

尽管OBD处在一个良好的开创时期，但是它还存在许多缺点。

第一代OBD系统的主要缺点之一是在术语和故障码识别方面缺乏标准化。

当命名电控部件和系统时，各个厂家都可能使用它们自己的规定术语。

第一代系统只能提供有限的空燃比监测能力。

很少使用对系统功能的合理性检查。

故障码的提取方法在不同厂家之间有很大不同，很少在不同的系统之间采用相同的方法。

故障码常常局限在与电流有关的短路或断路故障。

故障码的数目也有限，并且每个制造厂家都有它自己的规定的故障代码，不同制造厂家之间都不相同。

此外，一旦系统故障自行消除，MIL也将熄灭。

在断续性故障引起了MIL断续点亮时，往往不会明显影响运行性能，因此有些车主就学会忽视MIL的闪亮，这样也就忽略了让排放控制故障得到修理的设计意图。

1.These parts can be grouped into four major categories; body, engine, chassis and electrical system.2.The internal combustion engine is most common; this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder.3.The chassis includes the power train, steering, suspension, and braking systems.4. A power train can include a clutch for manual transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission, a transmission, a drive shaft, final driveand differential gears and driving axles.5.Basic types are: leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars.6. A basic ignition system consists of the battery, low-lension cables, the ignition coil, distributor, coil high-tension cable, spark plug cables and sparkplugs.7.The operating strokes are: induction stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke.8.The major parts of engine are engine block, engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves.9.These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system.10.The dry clutch mechanism includes three basic parts: driving member, driven member and operating members.11.The spur gears are mounted on four shafts: primary shaft (input shaft), layshaft (countershaft), mainshaft, and reverse idler shaft.12.The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking braking system and additional retarding-braking system.13.It has five basic parts: the receiver, expansion valve, evaporator, compressor, and condenser.14.The three normally adjustable angles are caster, camber, and toe.段落一．Elements of the Power TrainThe elements of the power train must meet the following requirements;1)enable driving away,2)convert torque and speed,3)enable different directions of rotation for driving forward and backward,4)transmit tractive and pushing forces,5)permit different rotational speeds of the drive wheels when cornering,6)guarantee optimum operation of the engine (or electric motor ) in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.Standstill, driving-away and power interruption are made possible by operation the clutch .During driving away, the clutch slips and bridges the difference in rotational speed between engine and power train. When different operating conditions call for a shift of gear, the clutch separates the power train during shifting.Engine torque and engine speed are converted in the transmission in accordance with the tractive-power demand of the vehicle. The transmission design is influenced by the position of the engine and driven axle. Overall conversion takes place usually in a manually shifted transmission with variable transmission ratios and in a final drive with a constant transmission ratio. Nowadays, positive-locking transmissions with toothed gears as the most important elements are of even greater significance than non-positive friction-type transmissions.Two types of toothed-gear transmission are predominant: spur-gear transmissions of the countershaft type as manually shifted transmissions, and planetary-gear transmissions as power-shift transmissions. In addition, transmissions permit the different directions of rotation required for driving forward and backward.Final drive turns the drive through 90°and reduces the speed of the drive by a set amount to the vehicle.The differential provides for the equalization of the different axle and wheel speeds when cornering and for uniform distribution of the drive torque.二.The Hydrodynamic Coupling1. Hydrodynamic CouplingConventionally, the hydrodynamic coupling, also known as the Fötttinger coupling, has an impeller and a turbine wheel with vanes that usually extend in the radial direction. The impeller is often expanded to form a housing which surrounds the turbine. Since, due to the absence of an inner ring, there is no possibility of diverting the oil flow, the turbine torque is equal to the pump torque;公式Therefore 公式The index number depends on the design, the vane angle and the degree of filling of the coupling. The main working area of an hydrodynamic coupling is at v=0.9.2. Hydrodynamic ConverterThe hydrodynamic converter, also known as the Trilok or Fötttinger converter, is capable of operating in two phases: with torque increase in the first phase, and as a hydrodynamic coupling in the second phase. The usual design has three impellers:1) The pump, which is connected to the engine, acts like a centrifugal pump to produce the flow energy of a fluid.2) The turbine, which is connected to the transmission input, converts the flow energy back into mechanical energy.3) The reactor between turbine and pump diverts the flow of the fluid.Thus, the torque output is higher than the pump torque input from the engine. The torque increaseμμ=Mt/Mp is all the higher, the greater the speed difference (slip）between the pump and turbine. Withυ=0, i.e. with the turbine braked to a standstill (stall point, drive-away point), torque conversion reaches its maximum value and falls virtually linearly with rising turbine speed to a torque ratio of 1:1 at the coupling point. Above the coupling point, the reactor, which is supported on the housing by a one-way clutch, runs, torque-free, in the flow. Thus, the converter is now a clutch without torque conversion.For automobiles, the vane geometries are such that, at the drive-away point, the maximum torque increase μA is between 2 and 2.5. The hydraulic efficiencyηhydr=υμis similar in the conversion range to the speed ratioμand reaches values around 97% at high speed.Fluid couplings form the input element of automatic transmissions (in conjunction with planetary-gear trains, clutches, brakes and one-way clutches) and also of manually shifted transmissions in the form converter and clutch unit.三．Constant-mesh TransmissionFig.3-6 illustrates the flow of torque through a typical constant-mesh transmission. This type uses helical or double helical gears which are always in mesh. The mainshaft gear wheels are mounted on bearings and when a gear is required the mainshaft gear is locked to the shaft by a dog clutch.Although the mechanical efficiency is lower the helical gears are quieter and any damage resulting from a bad gear change occurs to the dog teeth instead of the actual gear teeth.元素的力量训练动力传动的要素必须符合下列要求;1)使开车逃走,2)把转矩和速度,3)使不同方向的旋转带动向前和向后,四)推进传送叶轮力量,5)允许不同转速时的驱动轮转弯时,六)保证了优化运行的引擎(或电机)从油耗和尾气排放。

汽车工程专业英语全文翻译一当今的汽车一般都由15000 多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

Body：车身Engine：发动机Brakes：制动器Power train ：传动系Steering：转向系Electrical：电器及电子设备Suspension：悬架Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置：商用车总布置Layout of a commercialvehicle1.1 车身汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳发动机发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6 缸，汽缸中心线与水平面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的办法就是采用V 形（汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V 形）发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。

1.4 电气系统电气系统为起动机、点火系统、照明灯具、取暖器提供电能。

该电平由一个充电电路维护。

1.4.1 充电充电系统为所有汽车电子元件提供电能。

充电系统主要包括：蓄电池，交流发电机，电压调节器，即通常是交流发电机上不可或缺的，充电警告或指示灯和金属丝连成一个完整电路。

蓄电池为起动提供电能 ,然后发动机工作，交流发电机就为所有的电子元件提供电能。

同时也给蓄电池充电即用来使发动机起动。

电压调节器有过充保护作用。

1.4.2 起动起动系统包括：蓄电池、电缆、起动机、飞轮和换向器。

起动时，有两个动作同时运行，该起动机齿轮与飞轮齿圈啮合，并起动电机，然后运行传输到发动机曲轴。

起动机电机将起动机安装在发动机缸体上并由电池供电。

汽车专业英语汽车专业英语Unit 1 Basic Structure of Automobile1.1 Structural Drawing and Terminology1.2 Basic Structure of Automotive1.3 The Vchicle Technical ParametersReading MaterialⅠHistory of the AutomobileReading Material ⅡThe Brief History of Electric VehicleT echnologyUnit 2 Engine Structure2.1 Structural Drawing and Terminology2.2 Classification of Engine2.3 Construction of Engine2.4 Engine Operating Principles2.5 Engine Starting System2.6 EFI System2.7 Cooling System2.8 Lubrication System2.9 Vehicle Emissions Contr01Reading MaterialⅠEight Possible Choices for Replacements ofEnginesReading Material ⅡThe New Diesel Technology and Its Training andRepairUnit 3 Chassis3.1 Structural Drawing and Terminology3.2 了he Drive Line3.3 Manual Transmission3.4 Automatic Transmissions3.5 Components of Suspension Systems3.6 Steering System3.7 Automobile Brake SystemReading MaterialⅠElectronic Brake Actuation SystemReading Materi alⅡSuspension Development 7ransverse SpringComposite Suspension ant Optimizing Unsprung Mass with wheel TravelUnit 4 Vehicle Body4.l Structural Drawing and Terminology4.2 Body4.3 Monocoque Construction Body4.4 Introduction to the Simple StructuralSurfaces（SSS）MethodReading MaterialⅠAerodynamics and Weight SavingReading MaterialⅡConcept Car DevelopmentUnit 5 Electrical and Electronic System5.1 Structural Drawing and Terminology5.2 Instrument Panel5.3 Electronic Devices5.4 CAN and L1N5.5 Antilock Brake System5.6 Air Bag System5.7 Lighting System5.8 Cruise Control System5.9 Air Conditioning SystemReading Material An Electronic Throttle Control and Its NoteworthyCapabilitiesUnit 6 New Energy of Automobile6.1 Structural Drawing and Terminology6.2 Alternative FueI Possibilities for Future6.3 Hybrid Vehicle Technologies6.4 The Electric Hybrid VehicleReading Material工正lcctric—gas01ine Engine Hybrid PowertrainSystem by 70yota Reading Material 11 wh。

专业英语一automobile 汽车（美）assembly line 装配线petroleum refining石油提炼body and frame 车身与车架engine发动机、引擎drive line 传动系统running gear 控制装置suspension 悬架系统unitized body 承载式车身gasoline engine 汽油机diesel engine 柴油机gas turbine 燃气轮机battery 电池（组）fuel cell 燃料电池hybrid power混合动力系统piston 活塞rotary engine 转子发动机vehicle 车辆transmission 变速器drive shaft 传动轴differential 差速器rear axle 后轴rear-wheel drive 后轮驱动front-wheel drive 前轮驱动braking system 制动系统wheel 车轮tire 轮胎steering system 转向系统spring 弹簧shock absorber 减震器Macpherson strut 麦弗逊式悬架torsion bar 扭力杆strut rod 支撑杆stabilizer bar 横向稳定杆二internal combustionengine 内燃机external combustionengine 外燃机fuel 燃料steam engine 蒸汽机intermittentcombustion engine 间隔燃烧式发动机continuous combustionengine 连续燃烧式发动机turbine engine 涡轮发动机rocket engine 火箭发动机jet engine 火箭发动机Wankel engine 汪克尔发动机、转子发动机stroke 行程cooling system 冷却系统fuel system 燃料系统ignition system 点火系统spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机compression-ignitionengine 压燃式发动机liquid-cooled 水冷式（液体冷却）air-cooled 风冷式（空气冷却）三cylinder block 缸体cylinder 气缸connecting rod 连杆crankshaft 曲轴cylinder head 气缸盖combustion chamber燃烧室valve 气门、阀camshaft 凸轮轴flywheel 飞轮intake manifold 进气歧管exhaust manifold 排气歧管carburetor 化油器fuel injector 燃料喷射器cast iron 铸铁aluminum 铝cooling fluid 冷却液spark plug 火花塞intake valve 排气门cam 凸轮gear 齿轮belt 皮带chain 链条overhead camshaft（OHC）上置式凸轮轴rpm=revolutions perminute 转速、转数每分钟horsepower 马力intake system 进气系统sensor 传感器oxygen sensor 氧传感器fuel induction燃料吸入系统四fuel tank 油箱fuel line 燃料管路fuel pump 燃料泵fuel filter燃料滤清器power train controlmodule（PCM）动力系统控制模块fuel injection system 燃料喷射系统distributor 分电器ignition coil 点火线圈ignition wire 点火线路charging system 充电系统ignition switch 点火开关solenoid 电磁线圈starter motor 起动电机alternator 交流发电机voltage regulator 稳压器lubrication system润滑系统oil pump 机油泵oil filter 机油滤清器oil cooler 机油冷却器antifreeze 防冻液coolant pump 冷却液泵thermostat 节温器radiator 散热器、水箱clutch 离合器radiator overflow tank 散热器溢流箱、膨胀水箱air intake ducting 进气管air filter 空气滤清器manifold air pressure sensor 进气歧管压力传感器turbocharger 涡轮增压器muffler 消声器、消音器catalytic converter 催化转化器exhaust pipe 排气管pollution control system 排放控制系统carbon monoxide 一氧化碳nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物carbon canister 碳罐exhaust gas recirculator （EGR）废气再循环positive crankcase ventilation强制曲轴箱通风diverter valve 分流阀vapor-liquid separator气液分离器vacuum modulator 真空调节器五timing 正时、定时air-fuel ratio 空燃比stoichiometric ratio 理论空燃比mixture 混合气top dead center（TDC）上止点bottom dead center（BDC）下止点bore 气缸直径、孔径crankpin 连杆轴颈、曲柄销throw 曲柄半径displacement 排量compression ratio 压缩比four-stroke engine 四冲程发动机intake stroke 进气冲程compression stroke 压缩冲程power stroke 做功行程exhaust stroke 排气行程preignition 提前点火valve overlap 气门重叠六two-stroke engine 二冲程发动机truck 货车、卡车bus 公共汽车Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯奔驰pickup truck 皮卡camper 露营车travel trailer 旅行拖车high-pressure injection高压喷射low-pressure injection低压喷射injector 喷油器、喷嘴psi 磅/平方英寸（英制压强单位）photochemical smog 光化学烟雾outboard motor 舷外发动机snowmobile 摩托雪橇chain saw 链锯、电锯reed valve 簧片阀lubricant 润滑剂、润滑油scavenging 扫气General Motors 通用汽车blower 扫气泵rotor 转子coal-fired 燃煤的、烧煤的nuclear-powered 核动力的drivability 动力性、驱动性能generator 发电机transaxle 变速差速器、联合传动器electronic controller 电子控制器downshift 降档manual transmission手动变速器hydrogen 氢carbon dioxide 二氧化碳oxygen 氧methanol 甲醇spacecraft 航天器、宇宙飞船anode 正极、阳极cathode 阴极、负极七oil pan 油底壳、机油盘water jacket 水套cylinder sleeve 气缸套dry sleeve 干缸套wet sleeve 湿缸套warpage 变形liner 衬套、衬垫bearing 轴承harmonic balancer vibration damper 扭转减震器timing gear 正时齿轮connecting rod journal 连杆轴颈main(bearing)journal主轴颈counterweight 平衡重thrust surface 推力面drive flange 传动法兰盘、凸缘fillet 圆角nose （曲轴）前端pulley 皮带轮air conditioning 空调bearing cap 轴承盖copper 铜lead 铅Babbitt 巴氏合金tin 锡bearing clearance 轴承间隙thrust bearing 推力轴承、止推轴承thrust washer 推力垫圈、止推垫圈piston ring 活塞环compression ring 气环oil control ring 油环piston pin 活塞销lock ring 锁环piston land 活塞顶部heat dam 绝热槽piston head 活塞头部piston skirt 活塞裙部ring groove 活塞环槽piston pin bushing 活塞销衬套ring end gap 活塞销开口间隙ductile iron 球墨铸铁chromium 铬molybdenum 钼torsional ring 扭曲环chrome-plated 镀铬的rod cap 连杆盖bearing insert 轴承衬套八cross-flow head 横流式气缸盖coolant 冷却液head gasket 气缸垫wedge-shapedcombustion chamber 楔形燃烧室hemisphericalcombustion chamber 半球形燃烧室open combustionchamber 开式燃烧室、统一式燃烧室pre-combustionchamber 预燃式燃烧室valve seat 气门座valve guide 气门导管retainer 弹簧座valve spring 气门弹簧high-chrome steel 高铬钢stellite 钴铬钨硬质合金keeper 锁紧装置valve stem 气门杆lifter 挺柱pushrod 推杆rocker arm 摇臂valve train clearance 气门间隙variable valve timing 可变气门正时九oil pressure regulator机油压力调节器main oil gallery 主油道oil screen 机油滤网oil pressure sensor 机油压力传感器dashboard 仪表板sump 机油箱、油底壳baffle 挡板gear-type oil pump齿轮油泵rotor oil pump 转子油泵pressure regulator valve调压阀十water pump 冷却水泵pressure cap 压力水箱盖fan 冷却风扇temperature indicator温度指示器air-cooled system 风冷系统liquid-cooled system 水冷系统transmission cooler 自动变速箱油冷却器expansion tank 膨胀水箱housing 外壳impeller 叶轮、转子hub 轮毂pulley 皮带轮closed cooling system闭式冷却系统十一electronic carburetor 电控化油器fuel vapor line 燃油蒸汽管fuel injector pump 喷油泵nozzle 喷嘴、管嘴plastic 塑料fuel cap 油箱盖filler neck 油箱填充口颈fuel metering unit 油量计量装置mechanical fuel pump 机械燃油泵electrical fuel pump 电动燃油泵fuel pressure regulator 燃油压力调节器injector fuel rail 燃油分配管、燃油轨direct injection system 直接喷射式燃料系统indirect injection system 非直喷式燃料系统port fuel injection（PFI）进气道燃油喷射throttle body injection （TBI）气门体燃油喷射multiple-point fuel injection 多点燃油喷射single-point fuel injection 单点燃油喷射continuous injection 连续喷射十二dry-type air filter 干式空气滤清器exhaust pipe 排气管undercarriage 底盘、下部结构fiberglass 玻璃纤维glass pack muffler 玻璃纤维消声器supercharging system 进气增压系统turbocharger 涡轮增压十三conventional ignitionsystem 传统点火系统primary circuit 初级回路（低压回路）secondary circuit 次级回路（高压回路）ballast resistor 附件电阻、稳流电阻crank 起动、摇转primary winding 初级线圈、一次绕组breaker 断电器secondary winding 次级线圈、二次绕组condenser 电容器arc 电弧distributor cap 分电器盖coil tower 点火线圈顶端接头surge 电涌振荡distributor shaft 分电器轴firing order 点火顺序electronic ignitionsystem 电子点火系统semiconductor 半导体electronic spark timing（EST）电子点火正时ignition control（IC）点火控制hight energy ignition（HEI）module 高能点火模块computer-controlledcoil ignition system 微机控制线圈点火系统electronic ignition（EI）电子点火distributorless ignitionsystem 无分电器点火系统ignition module 点火控制模块direct ignition system直接点火系统cableless EI system 无高压线电子点火系统十四。

第一单元发动机分类及工作原理课文A发动机的分类所有的汽车发动机都是内燃机（ICE),就是将燃油在气缸内进行燃烧，并将燃烧产生的膨胀压力转变成转动力，用来驱动汽车。

所以说，发动机是动力源, 并被认为是汽车的心脏。

汽车发动机根据工作方式分为往复式发动机和转子发动机：报据发动机燃烧的燃料分为汽油机和柴油机：根据发动机的气缸数量和气缸排列方式分为直列发动机、V型发动机、对置式发动机和W型发动机。

往复式发动机和转子发动机往复式发动机也称为活塞式发动机。

该发动机采用一个或多个活塞在气缸内上下运动或前后运动，将压力转变为转动动能传递给汽车驱动轮（见图1-1)。

往复式发动机广泛应用现代汽车上。

转子发动机是于1954年研发出来的。

如图1-2所示，在该发动机中，有个三角形的转子在燃烧室内旋转。

膨胀气体使转子旋转，产生动力并排出废气。

转子发动机没有活塞和气门等往复部件。

转子发动机产生马力大、无振动，但其燃油消耗比往复式发动机要高。

汽油机和柴油机汽油机以汽油作为燃料。

采用火花塞点燃缸内的可燃混合气，产生动力使汽车行驶，如图1-3a所示。

汽油机也称为火花点燃式发动机。

该发动机的特点是转速高，运行平顺，结构简单，重量轻，成本低。

几乎所有轿车都采用汽油机。

柴油机以柴油作为燃料。

该发动机的工作原理足通过压缩缸内的空气使其升温，冉使喷油嘴喷入的柴油燃烧，产生动力驱动汽车(见图1-3b)，所以也称为压燃式发动机。

柴油机要比汽油机的动力更强劲，燃油经济性更好。

常见于所有的大型货车、客车和部分轿车上。

直列发动机，V型发动机，水平对置式发动机，W型发动机通过气缸数最和气缸排列方式可以识别发动机结构。

当今所有的紧凑型轿车都配有4缸发动机，一些中型级轿车配有6缸发动机，大型轿车配有8缸或12缸发动机。

在多气缸发动机上，气缸通常以四种排列方式中的一种排列，有：直列式、V型、水平对置式和W型。

直列式发动机中的气缸按直线排列，采用一个气缸蓝。

几乎所有4缸发动机都采用该种排列（兄阁1-4)。