Health Care During Pregnancy
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孕前保健对孕妇妊娠过程及妊娠结局的影响分析摘要:目的:探讨孕前保健对孕妇妊娠过程及妊娠结局的影响。
方法:收集2017年1月至2018年2月我院收治的健康孕妇36例,所有孕妇均给予优生健康检查和指导,比较孕妇妊娠前后的焦虑程度和抑郁程度,并总结妊娠结局后孕妇的满意度。
结果:妊娠后孕妇的SAS评分为43.21±8.47分,妊娠前为57.63±7.62分,P<0.05;妊娠后孕妇的SDS评分为32.18±8.91分,妊娠前为41.72±7.83分,P<0.05;本组36例孕妇中,对健康教育满意35例,一般1例,不满意0例,妊娠结局后孕妇对健康教育的满意度为100.00%。
结论:孕前保健可有效改善孕妇妊娠过程中产生的抑郁情绪和焦虑情绪,提高孕妇对妊娠结局的满意度,对于降低新生儿出生缺陷的发生率、提高出生人口的综合素质均具有积极的作用,值得临床推广及应用。
关键词:孕前保健;妊娠过程;妊娠结局;影响分析[Abstract] objective:to explore the effects of pre-pregnancy health care on pregnancy process and pregnancy outcome.Methods:collected in January 2017 to February 2018 healthy pregnant women of our hospital 36 cases,all pregnant women to give eugenics health inspection and guidance,to compare the degree of anxietyand depression before and after pregnancy,pregnant women and pregnancy outcome after pregnant women's satisfaction.Results:the SAS score of pregnant women after pregnancy was 43.21 + 8.47,and 57.63 + 7.62 points before pregnancy,P<0.05;The SDS score of pregnant women after pregnancy was 32.18 + 8.91,before pregnancy was 41.72 + 7.83,P<0.05;Among the 36 pregnant women in this group,35 cases were satisfied with education,and 1 case was not satisfactory,and 0 cases were not satisfied.The satisfaction of pregnant women after pregnancy was100.00%.Conclusion:pregnancy care can effectively improve pregnancy related process of depression and anxiety,improve pregnant women on pregnancy outcomeof satisfaction,to reduce the incidence of birth defects,improve the comprehensive quality of birth population have a positive effect,worth clinical promotion and application.[Key words] pre-pregnancy care;Pregnancy process;Pregnancy outcome;The impact analysis孕前保健是指女性在怀孕前或妊娠前期,为提高胎儿的健康,而采取的一系列相应综合措施,包括疾病的治疗和预防、孕前营养素的服用、控制饮食和计划怀孕等[1],以减少和消除计划怀孕夫妇中存在的潜在健康问题,改善妊娠结局,从而保证孕妇和胎儿的健康,降低胎儿出生缺陷的发生率,整体提高我国出生人口的综合素质[2]。
医学儿科相关词汇中英对照儿科是研究儿童生长发育的规律及其影响因素,不断提高儿童在体格、智力和社会适应性方面的生长发育水平。
接下来小编为大家整理运动医学相关词汇中英对照,希望对你有帮助哦!儿科学Pediatrics活动过少Lack of Movement家族遗传Inheritance神经、精神因素Nervous and Mental Factors继发性肥胖Secondary Obesity膝外翻Genu Valgum扁平足Fallen arch性发育较早Early Sexual Development实验室检查Laboratory Examinations胆固醇Cholesterol甘油三酯Triglycerideβ脂蛋白Beta Lipoprotein胰岛素Insulin生长激素Growth Hormone诊断标准Standard of Diagnosis轻度Mild制度Moderate重度Severe儿童保健Child care疾病防治Disease prevention营养基础Basal nutrition婴儿喂养Infants' feeding营养不良Malnutrition小儿肥胖obesity in Childhood解剖Anatomy生理生化Physiology and biochemistry 营养代谢Nutrition and Metabolism 免疫Immunity病理Pathology疾病的种类Variety of Disease临床表现Clinical Situation诊断Diagnosis治疗Treatment预后Prognosis预防Prevention胎儿期Fetal Stage胚卵期Ovigerm Stage胚胎期Embryo Stage新生儿期Neonatal Period脐带Omphalus足月儿T erm Infant早产儿Premature过期产儿Post term Infant围产期Perinatal stage婴儿期Infancy幼儿期Toddler Period学龄期School age青春期Adolescence遗传inheritance性别sex内分泌endocrine孕母情况mother's condition营养nutrition 。
万婴之母林巧稚英语作文The Mother of Ten Thousand Babies: The Remarkable Life of Lin QiaozhiLin Qiaozhi was a pioneering Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist who dedicated her life to improving maternal and child healthcare in China. Born in 1901 in Guangdong province, Lin overcame numerous obstacles to become one of the first female doctors in China and went on to make significant contributions to the field of obstetrics and gynecology.Growing up, Lin faced immense challenges as a woman seeking higher education in a society that prioritized the education of men. Despite her family's initial opposition, Lin was determined to pursue her passion for medicine and enrolled at Guangzhou Medical College, one of the few institutions that accepted female students at the time. Graduating at the top of her class, Lin then traveled to the United States to further her medical training, becoming one of the first Chinese women to receive advanced medical education abroad.Upon her return to China in 1930, Lin faced a healthcare system that was woefully inadequate, particularly in the area of maternal andchild health. Infant and maternal mortality rates were alarmingly high, and many women lacked access to basic medical care during pregnancy and childbirth. Undeterred, Lin set out to address these pressing issues, founding the first modern obstetrics and gynecology department at Guangzhou Medical College and establishing a network of maternal and child health clinics across the country.Lin's dedication and tireless efforts quickly earned her a reputation as a pioneering figure in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. She developed innovative surgical techniques, introduced new medical technologies, and trained a generation of obstetricians and midwives. Her work had a profound impact on the lives of countless women and children, and she became known as the "Mother of Ten Thousand Babies" for the thousands of deliveries she personally performed.In addition to her clinical work, Lin was a passionate advocate for women's health and rights. She tirelessly campaigned for improved access to healthcare, advocating for the establishment of maternal and child health centers in rural areas and pushing for the legalization of contraception and family planning services. She also spoke out against harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation and child marriage, and worked to educate women on their reproductive rights and the importance of seeking medical care during pregnancy and childbirth.Lin's contributions extended beyond the medical field as well. She was a vocal supporter of the Chinese Communist revolution and played a key role in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After the founding of the new government, Lin was appointed as the Minister of Health, where she continued her efforts to improve healthcare access and quality, particularly for women and children.Throughout her life, Lin Qiaozhi faced numerous challenges and obstacles, but her unwavering dedication and passion for her work never wavered. She was a trailblazer who paved the way for generations of female medical professionals in China and left an indelible mark on the field of obstetrics and gynecology.Today, Lin Qiaozhi is remembered as a true hero of maternal and child healthcare in China. Her legacy continues to inspire and guide the work of healthcare professionals around the world who are committed to improving the lives of women and children. Through her tireless efforts and unwavering commitment, Lin Qiaozhi has become a symbol of the power of perseverance, compassion, and a deep-seated desire to make the world a better place.。
120例产后出血的预防及护理体会(四川省人民医院妇产科610072)【摘要】目的:总结120例产后出血的预防及护理体会。
方法:通过对120例产后出血患者的一系列适宜护理,得出体会。
结果:严密观察产后出血者的生命体征,根据不同原因采取相应的止血措施,抢救体克,纠正酸中毒,并应用大剂量抗生素以预防感染。
结论:对产妇加强三期预防保健及产后护理,根据不同的出血原因采取相应的措施,可大大降低其发病率及死亡率。
【关键词】产后出血;预防;护理nursing and prevention experience on 120 cases of postpartum hemorrhagedu guanghui qi ping wang yi【abstract】 objective: to summarize the nursing and prevention experience in the treatment of 120 patients with postpartum hemorrhage. methods: after a series of appropriate nursing measure for the 120 postpartum hemorrhage patients, the nursing and prevention experience was summarized. results: the vital signs of bleeders were observed intensively, and the corresponding hemostatic measures were taken according to the different reasons. rescued shock patients and corrected the acidosis in time. the sufficient antibioticswas applied to prevent the infection. conclusion: the effective preventive health care during pregnancy, the appropriate post-natal care and hemostatic measures can greatly reduce the morbidity and mortality of postpartum hemorrhage.【key words】 postpartum hemorrhage; prevention; nursing 【中图分类号】r473【文献标识码】a【文章编号】1008-6455(2011)06-0201-01产后出血是指胎儿娩出后24h内阴道出血量达到或超过400ml称为产后出血(目前关于产后出血的诊断标准尚未统一,故也有超过500ml为准者)。
医学考博儿科医学词汇中英对照(2)代授法:Breast-bottle-feeding补授法:Supplemental Feeding辅食添加:The Introduction of solid food营养不良Malnutrition代谢异常Developmental and Metabolic Disorder临床分型:Clinical typing消瘦型Marasmus Malnutrition浮肿型Edema Malnutrition消瘦-浮肿型Marasmus—Edema Malnutrition病因:Etiological Factor摄入不足:Deficiency of Intake辅食添加不及时:Introduction of Solid Food饮食结构不合理:Incorrect Components of Diet不良饮食习惯:Bad Eating Habit消化吸收障碍:Disorder of Digestion and Absorption消化道先天畸形:Congenital Anomaly of Digestive Tract先天性代谢障碍:Congenital Dysbolism消化功能紊乱:Disorder of Digestive Function需求增多:Requirement Increases生长发育迅速的时期:The period when children grow rapidly 疾病恢复期:Recovery Phase of diseases双胎或多胎:Twins or Multiplets早产:Premature消耗性疾病Consumptions病理生理:Pathophysiology代谢异常:Dysbolism体温调节:Thermoregulation机体各系统功能低下:Incapacity of Body Systems消化系统:Digestive System循环系统:Circulatory System泌尿系统:Urinary System神经系统:Nervous System免疫系统:Immune System临床表现:Clinical Situation皮下脂肪Subcutaneous Fat腹Abdomen躯干Trunk臀Breech四肢Extremities面颊Cheeks皮肤Skin干燥Dehydration苍白Pale;肌肉Muscles松弛Laxity萎缩Atrophy;精神状态Mental Status萎靡Dispirited反应差Low Response;全身症状General Symptoms并发症:Complication营养性贫血:Nutritional Anemia各种维生素缺乏症:Various Kinds of Avitaminosis感染:Infections低血糖:Hypoglycemia诊断标准:Standard of Dignosis分型:Types分度:Degrees实验室检查:Laboratory Examination鉴别诊断:Differential Diagnosis治疗原则:Therapeutic Principle综合治疗Comprehensive Treatment治疗方法:Therapeutic Method关于医学的英文方面可以参考医学英语:www.hope.net.cn/english/index.html 上有关文章。
2021年2月第8卷第2期February.2021,Vol.8,No.2世界睡眠医学杂志WorldJournalofSleepMedicine191 作者简介:苗培(1983—),女,本科,主治医师,研究方向:妇产孕期保健对高龄孕妇睡眠质量、并发症及妊娠结局的改善效果分析苗培(平原县第一人民医院,平原,253100)摘要 目的:探讨孕期保健对高龄孕妇的应用价值。
方法:选取2019年3月至2020年3月平原县第一人民医院收治的高龄孕妇80例作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。
对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用孕期保健护理,分析比较2组的护理效果。
结果:护理后观察组睡眠质量、并发症发病率、不良妊娠结局均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0 05)。
结论:高龄孕妇实施孕期保健护理具有明显效果。
关键词 孕期保健护理;高龄孕妇;妊娠期;睡眠质量AnalysisoftheEffectofHealthCareduringPregnancyonImprovingSleepQuality,ComplicationsandPregnancyOutcomeofElderlyParturientsMIAOPei(FirstPeople′sHospitalofPingyuanCounty,Pingyuan253100,China)Abstract Objective:Toexploretheapplicationvalueofhealthcareduringpregnancyforelderparturientsduringpregnancy.Methods:Atotalof80casesofadvanced ageparturientsinThefirsthospitalofPingyuanCountryweretakenastheresearchob jectsfromMarch2019toMarch2020.Fortycasesinthecontrolgroupweretreatedwithroutinecare,and40casesintheobserva tiongroupweretreatedwithhealthcareduringpregnancy Theeffectofnursingwascomparedandstatisticalanalysiswasperformed Results:Theobservationgroup′ssleepquality,complicationrateandadversepregnancyoutcomeafternursingwerebet terthanthecontrolgroup(P<0 05) Conclusion:Theimplementationofhealthcareduringpregnancyforelderlyparturientshasasignificanteffect.Keywords Healthcareduringpregnancy;Elderlyparturients;Pregnancy;Sleepquality中图分类号:R473 71;R338 63文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-7130.2021.02.003 孕产妇属于人们重点关注人群,孕产妇得以顺利分娩,不仅是家庭的愿望,更是社会目标。
六年级下册语文第五单元英语作文医疗全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Medical Care Around the WorldHi everyone! For our unit on medical care in English class, we were asked to write an essay comparing healthcare systems in different countries. I found this topic really fascinating and did a lot of research. Here is what I learned!In the United States, we have a mixed public-private healthcare system. This means some medical services are provided by the government through programs like Medicare and Medicaid. But most people also have private health insurance plans, often provided by their employer. The quality of medical care is generally very high, but costs are extremely expensive compared to other countries. Many people struggle to afford healthcare or go into debt due to high costs.England has a universal public healthcare system called the National Health Service (NHS). Through the NHS, all British citizens can access preventive care, surgery, emergency treatment, and more for free at the point of service. It is paid forthrough taxes rather than individual fees. While the NHS iswell-regarded, there are often long wait times to see specialists or receive certain procedures.Canada's healthcare system is another universal public option called Canadian Medicare. Like the NHS, it provides free medical care to all citizens funded through taxes. However, each province regulates and administers its own healthcare system separately. Some wealthy Canadians opt for private health insurance to get faster access to care. In general though, Canadians seem quite satisfied with their public medicare system.Australia has a hybrid system with universal public healthcare through a program called Medicare, supplemented by private health insurance options. The public Medicare system provides free treatment in hospitals and subsidized prescription drugs. However, many Australians purchase additional private insurance to cover other services like dentistry, ambulances, and private hospitals. Costs are much lower than in the US overall.In India, healthcare is viewed as a constitutional obligation but implementation remains challenging with such a huge population. The government runs large public hospitals and health programs. However, most middle and upper class familiesuse private clinics and hospitals if they can afford it, as public facilities lack resources. Rural areas in particular face shortages of medical staff and supplies. Overall, India's healthcare system remains a work in progress.Mexico has a universal health care system run by the federal government that provides medical services through clinics and hospitals around the country. However, the quality and availability of care can vary drastically between urban and rural areas. Many wealthy Mexicans utilize the country's private hospital networks篇2A Visit to the Doctor's OfficeLast week, I had to go to the doctor's office because I was not feeling well. My mom made an appointment for me to see Dr. Smith, who is our family physician. When we arrived at the clinic, we had to check in at the front desk. The receptionist asked me what my symptoms were so she could let the doctor know why I was there.I told her "I have a sore throat, runny nose, and a cough. I think I might have a cold or the flu." The receptionist typed my symptoms into the computer and then asked us to have a seat inthe waiting room until I was called. As we sat there, I looked around at all the people waiting to see the different doctors at that office. There were elderly people, babies and children, pregnant women, and people of all ages. Some looked very sick while others seemed like they were just there for a regular check-up.After about 20 minutes, a nurse opened the door to the hallway and called my name. "Andrew Smith?" she said. My mom and I got up and followed the nurse down the hallway to the examination rooms. The nurse brought us into a small room and told me to sit up on the examination table. She took my temperature and asked me some basic questions like "Does your throat hurt more when you swallow?" and "How long have you had these symptoms?"Then the nurse said the doctor would be in to see me shortly and left the room. My mom and I waited another 5 or 10 minutes until we heard a knock at the door. Dr. Smith opened it and came inside. "Hi Andrew, I hear you aren't feeling too great today. Can you tell me what's going on?" she asked in a friendly voice. I explained again about my sore throat, stuffy nose, cough, and that I had a low fever.Dr. Smith listened carefully while I talked, then she looked in my mouth and ears with a small flashlight. Using her stethoscope, she listened to my breathing. The doctor felt the glands in my neck to check if they were swollen. After the examination, she said "It seems you have a case of the flu virus that's going around. Lots of kids have been getting it at school."Dr. Smith told my mom that I should get plenty of rest, drink lots of fluids, and take Children's Motrin for the fever and aches. She said the flu usually goes away on its own within a week or so as long as I take it easy. If I was getting worse instead of better after a few days, then I should come back to see her. The doctor reminded me to cover my mouth when I cough and wash my hands often so I don't spread the germs.Before we left, the nurse gave my mom a prescription for cough syrup with codeine if I needed it to control my coughing, especially at night. We stopped at the pharmacy on the way home to get it filled. Thankfully, my flu symptoms started improving after a few days of resting at home. Some friends from school who had the flu lasted longer than a week before getting better.I'm just glad I was able to see the doctor quickly and get the care I needed to recover. Having good medical care is soimportant when you are sick or injured. Our family is fortunate to have excellent doctors and a nice clinic nearby. I don't take it for granted after learning how many people in other parts of the world lack access to quality healthcare.Difficulties Accessing Medical CareWhile my own experience at the doctor's office went smoothly, I've come to realize that being able to see a physician for an illness is a privilege that not everyone can enjoy. There are many barriers that prevent millions of people around the world from obtaining proper medical treatment when they need it most.One of the biggest obstacles is poverty and lack of income to pay for healthcare services. In low-income countries, many families struggle just to be able to afford basic necessities like food, clean water, and shelter. Spending even a small amount on medicine or doctor's fees is an expense they simply cannot manage. Public healthcare is very limited or non-existent in impoverished regions.Shortages of medical personnel and clinics in rural areas poses another major challenge. In developing nations, the vast majority of doctors, nurses, and hospitals tend to be concentrated in cities and urban centers. Rural villagers mayhave to travel long distances over poor roads to reach the nearest medical facility. This makes it extremely difficult for them to get care, especially for emergencies or acute conditions requiring prompt treatment.There are also many parts of the world where women face discrimination when it comes to accessing healthcare. Gender inequalities, cultural beliefs, and lack of education prevent many women from visiting doctors and receiving proper pre-natal care during pregnancy. This puts both mother and baby at high risk of complications and even death during childbirth. Many young girls are also denied vaccinations and treatment for common childhood illnesses.Conflicts, political instability, and war present additional barriers to healthcare in certain regions. When violence erupts, it disrupts medical services and decimates fragile health infrastructures. It becomes extremely dangerous for people to travel in search of care. Healthcare workers are often targeted and many are forced to flee the area for their own safety. Lack of investment and neglected public health systems due to unrest in a country means sickness can spread rampantly with no way to stop it.Even in the United States which has advanced medical capabilities, research shows significant disparities in getting quality care depending on factors like race/ethnicity, income levels, and insurance coverage. African Americans, Native Americans, and other minority groups tend to have higher rates of chronic illness yet lower life expectancies and worse treatment outcomes compared to white Americans. A major reason is they face more barriers in accessing preventative screenings and specialist care that could better manage their diseases.The COVID-19 global pandemic demonstrated how catastrophic it can be when healthcare systems in both rich and poor nations are overwhelmed and unable to handle a major health crisis. At its peak, hospitals everywhere struggled with shortages of beds, equipment, staff, tests, and emergency room overcrowding as the sick flooded in. Millions died who may have survived if they could have gotten proper medical attention and critical care resources.Clearly, the ability to readily see a doctor and receive affordable quality healthcare is something that should not be taken for granted. Reducing barriers and improving access to basic medical services for all people everywhere should be a top priority to prevent needless suffering and premature deathsworldwide each year. No one should have to endure severe illnesses or injuries simply because they are too poor or live too remotely to get the care they desperately need.The Importance of Healthcare AccessHaving reliable access to medical treatment and preventative care is absolutely vital to being able to live a long and healthy life. Some key reasons why healthcare access is so crucial include:Early Detection & Treatment - Being able to get recommended cancer screenings, physicals, and diagnostic tests on a regular basis allows doctors to catch diseases early before they progress too far. Treating conditions promptly gives patients the best possible outcomes.Manage Chronic Illnesses - Chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and asthma require consistent monitoring and medication. Without affordable care, patients can't properly control their symptoms, leading to worsening complications and lower quality of life.Prevent Infectious Spread - Basic services like vaccinations and sanitation help stop the transmission of infectious diseaseswithin communities. Herd immunity breaks down when people go un-immunized and contributes to outbreaks.Reduce Infant/Mother Deaths - Adequate pre-natal care, skilled birth assistance, and post-delivery monitoring drastically improve survival rates for both mothers and babies during the risky childbirth process. Millions of lives are tragically lost each year due to lack of access.WHO experts estimate that just being able to access basic healthcare interventions like medications, rehydration, nutritional support, and mosquito nets could potentially save 10 million lives per year around the world.Improving access to quality healthcare globally not only saves lives, it protects public health and promotes greater economic growth and societal development as a whole. Children can stay in school and adults can remain productively employed without being debilitated by treatable illnesses. The healthier a population, the lower its poverty rates tend to be.Every person deserves the chance to live a long, healthy life. However, that can only happen if comprehensive medical services and disease prevention are prioritized and made universally accessible to people of all socioeconomic backgrounds worldwide – not just to a privileged few. It's ahuman rights issue that governments, NGOs, healthcare providers, and global policy makers must urgently work together to address. Overcoming the disparities and barriers that leave so many without care should be a top humanitarian priority in the 21st century.篇3Medical Care: A Vital NecessityAs a 6th grader, I may not have experienced many major medical situations yet, but I certainly understand the importance of quality healthcare. From routine check-ups to emergency procedures, medical care plays a crucial role in our lives, ensuring our well-being and helping us overcome illnesses and injuries.The first aspect of medical care that comes to mind is preventive care. Regular visits to the doctor for check-ups and screenings can help detect potential health issues early on, when they are often more treatable. These appointments involve various examinations, such as checking our height, weight, blood pressure, and overall physical condition. Doctors may also order tests like blood work or imaging studies to get a more comprehensive understanding of our health status.Preventive care also includes immunizations, which protect us from a wide range of infectious diseases. As children, we receive a series of vaccines against illnesses like measles, mumps, rubella, and polio. These vaccines have played a vital role in controlling and even eradicating some of the most dangerous diseases that once posed significant threats to public health.Another crucial aspect of medical care is the treatment of illnesses and injuries. When we fall sick or sustain an injury, we rely on the expertise of medical professionals to diagnose and treat our conditions. This can involve a variety of interventions, ranging from prescription medications to surgical procedures.In the case of minor illnesses like the common cold or flu, our doctors may prescribe over-the-counter medications or recommend rest and fluids. However, for more serious conditions like pneumonia or appendicitis, we may require hospitalization and more intensive treatments, such as intravenous antibiotics or surgical interventions.Injuries, whether sustained through accidents orsports-related activities, also require prompt medical attention. Depending on the severity of the injury, treatment may range from simple first aid and bandaging to more complexprocedures like setting broken bones or repairing torn ligaments.Emergency medical care is another vital component of the healthcare system. In life-threatening situations, such as heart attacks, strokes, or severe trauma, every second counts. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics are trained to provide immediate care and stabilize patients before transporting them to the nearest hospital for further treatment.In addition to acute care, medical professionals also play a crucial role in managing chronic conditions. Diseases like diabetes, asthma, and arthritis require ongoing monitoring and treatment to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Doctors work closely with patients to develop personalized treatment plans, which may involve medications, lifestyle modifications, or specialized therapies.Mental health is another area where medical care is essential. Conditions like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can have a significant impact on an individual's well-being and quality of life. Mental health professionals, such as psychologists and psychiatrists, provide counseling, therapy, and medication management to help patients cope with these challenges and improve their overall mental health.While we often focus on the medical professionals themselves, it's important to recognize the vital contributions of other healthcare workers. Nurses, for example, play a critical role in patient care, administering medications, monitoring vital signs, and providing emotional support to patients and their families. Additionally, pharmacists ensure that we receive the correct medications and understand how to take them properly.Medical research is another crucial aspect of healthcare. Scientists and researchers around the world are constantly working to develop new treatments, medications, and medical technologies that can improve patient outcomes and save lives. From the development of life-saving vaccines to breakthrough cancer treatments, medical research has revolutionized the way we approach and combat diseases.As I reflect on the importance of medical care, I am reminded of the countless stories of lives saved and improved thanks to the dedication and expertise of healthcare professionals. Whether it's a routine check-up, a life-saving surgery, or ongoing treatment for a chronic condition, medical care plays a vital role in our lives, ensuring our well-being and giving us the opportunity to live healthy, fulfilling lives.In conclusion, medical care is a fundamental necessity that touches every aspect of our lives. From preventive measures to emergency interventions and chronic disease management, the healthcare system provides a safety net that allows us to navigate the challenges of illness and injury. As a student, I am grateful for the tireless efforts of medical professionals and the advancements in medical research that continue to improve our understanding of health and well-being. Medical care is not just a service; it's a lifeline that ensures our physical, mental, and emotional well-being, and a cornerstone of a healthy society.。
孕妇体格监测指标及意义的题目During pregnancy, monitoring the physical health of expectant mothers is crucial to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy. Various indicators are used to assess the well-being of pregnant women, and understanding their significance is essential for proper healthcare management. This article will discuss some important monitoring indicators and their implications for the health of both the mother and the developing fetus.One of the primary indicators monitored during pregnancy is weight gain. Weight gain is a natural and expected part of pregnancy, as the mother's body undergoes significant changes to support the growing fetus. Adequate weight gain is essential for the healthy development of the baby and the overall well-being of the mother. Insufficient weight gain may indicate poor nutrition, which can lead to complications such as low birth weight or preterm delivery. On the other hand, excessive weight gain can increase the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, and otherpregnancy-related complications. Therefore, monitoring weight gain allows healthcare providers to make appropriate dietary and lifestyle recommendations to ensure a healthy balance.Another vital indicator is blood pressure. Pregnancy can cause fluctuations in blood pressure due to hormonal changes and increased blood volume. Regular monitoring of blood pressure helps identify any abnormalities such as gestational hypertension or preeclampsia, which can be harmful to both the mother and the baby. High blood pressure during pregnancy can restrict blood flow to the placenta, leading to inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. It may also increase the risk of premature birth and developmental issues. By closely monitoring blood pressure, healthcare providers can intervene early and manage any potential complications.The measurement of fundal height is another important monitoring indicator during pregnancy. Fundal height refers to the distance from the top of the uterus to the pubic bone and is used to assess fetal growth and development. Itprovides an estimate of the gestational age and helpsidentify any abnormalities in fetal growth. Deviations from the expected fundal height can indicate intrauterine growth restriction or macrosomia (excessive fetal growth), both of which can have significant implications for the health ofthe baby. Regular monitoring of fundal height allows healthcare providers to detect these abnormalities and take appropriate actions, such as further investigations or interventions, if necessary.Monitoring fetal movements is also crucial forassessing the well-being of the baby. Fetal movements indicate the baby's neurological development and overall health. A decrease in fetal movements or a change in their pattern may signify fetal distress, placental insufficiency, or other complications. Timely detection of such changescan prompt healthcare providers to perform additional tests, such as fetal heart rate monitoring or ultrasound, toensure the baby's well-being. Monitoring fetal movements also provides reassurance to expectant mothers and helps establish a bond between the mother and the baby.In addition to these physical indicators, monitoring emotional well-being during pregnancy is equally important. Pregnancy can bring about various emotional changes, including mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Emotional well-being affects the overall health of the mother and can have a direct impact on the developing fetus. High levels of stress or untreated mental health conditions during pregnancy have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. Therefore, healthcare providers should assess and address the emotional well-being of expectant mothers, providing support and appropriate interventions as needed.In conclusion, monitoring various physical and emotional indicators during pregnancy is essential for ensuring the well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus. Weight gain, blood pressure, fundal height, and fetal movements are some of the key indicators that provide valuable insights into the health of the pregnancy. Regular monitoring allows healthcare providers to detect any abnormalities or complications early on, enabling timely interventions to ensure a safe and healthypregnancy. Additionally, addressing the emotional well-being of expectant mothers is crucial, as it can significantly impact the overall health and outcomes of the pregnancy. By considering and monitoring these indicators, healthcare providers can provide comprehensive care and support to pregnant women, promoting a positive pregnancy experience and a healthy start for the baby.。
The Importance of Prenatal CareMillions of American women give birth every year, and nearly a third of them will have some kind of pregnancy-related complication. Those who don't get proper prenatal care run the risk that such complications won't be detected or won't be dealt with soon enough. And that can lead to potentially serious consequences for both the mother and her baby.That's why it's so important to start prenatal care as early as possible — ideally, before a woman even becomes pregnant.Of course, this isn't always possible or practical. But the sooner in pregnancy good care begins, the better for the health of both moms and their babies.Prenatal Care Before PregnancyPrenatal care should start before you get pregnant. If you're planning a pregnancy, see your health care provider for a complete checkup. Routine testing can make sure you're in good health and that you don't have any illnesses or other conditions that could affect your pregnancy. If you've been having any unusual symptoms, this is a good time to report them.If you're already being treated for a chronic condition, such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension (high blood pressure), a heart problem, allergies, lupus (an inflammatory disorder that can affect several body systems), depression, or some other condition, you should talk to your doctor about how it could affect a pregnancy.In some cases, you may need to change or stop certain medicines — especially during the first trimester (12 weeks) — to reduce risk to the fetus. Or, you may need to be even more careful about managing your condition. For example, women with diabetes must take extra care to keep their blood glucose levels under control — both before they begin trying to conceive and during pregnancy. Abnormal levels increase the risk of birth defects and other complications.This is also a good time to talk with your health care provider any habits that could pose a risk to your baby, such as drinking alcohol or smoking. Ask about taking a prenatal vitamin that contains folic acid, calcium, and iron.It's especially important for women who plan to become pregnant to take vitamins with folic acid because neural tube defects (problems with the development of the spine and nervous system) happen in the first 28 days of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she's pregnant.If you or your partner have a family history of a significant genetic disorder and think either of you may be a carrier, genetic testing may be wise. Talk this over with your health care provider, who can refer you to a genetic counselor if necessary.If you find out that you're pregnant before you do any of this, don't worry. It's not too late to get the care that will help to protect your health and that of your baby.Finding Medical CarePregnant women usually are cared for by:∙obstetricians: doctors who specialize in pregnancy and childbirth∙obstetricians/gynecologists (OB/GYNs): doctors who specialize in pregnancy and childbirth, as well as women's health care∙family practitioners: doctors who provide a range of services for patients of all ages (sometimes, this includes obstetrical care) instead of specializing in one area∙certified nurse-midwife: an advanced practice nurse specializing in women's health care needs, including prenatal care, labor and delivery, and postpartum care for pregnancies without complicationsAny of these care providers is a good choice if you're healthy and there's no reason to anticipate complications with your pregnancy and delivery. However, nurse-midwives do need to have a doctor available for the delivery in casea C-section has to be done.Your health care provider may refer you to a doctor with expertise in high-risk pregnancies if you:∙have a chronic condition like diabetes or heart problems∙have an increased risk of preterm labor∙are older than 35∙are pregnant with more than one fetus∙have another complicating factor that might put you in a high-risk categoryEven if your pregnancy isn't high risk, this may still be a good time to make a change in health care providers if you're not comfortable with your current doctor.Your First VisitYou should call to schedule your first examination during the first 6 to 8 weeks of your pregnancy, or when your menstrual period is 2 to 4 weeks late. Many health care providers will not schedule the first visit before 8 weeks, unless there is a problem.During your first visit, you'll be asked a lot of questions about your health and habits that may have an effect on your pregnancy. It's important to try to remember the date of your last menstrual period so your doctor can estimate the duration of your pregnancy and predict your delivery date.You can expect to have a full physical, including a pelvic and rectal exam. A blood sample will be taken and used for a series of tests:∙ a complete blood cell count (CBC)∙blood typing and screening for Rh antibodies (antibodies against a substance found in the red blood cells of most people)∙for infections such as syphilis, hepatitis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)∙for evidence of previous exposure to chickenpox (varicella), measles (rubeola), mumps, or German measles (rubella)∙for cystic fibrosis (health care providers recently started to offer this even if there's no family history of the disorder)Some blood tests are offered only to women of certain ethnic backgrounds, who may be at higher risk of carrying genes for specific diseases. For example, women of African or Mediterranean descent are usually testedfor thalassemia orsickle cell trait or disease because they're at higher risk of these chronic blood diseases or carrying the sickle cell trait, which can be passed on to their children.Women of Ashekenazi Jewish heritage (Jews of central and eastern European descent) and women of French-Canadian/Cajun heritage are at increased risk for carrying the genes for Tay-Sachs disease.Talk with your health care provider to see if any of these genetic tests may be recommended for you.During the first visit, you also can expect to provide a urine sample for testing and to have a Pap test (or smear) for cervical cancer. To do a Pap smear, the doctor uses what looks like a very long mascara wand or cotton swab to gently scrape the inside of the cervix (the opening to the uterus that's located at the very top of the vagina). This generally doesn't hurt; some women say they feel a little twinge, but it only lasts a second.Routine Visits and TestingIf you're healthy and there are no complicating risk factors, you can expect to see your health care provider:∙every 4 weeks until the 28th week of pregnancy∙then every 2 weeks until 36 weeks∙then once a week until deliveryAt each examination, your weight and blood pressure are usually recorded. The size and shape of your uterus may also be measured, starting at the 22nd week, to determine whether the fetus is growing and developing normally.During one or more of your visits, you'll provide a small urine sample to be tested for sugar (glucose)and protein. Protein may indicate preeclampsia, a condition that develops in late pregnancy and is characterized by a sudden rise in blood pressure and excessive weight gain, with fluid retention and protein in the urine.Glucose screening usually takes place at 12 weeks for women who are at higher risk of having gestational diabetes (diabetes that occurs during pregnancy). That includes women who:∙have previously delivered a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds (4.1 kilograms)∙have a family history of diabetes∙are obeseAll other pregnant women are tested for diabetes at 24 to 28 weeks. This test involves drinking a sugary liquid and having a blood glucose test (which involves having blood drawn) after an hour. If the sugar level in the blood is high, further testing might be done to diagnose gestational diabetes.Prenatal TestsMany expectant parents also choose to have one or more of thefollowing prenatal tests, which can help predict the likelihood of, or sometimes even detect, certain developmental or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus: First trimester screening: Between 10 and 14 weeks, your doctor might recommend a blood test to measure two substances — pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP-A) and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), both produced by the placenta in early pregnancy. You also might be sent for an ultrasound test for fetal nuchal translucency, which measures the amount of fluid at the back of your developing baby's neck.Second trimester screening: Between 16 and 18 weeks, the level ofalpha-fetoprotein, a protein produced by the fetus, can be measured in a pregnant woman's blood. If the level is high, she may be carrying more than one fetus or a fetus with spina bifida or other neural tube defects. A high level can also indicate that the date of conception was miscalculated. If the level is low, the fetus may have chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.Along with AFP, two hormones produced by the placenta are often measured —hCG and estriol. The level of these three substances can help doctors identify a fetus at risk for certain birth defects or chromosomal abnormalities. When all three are measured, the test is called the triple screen or triple marker. Often a fourth placental hormone is measured, called inhibin-A. In this case, the test might be called the multiple marker screening(or quadruple screen, quad screen, quadruple marker, or quad marker).Sometimes both first and second trimester screening tests are done. This is called an integrated screening test.It's important to keep in mind that abnormal results of screening tests don't automatically indicate a problem; rather, they indicate the need for further testing, which yields normal results in many cases.Additional testing that might be recommended can include the following:Amniocentesis (also called an amnio): In this test, a needle is used to remove a sample of the amniotic fluid from the womb; it's usually performed between 15 and 20 weeks. Testing the fluid can identify certain fetal abnormalities such as Down syndrome or spina bifida. Typically, amniocentesis is recommended only if there is reason to believe that the risk for such conditions is higher than usual, perhaps due to maternal age (35 or older), abnormal screening results, or family history. Although the test poses a small risk for causing preterm labor and inducing miscarriage, the large majority are performed without any problem.Chorionic villus sampling (CVS): This procedure is used during the first trimester for the same purposes as an amniocentesis. (Women usually have one or the other, but not both, if such testing is deemed necessary.) It involves taking a sample of the tissue that attaches the amniotic sac (the sac around the fetus) to the wall of the uterus. Like amniocentesis, CVS is typically done only when there are certain risk factors; its primary advantage is that results are available sooner. CVS also carries a slightly increased risk of miscarriage and other complications.Ultrasound (also called a sonogram, sonograph, echogram, or ultrasonogram): You'll likely have at least one ultrasound examination to make sure the pregnancy is progressing normally and to verify the expected date of delivery. Usually, an ultrasound is performed at 18 to 20 weeks to look at the baby's anatomy, but can be done sooner or later and sometimes more than once. An ultrasound poses no risk to you or your baby.Some health care providers may have the equipment and trained personnel necessary to provide in-office ultrasounds, whereas others may have you go to a local hospital or radiology center.Wherever the ultrasound is done, a technician will coat your abdomen with a gel and then run a wand-like instrument over it. High-frequency sound waves "echo" off your body and create a picture of the fetus on a computer screen. Ultrasound scanning is used to:∙determine whether the fetus is growing at a normal rate∙record fetal heartbeat or breathing movements∙see whether you might be carrying more than one fetus∙identify a variety of abnormalities that might affect the remainder of the pregnancy or deliveryUltrasounds are sometimes available at shopping malls as a way to have a "portrait" of your baby. However, the individuals using the equipment are not necessarily trained as ultrasound technicians. Before having one of these done, it would be wise to discuss it with your health care provider.Common ConcernsSome women worry about preexisting medical conditions, such as diabetes, and how they could affect a pregnancy. It's important to discuss these concerns with your doctor, who may recommend a change in medicines or treatments that could ease your concerns.Whether or not you have a preexisting condition, you might worry about other conditions that can come with pregnancy including:∙gestational diabetes: Up to 8% of pregnant women develop this condition, usually after the first trimester. During pregnancy, the placenta, which provides the fetus with nutrients and oxygen, also produces hormones that change the way insulin works. Insulin, made by the pancreas, helps the body store the sugar in food so that later it can be converted to energy. When someone has gestational diabetes, a problem with insulin also leads to a high blood sugar level.∙preeclampsia (also called toxemia of pregnancy): This abnormal condition develops after the sixth month, causing high blood pressure,edema (fluid buildup in body tissues that causes swelling of the hands, feet, or face), and protein in the urine.∙Rh-negative mother/Rh-positive fetus (also called Rh incompatibility): Rh factor is found in the red blood cells of most people (a simple blood test can determine your Rh factor). If you don't have it, then you're considered Rh negative. If your baby does have the factor and is Rh positive, problems can happen when the baby's blood cells enter yourbloodstream. That's because your body may react by producing antibodies that can pass into the fetus' bloodstream and destroy red blood cells.These conditions are serious but manageable, so it's important to learn about them and discuss them with your health care provider.About Weight GainMany pregnant women worry about weight gain. Generally, women of normal weight should gain about 25–35 pounds during pregnancy. For women who start their pregnancy overweight, total weight gain should be closer to 15–25 pounds. Those who are underweight should gain 28–40 pounds.Controlling weight gain is harder later in a pregnancy, so try to avoid gaining a lot of weight during the first few months. However, not gaining enough weight can cause problems too, such as inadequate fetal growth and premature labor. Pregnancy is not a good time to start a diet, but it is a great time to enjoy healthier foods. Doctors generally recommend that women add about 300 calories to their daily intake to provide nourishment for the developing fetus. Although protein should supply most of these calories, your diet should be well balanced and include fresh fruits, grains, and vegetables.Your health care provider will likely prescribe a prenatal vitamin to make sure you get enough folic acid, iron, and calcium. It's also a good time to get regular, low-impact exercise.Taking Care of YourselfFor your baby's sake and yours, it's important to take especially good care of yourself during your pregnancy. Follow these basics:∙Don't smoke, drink alcohol, or take drugs.∙Get enough rest.∙Eat a healthy diet.OTC MedicinesOver-the-counter medicines are generally considered off-limits because of their potential effects on the fetus. Most doctors recommend not taking any OTC medicines if possible, but might offer a list of those they think are safe to take. Be sure to discuss any questions about medicines (including natural remedies, supplements, and vitamins) with your doctor.Food SafetyWhen you're pregnant, it's also important to avoid foodborne illnesses, such as listeriosis and toxoplasmosis, which can be life-threatening to an unborn baby and may cause birth defects or miscarriage. Foods to steer clear of include:∙soft, unpasteurized cheeses (often advertised as "fresh") such as feta, goat, Brie, Camembert, and blue cheese∙unpasteurized milk, juices, and apple cider∙raw eggs or foods containing raw eggs, including mousse and tiramisu ∙raw or undercooked meats, fish, or shellfish∙processed meats such as hot dogs and deli meats (these should be well cooked)You also should avoid eating shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish. Although fish and shellfish can be an extremely healthy part of your pregnancy diet (they contain beneficial omega-3 fatty acids and are high in protein and low in saturated fat), these types of fish may contain high levels of mercury, which can cause damage to the developing brain of a fetus.VaccinesYour doctor may recommend a couple of vaccines during pregnancy. The flu shot can curb flu-related problems for expectant moms, who are at higher risk of complications from the illness. The flu shot is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during any stage of pregnancy. Pregnant women should only get the shot made with the inactivated virus. The flu vaccine previously also came in a nasal spray (or mist) form, but it contained live strains of the virus and was never safe for moms-to-be. Currently, the nasal spray is not recommended for anyone because the CDC found that it didn't prevent cases of the flu between 2013 and 2016.The Tdap vaccine (against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis) is now recommended for all pregnant women in the second half ofeach pregnancy, regardless of whether they've gotten it before or when it was last given. This recommendation is in response to a rise in pertussis (whooping cough) infections, which can be fatal in newborns who have not yet had their routine vaccinations.Pregnancy Side EffectsPregnancy can cause a number of uncomfortable (but not necessarily serious) side effects, including:∙nausea and vomiting, especially early in the pregnancy∙leg swelling∙varicose veins in the legs and the area around the vaginal opening∙hemorrhoids∙heartburn and constipation∙backache∙fatigue∙sleep lossIf you have any of these side effects, you're not alone! Talk to your doctor about ways to ease your discomfort.Talking to Your Health Care ProviderWhen your body is going through physical changes that may be completely new to you, it isn't always easy to talk to your health care provider. Maybe you're wondering whether you can have sex or what to do about hemorrhoids or constipation, or maybe you're feeling a great deal of anxiety about the delivery.You might feel embarrassed to ask these or other questions, but it's important to do so — and remember, your health care provider has heard them all before. Keep a running list of questions between your appointments, and take that list with you to each visit.Also, call your doctor immediately if you have:∙heavy bleeding∙ a sudden loss of fluid∙ a noticeable absence of movement by the baby∙more than three contractions in an hourReviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MDDate reviewed: February 2017。