专业英语复习资料

心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2. Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4. Social Cognition 社会认知5．Personality Test 人格测试6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9. Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11. Group Thinking 群体思维12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16. Recency Effec 近因效应17．Trace Decay 痕迹消退18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self-efficacy 自我效能21. Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1. 机能主义functionalism2. 自我实现self—actualization3．一般规律研究法nomothetic method4. 分层抽样stratified sampling5. 外在信度external reliability6. 选择性注意selective attention7. 知觉恒常性perceptual constancy8. 自我概念self concept9. 液体智力fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋secure attachment11. 性别图示gender schema12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior13. 从众实验conformity experiment14. 头脑风暴brain storming15. 社会助长social facilitation16. 旁观者效应bystander effect17. 标准差standard deviation18. 柱状图bar chart19. 正态分布normal distribution20. 临界值critical value21. 知觉适应perceptual adaptationIII. Multiple Choices1. Like Carl Rogers, I believe people choose to live more creative and meaningful lives. My name isa. Wertheimer.b. Washburn.c. Skinner.d. Maslow.2. The goals of psychology are toa. develop effective methods of psychotherapy.b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior.c. explain the functioning of the human mind.d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior.3. The "father" of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory wasa. Wilhelm Wundt.b. Sigmund Freud.c. John B. Watson.d. B. F. Skinner.4. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. She talks to you about the goals you have for yourself, about your image of yourself, and about the choices that you make in your life and that you could make in your life. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology.a. humanisticb. psychodynamicc. behavioristicd. Gestalt5. Biopsychologistsa. limit the scope of their study to animals.b. are concerned with self-actualization and free will.c. stress the unconscious aspect of behavior.d. attempt to explain behavior in terms of biological or physical mechanisms.6. In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be givena. a high dosage of alcohol.b. one-half the dosage given the experimental group.c. a driving test before and after drinking alcohol.d. no alcohol at all.7.The phrase "a theory must also be falsifiable" meansa. researchers misrepresent their data.b. a theory must be defined so it can be disconfirmed.c. theories are a rich array of observations regarding behavior but with few facts to support them.d. nothing.8. A common method for selecting representative samples is to select thema. randomly from the larger population.b. strictly from volunteers.c. by threatening or coercing institutionalized populations.d. from confidential lists of mail order firms.9. The chief function of the control group in an experiment is that ita. allows mathematical relationships to be established.b. provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared.c. balances the experiment to eliminate all extraneous variables.d. is not really necessary.10. Which of the following best describes a double-blind experimental procedure?a. All subjects get the experimental procedure.b. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is known only to the experimenter.c. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenters.d. All subjects get the control procedure.11. A simple experiment has two groups of subjects calleda. the dependent group and the independent group.b. the extraneous group and the independent group.c. the before group and the after group.d. the control group and the experimental group.12. One of the limitations of the survey method isa. observer bias.b. that it sets up an artificial situation.c. that replies may not be accurate.d. the self-fulfilling prophecy.13. To replicate an experiment means toa. use control groups and experimental groups.b. use statistics to determine the effect of chance.c. control for the effects of extraneous variables.d. repeat the experiment using either identical or improved research methods.14. Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termeda. cognitionb. perception.c. adaptation.d. sensation.15. The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is referred to asa. sensation.b. perception.c. adaptation.d. cognition.16. A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking thea. just noticeable difference.b. absolute threshold.c. subliminal threshold.d. minimal threshold.17. Film is to camera as __________ is to eye.a. retinab. irisc. lensd. pupil18. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function ofa. the cones.b. the visual pigments.c. the rods.d. the phosphenes.19. Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition. This phenomenon is calleda. aversive stimulation.b. absolute threshold.c. perceptual defense.d. unconscious guard.20. When infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, they usuallya. remain still.b. move to the shallow side of the apparatus.c. move to the deep side of the apparatus.d. approach their mothers when called, whether that requires moving to the shallow or deep side.21.The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is known asa. closure.b. continuation.c. similarity.d. nearness.22. An ability to "read" another person's mind is termeda. clairvoyance.b. telepathy.c. precognition.d. psychokinesis.23. The fact that infants will often crawl off tables or beds shows thata. depth perception is completely learned.b. human depth perception emerges at about 4 months of age.c. integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet been accomplished.d. depth perception is completely innate.24. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions bya. perceptual constancies.b. localization of meaning.c. perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles.d. sensory adaptation.25. The analysis of information starting with features and building into a complete perception is known asa. perceptual expectancy.b. top-down processing.c. bottom-up processing.d. Gregory's phenomenon.26.One recommended way for parents to handle problems of occasional bed wetting in children is toa. limit the amount of water they drink in the evening.b. punish them for "wet" nights.c. wake them up during the night to use the toilet.d. consider medication or psychotherapy.27. Teachers, peers, and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage ofa. trust versus mistrust.b. initiative versus guilt.c. industry versus inferiority.d. integrity versus despair.28. With aging there is a decline of __________ intelligence, but not of __________ intelligence.a. fluid; fixedb. fixed; fluidc. fluid; crystallizedd. crystallized; fluid29. The single most important thing you might do for a dying person is toa. avoid disturbing that person by not mentioning death.b. allow that person to talk about death with you.c. tell that person about the stages of dying.d. keep your visits short and infrequent in order to avoid tiring that person.30. The five-factor model of personality includesa. social interactionism.b. neuroticism.c. agreeableness.d. sense of humor.31. An adjective checklist would most likely be used by aa. psychodynamic therapist.b. behaviorist.c. humanistic therapist.d. trait theorist.32. Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture calleda. persona.b. collective consciousness.c. archetypes.d. mandalas.33. Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are toa. stress.b. personal growth.c. humankind.d. internal conflicts.34. Self-actualization refers toa. a tendency that causes human personality problems.b. what it is that makes certain men and women famous.c. anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials.d. the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically distinguished, or rich.35. If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach.a. psychodynamicb. analyticalc. humanisticd. trait36. The halo effect refers toa. the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is recorded.b. the use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli.c. the process of admitting experience into consciousness.d. the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality.37.A truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are unable to pull it out. At last a little boy walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of the truck's tires. Their oversight was due toa. divergent thinking.b. cognitive style.c. synesthesia.d. fixation.38. __________ thinking goes from specific facts to general principles.a. Deductiveb. Inductivec. Divergentd. Convergent39. In most anxiety disorders, the person's distress isa. focused on a specific situation.b. related to ordinary life stresses.c. greatly out of proportion to the situation.d. based on a physical cause.40. The antisocial personalitya. avoids other people as much as possible.b. is relatively easy to treat effectively by psychotherapy.c. tends to be selfish and lacking remorse.d. usually gives a bad first impression.41. One who is quite concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, and a rigid routine might be classified as a(n) __________ personality.a. histrionicb. obsessive-compulsivec. schizoidd. avoidant42.In psychoanalysis, patients avoid talking about certain subjects. This is calleda. avoidance.b. transference.c. analysis.d. resistance.43. In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships is calleda. resistance.b. transference.c. identification.d. empathy.44. In aversion therapy a person __________ to associate a strong aversion with an undesirable habit.a. knowsb. learnsc. wantsd. hopes45. Behavior modification involvesa. applying non-directive techniques such as unconditional positive regard to clients.b. psychoanalytic approaches to specific behavior disturbances.c. the use of learning principles to change behavior.d. the use of insight therapy to change upsetting thoughts and beliefs.46. A cognitive therapist is concerned primarily with helping clients change theira. thinking patterns.b. behaviors.c. life-styles.d. habits.47.__________ is best known for his research on conformity.a. Aschb. Rubinc. Schachterd. Zimbardo48. Solomon Asch's classic experiment (in which subjects judged a standard line and comparison lines) was arranged to test the limits ofa. social perception.b. indoctrination.c. coercive power.d. conformity.49. Aggression is best defined asa. hostility.b. anger.c. any action carried out with the intent of harming another person.d. none of these50. Which of the following is the longest stage of grieving for most people?a. shockb. angerc. depressiond. agitation51. Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of psychology?A) scienceB) therapyC) behaviorD) mental process52．The term psychopathology refers toA) the study of psychology.B) study of psychological disorders.C) the distinction between psychologists and psychiatrists.D) the focus of counseling psychology.53. In which area of psychology would a researcher interested in how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal (like graduating from college) most likely specialize?A) motivation and emotionB) physiological psychologyC) social psychologyD) community psychology54. A psychologist who focused on the ways in which people's family background related to their current functioning would be associated with which psychological approach?A) the behavioral approachB) the psychodynamic approachC) the humanistic approachD) the cognitive approach55. The researcher most associated with functionalism isA) William James.B) Wilhelm Wundt.C) Charles Darwin.D) E. B. Titchener.56. A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been historically adaptive, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches?A) the sociocultural approachB) the humanistic approachC) the cognitive approachD) the evolutionary approach57. Which approach would explain depression in terms of disordered thinking?A) the humanistic approachB) the evolutionary approachC) the cognitive approachD) the sociocultural approach58. Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study?A) the impact of media messages on women's body imageB) the way in which neurotransmitters are implicated in the development of eating disordersC) the impact of thinking patterns on weight managementD) the benefits of exercise in preventing obesity59. Why is psychology considered a science?A) It focuses on internal mental processes.B) It classifies mental disorders.C) It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction.D) It focuses on behavior.60. Why is it important to study positive psychology?A) Psychologists are only interested in the experiences of healthy persons.B) We get a fuller understanding of human experience by focusing on both positive and negativeaspects of life.C) Negative experiences in people's lives tell us little about people's mental processes.D) Psychology has been too focused on the negativeIV. Blank filling1.The perspective that focuses on how perception is organized is called psychology.2.A(n) is a broad explanation and prediction concerning a phenomenon of interest.3.The variable is expected to change as a result of the experimenter's manipulation.4.Bill refuses to leave his house because he knows spiders live outside. Bill is most clearlysuffering from a .5.Learned _______ may develop when a person is repeatedly exposed to negative events overwhich he/she has no control.6.Troublesome thoughts that cause a person to engage in ritualistic behaviors are called________.7.Psychologists consider deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressful behaviors to be______.8.Ken is impulsive, reckless, and shows no remorse when he hurts other people. He is often introuble with the law. Kevin is most likely to be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder.9.The researcher known as the "father of modern psychology" was Wilhelm _______.10.Asking someone to think about their conscious experience while listening to poetry wouldbe an example of _______.11.The field of psychology that is interested in workplace behavior is called Industrial and___________ psychology.12.________ is a statistic that measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.13.In a set of data, the number that occurs most often is called the ______.14.In a set of data, the average score is called the _______.15.A study that collects data from participants over a period of time is known as a(n) ______.16.The variable that a researcher manipulates is called the _______ variable.17._______statistics are used to test a hypothesis.18.A mental framework for how a person will think about something is called a ______.19.Rapid skeletal and sexual development that begins to occur around ages nine to eleven iscalled _______.20.A generalization about a group that does not take into account differences among membersof that group is called a(n) ________.21.Feeling the same way as another, or putting yourself in someone else's shoes, is called______.22.Feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas are called _______.23.When you saw a movie in a crowded theater you found yourself laughing out loud witheveryone else. When you saw it at home, though, you still found it funny but didn't laugh as much. This is an example of ________ contagion.24.When Carlos first sat next to Brenda in class he didn't think much of her. After sitting nextto her every day for a month he really likes her. This is best explained by the ________ effect.V．True or false (10 points, 1 point each)1 Positive psychology is not interested in the negative things that happen in people's lives.A) True2 The behavioral approach is interested in the ways that individuals from different cultures behave.A) TrueB) False3. Developmental psychologists focus solely on the development of children.A) TrueB) False4. Psychologists study behavior and mental processes.A) TrueB) False5. Meta-analysis examines many studies to draw a conclusion about an effect.A) TrueB) False6. The 50th percentile is the same as the median.A) TrueB) False7. The standard deviation is a measure of central tendency.A) TrueB) False8. Variables can only have one operational definition.A) TrueB) False9. The scores for 5 participants are 3, 2, 6, 3, and 7. The range is 4.A) TrueB) False10. In correlational research, variables are not manipulated by the researcher.A) TrueB) False11. The placebo effect refers to experimenter bias influencing the behavior of participants.A) TrueB) FalseCarol and Armando work together, go to school together, and socialize together. Carol notices that Armando is always on time to work and class and is never late when they make plans. One day, Armando is late to class. It is likely that Carol would make an external attribution about Armando's lateness.A) TrueB) False12. Violence in movies and television has no effect on people's levels of aggression.A) TrueB) False13. Rioting behavior is usually understood to occur because of groupthink.A) TrueB) False14. Small groups are more prone to social loafing than larger groups.A) TrueB) False15. Piaget believed that children were active participants in their cognitive development.A) True16 A strong ethnic identity helps to buffer the effects of discrimination on well-being.A) TrueB) False17. Older adults experience more positive emotions than younger adults.A) TrueB) False18. Harlow's research showed that infant monkeys preferred to spend time with the "mother" (wireor cloth) on which they were nursed.A) TrueB) False19. To help adolescents research their full potential, parents should be effective managers of theirchildren.A) TrueB) False20. Emerging adulthood is the period between 18 and 30 years of age.A) TrueB) False21. Health psychologists work only in mental health domains.A) TrueB) FalseVI. Essays questions (20 points, 10 points each)1. What is qualitative research interview?2. What is bystander effect? When is it most likely to occur? How can its effects be minimized?3. How important is fathering to children?。

会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。

专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。

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五选一：1.“ Materials science ” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering ”is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。

相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。

2. Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic ,optical, and deteriorative.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。

3.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials ,namely ” processing ”and” performance”.除结构与特征外，材料科学与工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。

bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。

考学位英语复习资料在大学期间，作为具备一定专业背景的学生，我们需要通过学位英语考试来证明自己的语言能力，从而获得更大的发展机会和进一步深造的资格。

因此，对于考试复习资料的准备，就显得尤为必要。

下面将介绍一些备考学位英语时可以使用的复习资料。

1. 《考研英语词汇》这是一本非常经典的词汇书，其中收录了高频考研单词以及其在语境中的使用方法。

相信大部分考学位英语的同学也会购买这本书进行复习。

该书的一个优点是较为详细地讲解了词汇的用法和搭配，帮助我们更好地掌握和记忆单词。

缺点则是内容较为单薄，只适合用于做单词量的巩固和扩充，对于其他语言能力提升的方面并不涉及。

2. 考试真题与模拟题了解真题和模拟题是备考过程中不可或缺的一件事情。

通过做真题和模拟题，我们可以熟悉考试形式和题型，同时还可以磨练自己的应试技巧和时间管理能力。

当然，最重要的是，通过模拟题可以检验自己的语言水平，找到自己的薄弱环节，有助于我们针对性地进行复习。

同时，现在网络上也有很多考试辅导机构提供各种形式的在线模拟测试，也可以尝试使用来提升自己的应试能力。

3. 学科类英语教材考试中，学科类英语占了很大比例，因此对于有一定专业基础的学生而言，选用与自己专业相关的英语教材进行复习是一个不错的选择。

以医学专业为例，可以选用《医学英语》、《临床医学英语》等教材进行研读和背诵，既有利于我们学习学科知识，又有助于提升语言水平。

当然，这也要求我们在平时学习中多注意积累专业英语词汇和短语。

4. 听力材料和口语练习英语听力和口语也占了学位英语考试的重要部分，因此为了提升这方面的语言能力，可以准备一些听力材料和口语练习资料。

听力材料可以选择一些英语听力网站或者广播节目，也可以选用一些相关的听力教材进行学习。

同时，通过语音矫正软件进行口语练习也是一个不错的选择，可以帮助我们加强语音和语调训练，提升口语表达能力。

综上所述，备考学位英语的过程中，需要尽可能地利用各种资源，积极备考。

八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。

英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。

接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。

美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。

Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。

计算机专业英语期末复习资料考试题型：一、将中文的计算机专业术语翻译成英文（单词或词组）（20题，20分）范围：（1）第255页-第261页英文单词（2）第178页-第188页英文词组，第262页-271页部分词组重点词汇和词组（出现概率：90% :adapter ani mati on asynchronous chip deadlock en capsulati onin stall in structio n in terrupt multitask multi-thread opera ndoverflow overload ing processor pixel router remoteassembly engin eeri ng executable memory multimedia pixelresolutionstructure switch tran sact ion variable volatilesimplicity flexibilitycon fidentialityreliability recoveryprotocoltraffic cha nnel refresh in stallati on stack port dow nl oad buffer attribute menuClipboard Cluster con gesti on compatibility compiler con sole compressi on zoomdecode encode debug decryptio n en crypti on directory docume nt edit feedbackfolder format frame function hit host hypertext ico n image unin stallkeyboard logi n logo n log out n etmask on li ne offline overloadi ng packagepassword peripheral pipe platform process queue quit resp onse request serial sig nature simulate terminal thread topology update upload utility video bootmemoryremote procedure call iden tifier/locator、选择合适的英语单词填空（10题，20分）范围：(出现概率：90%database management system distributed n etwork object-orie ntedprogram ming optimal scheduli ng algorithm software life cycle symmetric key en crypti on structured query Ian guagevirtualaddress spaceasymmetric keyen crypti on 8-bit shift register arithmetic logical operati onsmultitask ingoperati ng system un authorized accesswireless com munication the real mode clock pulsesloosely coupled multiprocess ing digital sig nature tran smissi on controlprotocoluser datagram protocol universal com muni cati onserial bus quality of service inter-processredundant arrays of in expe nsive disks routi ng in formati on protocol ope nshortest path firstglobal positi oning system hyper text tran sport protocol in tegrated circuit full duplex graphical user in terface doma inn ame system power- on self-test ran dom accesssoftware developme nt kitun iform resource(1 )第41 页：A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of anytwo-state variable because it can only be “off ” or “ on” .(2 )第51 页：A volatile memory is one that loses its data when power isremoved from the circuit, while non volatile memory reta ins its data even whe n power is removed.(3 )第57 页：In put is a process that in volves the use of a device to en codeor tran sform data into digital codes that the computer can process.(4)第58 页：A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes acrossa desk surface in order to point to a place on a display scree n and to select oneor more acti ons to take from that positi on.(5 )第59 页：Resolutio n refers to the nu mber of in dividual dots of color, known as pixel contained on a display.(6)第60页：A scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a from the computer can use.(7)第72 页：A data structure is a specialized format for organizing andstori ng data.(8)第85 页：The computer memory locations are called variables becausethey hold values that might vary.(9)第86 页：An executable program is a sequenee of extremely simplein struct ions known as machi ne code.(10)第86 页：Each mach ine Ianguage in structi on has an equivale nt comma nd in assembly Ian guage.(11)第87 页：A complier is a program that translates source code into object code.(12)第87 页：An in terpreter tran slates high-level in structi ons in to anin termediate form, which it the n executes.（13）第92 页：Software engineering is the application of tools, methods,and disciplines to produce and maintain an automated solution to a real-worldproblem.（14）第149 页：Multimedia is any comb in ati on of text, graphic art, sound, ani mati on, and video delivered to you by computer or other electro nic means.（15）第164 页：A transaction is a collect ion of operati ons that performsa sin gle logical function in a database applicati on.三、判断题（10题，20分）范围：（出现概率：96%（1 ）第52 页：One kilobyte（KB） equals 1024 bytes.（2 ）第52 页：If a cell con sist of k bits, it can hold anyone of 2k differe nt bit comb in ati ons.（3 ）第62 页：Keyboard, mouse and mon itor/sca nner are all in put devices. （False）（4 ）第76 页：The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-i n/first-out rule. （queue -> stack）（5）第83 页：Most operating systems have a standard set of controlin struct ions to han dle the process ing of all in put and output in struct ions.（6）第89 页：” ADDAX,BX” is a instruction of machine Ianguage. （false, high-level la nguages, assembly Ian guage）（7）第111 页：A gateway could be used to connect the different networks.（8）第115、116、119 页：IP and IPX are examples of network-layer protocols. TCPand SPXare transport layer protocols. TCP and SPXare session layer protocols. （false）（9）第157、161 页：A 256-color graphic requires eight bits for each pixel. For a 16-color graphic, each pixel can have one of 16 colors.（10 ）第175 页：Some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files,destro ying data and crash ing systems.四、排序题（1题，6分）理解第47 页的"The CPUexecutes each instruction in a series of small steps: ................. Go to step 1 to begi n executi ng the follow ing in struct ion. This seque nee of stepsis frequently referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. ”, 将1-7 排序好（可参考《计算机组成原理》第五章内容理解）（出现概率：100%五、阅读题（2篇，24分）第66 页的“ Time-Shared Bus ”（出现概率：100%另一篇参考第46页六、翻译题（2题，10分）第43页的阅读材料“ Digital Computer System ”的第一段（出现概率：90%第97 页的阅读材料“ The Software Life Cycle ”第二段的“ in which development proceeds linearly through the phases of ................. and maintenance. ”，并参考第92 页-94 页的内容（出现概率：90%。

1. What is lexicology?Lexico-(语素, meaning ‘word’) Lexicon(词典,字典)Lexical（(词的,词汇的) Lexicography（(词典编纂) Sociology (社会学) Psychology (心理学)Lexicology is the study of the structure, usage, origins and meanings of words.English lexicology studies English words in different aspects and from different angles.Without grammar we can express little; Without words we can express nothing.2.Define “word”A minimal free form of a language; A sound unity; A unit of meaning; A form that can function alone in a sentence.3. Origin of English WordsNative words 本族词Borrowed words / loan words 外来词Latin ，Scandinavian ，French ，Greek ，Spanish, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Persian, Japanese, Indonesian, RussianNative words: Anglo-Saxon wordsBody parts—hand, foot, arm, eye, boneNature—land, field, earth, hill, sun, moonTime—month, year, dayAnimals and plants—horse, sheep, dog, lamb, oak, elm, beechAdjectives—black, high, wide, long, smallVerbs—drive, ride, shine, choose, fly, seeAuxiliaries—shall, may, will, do, beBorrowed words P.9The boy kept interrupting the government man.Native words on P.5What features do these words have?Form the basic stock of English language most frequently used，Denote the commonest things necessary for life，Acquired earliest by children，Denote the most basic things in language Borrowingcake, knife, crop, ill, husband, Danishcoolie, litchi, dim sum, typhoon, kaolin, loquat, bureau, honor, literature, court French sauna Finnishhamburger, blitz, zinc Germanmacaroni, sonata, spaghetti Italiansultan, roc, harem, sheik, yashmak Arabicczar, commissar, intelligentsia Russiangeometry, gymnastics, tragedy, myth Greekgenius, memorandum, formula Latinkimono, judo, JapaneseReview questions(1)._____ studies the structure, meanings, origins and usage of words.A. Word formationB. LexicologyC. Morphology(2).There is a logical connection between the sound and meaning of words. This is a ____ view.A. naturalistB. conventionalistC. objective(3).____ is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. affixB. phraseC. word4. Morphemeneone morpheme nationtwo morphemes nation+althree morphemes inter+nation+alfour morphemes inter+nation+al+ist5.Word formation: affixation 词缀法Affix词缀(a form that is attached to a morpheme to modify meaning or function)prefix前缀,suffix后缀)root词根(the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.)6. Word and VocabularyThe general estimate of English vocabulary is over one million words.John has a good knowledge of Middle English vocabulary.The vocabulary of Black English proved too difficult for me.The five-year-old child has acquired a vocabulary of over 2000 words.This article gives a good introduction of specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics.V ocabularyThe total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular period.All the words of a given dialect.All the words possessed by a person.All the words of a given discipline.Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic V ocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇（The common core of the language.）Rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, summer, wind, hill;Head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, sonApple, tree, horse, cow, cat, dog, sheepCome, go, eat, beat, carry, old, youngOne, ten, hundred, I, you, who, but, as, tillCharacteristics of Basic Word StockAll national character 全民性，Stability 稳定性，Productivity 能产性，Polysemy 多义性Do these belong to basic word stock?（1）Do you know what subject matter jurisdiction is?（subject matter jurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权）（2）Due to Habeas Corpus, you and Miss Fontana had a common law marriage, which entitles her to what is legally referred to as equitable division of the assets.（Due to Habeas Corpus 人身保护法, common law marriage习惯法婚姻, 同居婚姻, equitable division of the assets 资产平均分配）（3）Due to the fact that you retained the residence, Miss Fontana is entitled to full canine property ownership. We’ll enforce that ownership right now.Nonbasic V ocabulary 非基本词汇Photoscanning, indigestion, algebraTerminology 术语（technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas）Hypo, buster, bargaining chipsJargon 行话(specialized words used by members of particular arts sciences, trades and professions among themselves)Dough (money), pot (drug) slang 俚语(sub-standard words)Can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pickpocket) argot黑话(jargon of criminals)Review questions(1) The word ‘limitless’contains two _____.A. affixesB. rootsC. morphemes(2) Which of the following is not true?A. A word is the smallest form of languageB. A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.(3) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A. soundsB. meaningC. formD. function(4) A word is a _____ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbolB. systemC. structureD. pattern(5) How many morphemes does this word have? What kind of morpheme?•misleadingly7. Affixation 词缀法Prefixation 前缀法Negative prefixes表示否定意义的前缀Prefixes of degree or size (extra,hyper,mini,) 表示程度、大小等意义的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀(pro, anti)Locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀(intra,inter,tele, sub)Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序意义的前缀(ex, fore, post, pre)Number prefixes表示数字的前缀(mono,bi,tri,penta,)Miscillaneous prefixes其他意义的前缀(eco,auto,neo)Class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀（a, en, un, de)Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of roots.Review questions(1) Turn the following into verbs with -en,-ify, -ize(Horror, modern, Memory, apology, False, sterile, Length, intense, Beauty, fat Sympathy, memory)He ____ for interrupting her.She tried to ____ her room with posters and plants.A study has been ordered into the feasibility of _____ the airport’s main runway by 200m. However much they _____ with her, they all felt it was her fault.Soya is excellent food to ___ cattle.Over $40000 had been spent on _____ the station._____ the bottles by immersing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.If you are employed by a company, you’re one of its _____.A politician is someone whose job is politics.The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.A woman who works as a ______ does the same job as a waiter.A ____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.If someone examines you, you are the ____ and he/she is the _____.8.Conversion 转类法# Noun attribute•Economy measure 节约措施economic measure 经济措施•Bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师bankrupt businessman破了产的商人•Riot police 防暴警察riotous police 闹事的警察•Danger zone 危险区•Depth charge 深水炸弹• A department decision 部门作出的决定•Impulse buying 凭一时的冲动买东西Bankruptcy lawyer# Noun to verb, verb to nounThe newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This film is a remake.# Adjective to noun–Partial conversionThese books are intended for the deaf and mute.It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true–Complete conversionMany classics are now available in bookstores.The police are netting 25 illegals a day in ChicagoThey needed to get there within three days. No ifs and buts were accepted. So Tom got the plans and helicoptered to the host city, while David got visaed up in Berlin and went there by Air France. At the airport shop, he was attracted by some celebrity ashtrays and bought one of them .We can’t stomach such a insult.Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.He wolfed down his lunch.I’m one of his familiars.Poor innocents!The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.He Hamleted the chance and then regretted for it.These shoes were an excellent buy.They lifted the rifles and hit him in the small of the back.9.Word Formation: Composition/Compounding• A process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.Cruise missile 巡航导弹Laserbomb 激光炸弹Fox-bat 狐蝠式战斗机(米格-25)Well-balanced 平衡了的Dog-eat-dog 狗咬狗的Cross-question 盘问Compound nounPoorhouse identity crisis Rainbow fox-bat pickpocket Inpatient Compound adjectiveBittersweet lifelong feelgood inbornOne-man (concert) Around-the-moon (flight)Be-kind-to-animal (campaign) The-end-justifies-the-means (philosophy)One-family-one-child family planning (policy)No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street (situation)Compound verbbreast-feed sleepwalk Undertake whitewash Badmouth10. The development of the English VocabularyHistorical Review of English V ocabularyFirst language used in Britain: CelticThe Roman Legions(古罗马军团): Latin（55-54BC）Germanic tribes: Anglo-Saxon (450)Three periods of the English LanguageOld English (450AD—1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England.•Anglo-Saxon—the Germanic tribes•Latin –introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century.•Scandinavian –Norwegian and Danish vikings•5000-6000 words; highly inflectedMiddle English (1150—1500) during the Norman Conquest.•French influenceNorman Conquest 1066•9000 French words continually flowed into English•Dutch words entered English with the trade relation.•English regained position of importance–Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫)–Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰)–English gradually came back to schoolsModern English (1450—)•Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•The Renaissance 文艺复兴—a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics•1500-1700–over 10,000 new words entered English.•The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization–absorb words from all major languages in the worldLate Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语•World wars•Advances in science and technology•Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation•New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media•From synthetic language to analytic languageGrowth of Present-day English V ocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展Reasons for new words: 为什么需要新词To express new things and new changesTo arouse public attention and interestMain sources of new words: 新词所属领域Science and technologyEconomic and political changesInfluence of other cultures and languagesNew WordsNew Words and Changing American Culture 1990, Gozzi:•45% science and technology terms;•24% terms related to life-style•11% social and economic termsModes of V ocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式Creation 创词–formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic changes 旧词新义– an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Borrowing借词—absorbing words from foreign languagesReviving archaic or obsolete words古词和废弃词复活11. Word formation•Encourage Affixation词缀法Derivation派生法•Moonlight Compounding 复合法•to Pocket the money Conversion 转类法•Motel Blending拼缀法•Memo (memorandum) Clipping 截短法•UNESCO Acronymy 首字母拼写法•Babysit (from babysitter) Backformation逆构法•Sandwich Proper noun专有名词Which of the following is a compound?A.PreschoolB. school masterC. At schoolD. schoolingBlending 拼缀法Brunch—breakfast+lunch Motel—motor+hotelBotel—boat+hotel Smog—smoke+fogFour structural types of BlendingBrunch—breakfast+lunch Carbecue—car+barbecueMedicare—medical +care Sitcom –situational+comedyThree stylistic types of Blending•Slang or make-shift wordsinfanticipating--infant+anticipating•Words for science and technologybiorhythm—biological+rhythmlidar—light and radar 激光雷达•Words used in mass mediadawk—dove and hawk 中间立场的Back Formation 逆构法edit—editor caretake—caretaker Peeve—peevish Frivol—frivolous Automate—automation Destruct—destruction Sidle—sidlingClipping 截短法Phone—telephone Zoo—zoological garden Copter--helicopterFridge—refrigerator Flu—influenza Curtsy—courtesyInitialism 首字母连接词VOA WTO YZU CCTVAcronym 首字母拼音词NASA AIDS Radar UESCO Laser12. Motivation 词的理据1.Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据2.Semantic motivation 语义理据（figurative sense）3.Morphological motivation 形态理据4.Etymological motivation 词源理据Primary onomatopoeia 基本拟声P.60•The imitation of sound by sound.•Here the sound is truly “an echo to the sense”.e.g.Here it comes sparkling,And there it lies darkling…Spouting and frisking,…Secondary Onomatopoeia•Certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.e.g.sn/--breath noise; quick separation or movement; creeping:sniff, snuff, snore, snort, snip, snap, snatch, snake, snail, sneak, snoop (窥探) Duplicated words or phrases• A tall clock tick-tocked on the stair.•He gave the deck a thorough riffle-shuffle and then dealt the cards. 他把牌彻底洗过一遍,然后发牌. Metaphor•They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives•US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa.•The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.Synecdoche 提喻Sail—ship Hand—man The smiling year—spring A Solomon—a wise man Metonymy 借代• A watched bottle never boils.•He never let his heart rule his head.Analogy 类比•talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目)•telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目)Color analogy 色彩类比His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的节目名单)grey list—非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物grey-collar workers—服务性行业的职工Number analogy数字类比The Fourth World (最贫国集团)The First FamilyThe three R’s (reading, writing arithmetic)Space analogy 地点空间类比•Moonscape—landscape•Marrain(火星上地形)—terrain•Earthrise—sunrise•Spacefaring(航天飞行)--seafaring反义类比•Daylighting –白天兼职,晚上主要工作•Low-rise—低层建筑•Cold line—冷线Analogy 近似类比•Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距)Generation gap, development gap，Production gap, credibility gap•Watergate13.The Change of Word MeaningAlbatross 信天翁---cause of worries, misfortuneFor it is my special albatross to be related to the guy…. (p.88)Harvest---getting in the crops，crops that you get inBenchEvery time we go there, he is sitting on a park bench.（A piece of furniture for you to sit on）Here is the list of the full bench of the supreme court. （judges）He was brought before the bench. （court）Mary served on the bench and in Congress.Tom got a bench in the Parliament. (seat)This is a team with the best bench. (substitutes)They conducted the bench test successfully.（table）Central signification : furnitureSecondary meaning: judge, seat, substitute ,tableShe took her cat to the bench show. 动物展览评比会Tom’s father worked as a bench scientist for many years. 在实验室工作的科学家I am tired of being a bench warmer, nor do I want to be a bench jockey. 替补队员；在替补队员席上起哄的棒球队员（为干扰对方运动员或裁判员）Treacle1. Pertaining to wild beast.(与野兽有关的。