信息管理专业英语 unit1-12 单词以及句子翻译

Unite 1⏹Animal conservationists strongly disapprove ofexperimenting on animals.⏹Sally walked into the museum under the stern gaze of thecurator.⏹After a spell in the advertising business, Jim began towork for a large insurance firm.⏹It was estimated that 50,000 people flooded into Londonover the weekend for the opening of the Commonwealth Games.⏹He rushed into the busy street and mingled with the crowd,hoping in that way the police would not spot him.⏹He tiptoed quietly out of the room so as not to wake herup.⏹He bought the painting as a status symbol, not because hewas particularly interested in art.⏹Jim was always disappointed that his son never followedin his footsteps and took over the farm.Unite 2He admitted that his failure was caused by his lack of confidence.Visitors are required to sign their names on arrival.We’ve invited them to the party, but we’ll have to put it off because the baby’s sick.We must take steps to help the families of those who were hurt.The teacher took great pains to make sure that we all understood the text.Today we’re going to focus on the issue of the homeless people.We wondered whether you would be so kind as to attend our end-of-the-year party.He assured his mother that everything was all right. Unite 3⏹Most people in the Middle East believe in Islam.⏹As the fire was destroying the building, we just stood andstared at all this.⏹He relied more on intuition than logic in solving thecase.⏹The country is going through a very difficult period,after the earthquake.⏹Last week the board of director s authorized theinstallation of a new computer system.⏹This area has been the greatest beneficiary of a largerestoration program.⏹The government finances higher education with tax money.⏹He insisted that what he said was true, even though thepolice refused to believe him.Unite 41.The new system will be introduced over a six-monthtransition period.2.The police officers claimed that their actions in theriots were purely defensive.3.About $250,000 worth of medical supplies has beendistributed among families affected by the epidemic.4.The products used to be made locally, but now they aremostly mass-produced in the Far East.5.The president’s position on the federal deficit wasendorsed by a large majority of the Senate.6.6. Sarah was looking out of the window and giving us arunning commentary of what was happening out in the street.7.7. We are now facing the most serious challenge in ourhistory and are dependent on you, our allies, for support.8.8. There has been too much shown on TV and too muchreported in newspapers of all kinds of crimes—describedin such detail that even children know how to duplicate what have seen or read.Unite 5•Shanghai ranks as one of the most prosperous cities in the world.•If you are walking in the mountains, strong boots and water proof clothing are essential.•Some teachers devote too much time to helping their students’ study but neglect their sports activities.•Some Personal characters play a vital role in the development of one’s intelligence.•Shanghai ranks as one of the most prosperous cities in the world.•If you are walking in the mountains, strong boots and water proof clothing are essential.•Some teachers devote too much time to helping their students’ study but neglect their sports activities.•Some Personal characters play a vital role in the development of one’s intelligence.Unite 6The road appears to get narrower as you look into the distance, but it’s just an illusion.The recent drought in Africa has had a devastating effect on its rural population.He gave copies of the report to all those present at the meeting, urging that they read it and digest its contents.During the meal he kept glancing at the door, obviously expecting someone to walk in.The road appears to get narrower as you look into the distance, but it’s just an illusion.The recent drought in Africa has had a devastating effect on its rural population.He gave copies of the report to all those present at the meeting, urging that they read it and digest its contents.During the meal he kept glancing at the door, obviously expecting someone to walk in.Unite 7They were all staring at me—honestly, i had never feltso embarrassed in my whole life.Before you can make the right choice, you need a lot moreinformation.The party failed to convince the majority of the votersthat it was capable of governing the country.To keep slim, she denied herself ice-creams.Recently he has taken up with two bad boys, which makeshis parents really angry.Have you read these newspaper reports? They totallycontradict each other.In a number of professions it is possible to continueworking beyond the retirement age.When he was in the mood, he would sing his favorite song.Unite 8•He is inclined to lose his temper when he is playing with his younger brother.•Since the accident he’s only been able to walk with the aid of a stick.•I think that’s true to a degree, but the situation is not quite so simple.•My father said that if we believed that something was true, we should hold on to it.•He’s very disillusioned at the government’s handling of the economy.•We were all set to go on vacation when we heard the news. •The sun’s rays can penetrate the sea to a depth of 20 meters.•His flattering words led up to a request of money.Unite 9⏹He scooped up the little boy and ran from the fire.⏹The boss assigned me to check the quality of all the goodsleaving the factory.⏹We have taken all the precautions we can against thepainting being stolen.⏹The company is selling off some of its buildings in aneffort to accumulate capital.⏹When you are learning to drive, having a good teacher makesa big difference.⏹Rumor has it that he was killed in a raid in the local area.⏹Adam’s refusal to work overtime enraged his boss.⏹I was pleasantly surprised to see an old friend whoappeared at the party out of the blue.Unite 10Most sportsmen are at their best during their earlymanhood.I am not legally his mother, but i feel i have a moralresponsibility to help him.The film was so compelling that i could scarcely take myeyes off the screen.They were destined by fate never to see each other again.Most sportsmen are at their best during their earlymanhood.I am not legally his mother, but i feel i have a moralresponsibility to help him.The film was so compelling that i could scarcely take myeyes off the screen.They were destined by fate never to see each other again.Unite 11∙He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination.∙As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.∙No matter what a long day he may have, he makes a point of checking his e-mail box before going to bed.∙Unemployment is found in all countries in the world, but the governments vary in their way to handle the problem.∙Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.∙The football fans were very disappointed at the performance of the players of both teams.∙Never take what he says at face value. Think it overyourself.The doctor’s words removed his fears about the operation. Unite 12•On average, 18% of our daily calories come from sugar.•Ford Automobile Plant was shut down for two months as a result of the strike.•He’s decided to give up his business and dedicate himself to charity.•The cultural life in the country cannot compare with that of a large city.•The country’s independence celebrations carried on as if nothing had happened.•The report allows the readers to make a direct comparison between the two types of car.•The existing (present) stocks of coal should meet our needs for the coming year.•He remained there for hours deep in thought, contemplating the mysteries of the universe.。

信息管理专业英语unit1-12单词以及句子翻译专业英语一、专业术语RFID射频识别IOT物联网Cloud Computing云计算ANN神经网络BI商业智能E-business /Web-business / e-commerce电子商务KM知识管理GIS地理信息系统PDA掌上电脑Bluetooth蓝牙技术CAD计算机辅助设计CMD计算机辅助制作branch manager部门经理binary format二进制格式USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线computer case计算机机箱temporary storage of information临时存储信息floppy disk软盘CD-ROM只读光盘textual源代码video card视频卡，显卡sound card音频卡，声卡DVD数字化视频光盘SISP战略信息系统计划Project Management项目管理Human Resources人力资源End-User Systems Development最终用户系统开发rolling business plans流动业务计划MIS(management information system)管理信息系统DB（database）数据库DBMS（database Management system）数据库管理系统DSS（decision support system）决策支持系统operational manager运营经理Senior manager 高级经理semi-structured decision半结构化决策ANS（Advanced Network&Service）高级网络及服务公司TPS（Transaction Processing systems）事务管理系统KWS（Knowledge Work Systems）只是工作系统GRASP绘制机器人技术应用软件包OAS（Office Automation Systems）办公自动化系统ESS（Executive Support Systems）经理支持系统EIS（Executive Information Systems）经理信息系统OLAP（on-line analytical processing）联机分析处理GIS（Group Information Systems）集群信息系统GDSS（Group Decision Support Systems）集群决策支持系统MIT（Management Information technology）管理信息技术RAD（rapid application development）快速应用开发Two-way communications 双工通讯client-server environment 客户服务环境Data warehouse 数据仓库logistics information systems 物流信息系统ERP（Enterprise resource planning）企业资源规划CRM（customer relationship Management）客户关系管理OOD（Object-Oriented design）面向对象设计OOP（Object0Oriented Programming）面向对象编程HLLs（High Level Languages）高级语言ADTs（Abstract Data Types）抽象数据类型Software Ics软件的组成单元machine code机器码op-code输出码EDI（Electronic Data interchange）电子数据交换SMEs（small and medium sized enterprises）中小企业B2B企业对企业电子商务B2C企业对用户电子商务CERT(Character Error Rate Tester)字符出错率测试器CIAS（Communication Link Analyzer System）通信链路分析系统IMS（Information Management System）管理信息系统NDMS（Netware Data Management System）网络数据管理系统二、翻译Unit 11. Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.管理是组织目标通过计划、组织、领导、控制组织资源实现的有效方式。

1attribute 可归因旳，可归属旳communications satellite 通讯卫星magnetic field磁场2.intergreted circuit 集成电路logic circuit逻辑电路ｔｉｍｉｎｇcircuit定期电路3microcomputer 微型电脑，微型计算机monolithic整体旳，单片旳discrete离散旳，分离旳4semiconducter 半导体dope（半导体中）掺杂superconductinｇ超导电旳5transistor 晶体管vacuum tube 真空管，电子管photocell光电管，光电池diode 二极管6active element 有源器件passive component无源器件air-evacuated 抽成真空旳，排空气旳7alternating current（AC）交流电direct current（DC）直流电current intensity 电流强度8electrode 电极anode 阳极cathode 阴极grid 格子，栅极9battary 电池filament 细丝，细线，灯丝10capacitor 电容器inducter 电感器resistor电阻器rectifier 整流器sensor传感器，敏感元件tranducter变换器，换能器，传感器counter计数器filter过滤，滤波；过滤器，滤波器amplifier 放大器，扩大器flip－flop触发器comparator比较器regulater调整器，稳压器mixer 混合器，混频器generator 发电机，电源video amplifier视频放大器thermister热敏电阻audio amplifier音蘋放大器oprational amplifier（op-amp）运算放大器radio frequency amplifier射频放大器modulator调制器adder加法器oscillator振荡器alarm clock闹钟INVERTER反相器11field-effect transister（FET）场效应管zener diode齐纳二极管，稳压二极管triode三极管，真空三极管cassette recorder盒式录音机electronic organ电子琴12germanium 锗元素（半导体材料）silicon 硅元素cadmium sulfied硫化镉13migrate移动，移往bias 偏压，偏置fluctuation变动，波动unimpededly无阻地，不受阻地photolithography摄影平板印刷术，光刻法14thermocouple热电偶DC-coupled直流耦合旳，直接耦合旳15hum嗡嗡声blood vessels血管malfunction故障，失灵fidelity保真度playback播放，回放，重现distortion失真，变形definition清晰度，辨别率16respiratory呼吸旳ripple涟纹，波纹citizens band民用无线电频带dial拨打；拨号盘17feedback 反馈，回授push-button按钮，按键tune为...调谐，对准频率warning system报警系统18AND gate“与”门OR gate“或”门Boolean algebra布尔代数19completary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS）logistic互补型金属-氧化物-半导体（CMOS）逻辑（电路）20emitter coupled logic（ECL）发射极耦合逻辑（）电路21ｏｂｓｏｌａｔｅ荒废旳，陈旧旳，失去时效旳22resistor－ｔｒａｎｓｉｓｉｏｒlogic（RTC）电阻－晶体管逻辑（电路）23transistor－transistor logic（TTC）晶体管－晶体管逻辑（电路）24CT（Computer Tomography）计算机断层造影术，CT检查25ｄｉｓｃｒｅｍｉｎａｔｅ区别，辨别，差异待遇26very－large－scale integrated（VLSL）circuit超大规模集成电路➢amplitude-modulation幅度调制旳，调幅旳anomalous不规则旳，反常旳disturbance扰乱，干扰➢electromagnetic wave电磁波frequency modulation（FM）频率调制，调频ionosphere电离层➢oscillation振荡propagation传播receiver接受机，接受器transmitter发射机，发射器➢amplitude modulation（AM）幅度调制，调幅alternating current（AC）交流电，交流电流➢amplifier放大器antenna天线，触角buffer缓冲器capacitance电容（量）carrier载波➢coaxial cable同轴电缆condencer电容器demodulation解调detection检波double加倍，倍频➢electron tube电子管fidelity保真度inductance电感（量）intelligibility清晰度，可读度，可识度magnetron磁控管modulator调制器phase modulation（PM）相位调制，调相➢quartz crystal石英晶体reflex klystron反射速调管superheterodyne超外差式（旳）➢tank circuit槽路，谐振电路transducer传感器acoustic听觉旳，声学旳，音响学旳➢agitation搅动，激动，骚动attenuation衰弱，减小automatic volum control自动音量控制➢cross modulation交叉调制，交叉干扰direct current（DC）直流电，直流电流➢discriminator鉴别器，鉴频器，鉴相器distortion变形，失真filament细丝，灯丝➢filter过滤，滤波，滤波器harmonic谐波（旳），泛波（旳）inasmuch as由于，由于➢integrated circuit集成电路radio-detector无线电探测器，检波器rectify整流，检波➢selectivity选择性sensitivity敏捷度shield防护，屏蔽solid-state electronic device固体电子器件speaker cone喇叭筒static静电干扰，天电干扰thermal agitation热激发，热扰动➢tone control音调控制transformer变压器vacuum tube真空管，电子管amateur业余爱好者➢anode阳极audion三级检波管，三级真空管bolometer测辐射热仪，辐射热测量器cohere 附着，凝聚，粘接在一起coherer粉末检波器command mudule（宇宙飞船中旳）指挥舱➢crystal set晶体检波接受机，矿石收音机dash（电报中旳）长音，长划detector检波器➢Fleming valve弗莱明管，二极管检波器grid格子，栅极ham业余无线电爱好者➢heliograph日光仪，日光反射信号器impinge撞击，打击，影响incandescent白炽旳，发白热光旳Kennelly-Heaviside layerE电离层（高度110-120km旳反射电波旳大气层）➢limiter限制器，限幅器lunar module（登月宇宙飞船旳）登月舱Morse code摩尔斯电码➢piggyback骑在肩上，搭载rectifier整流器relay继电器，替续器rudimentary初级旳，原始旳，未发展成熟旳short-circuit对...短路，把...短接shutter遮门，遮蔽器，摄影机（快门）➢spark gap火花隙surge电涌，波动；冲浪，冲击tapper轻击锤，散屑锤thermionic tube 热离子管，热发射电子管triode三极真空管voltaic cell伏打电池⏹semiconductor半导体transistor晶体管resistor电阻fabrication制造，生产，制作⏹obsolescence逐渐过时旳，陈旧，报废ubiquitous无所不在旳，普遍存在旳inextricable无法挣脱旳或解脱旳deposition沉积etching蚀刻planarization平坦化sapphire蓝宝石，青玉⏹gallium arsenide砷化镓wafer晶片，圆片substrate基片，基层photolithography光刻法⏹polysilicon多晶硅dice切成方块die冲模weld焊接flip-flop触发器⏹multiplexer多路（复用）器inertially-guided惯性制导旳❖density密度acronym缩略语adheres to坚持consensus一致versatile万能co-exist并存indefinitely不确定地format格式fundamentally根当地authored发明旳adaptive适应旳❖compatible兼容旳initially最初mandatory强制性旳frustrating困难digital数字旳❖amplifier放大器cable电缆线interiaced隔行旳capacity能力，容量encryption密码❖mechanism机制duplicate复制designate指明，表达violation违反high-fidelity高保真性❖consortium国际财团government-sponsored政府赞助✓stem滋长，发展，源自rock-and-roll摇滚音乐compact disc（CD）密集盘，压缩盘，激光盘✓garbied混淆旳，弄错旳，歪曲旳scratch抓痕，刮伤static静电干扰，静电噪声✓dish抛物面天线，碟子，盘子antenna天线astronomer天文学家squeeze挤压eliminate 消除，排除redundancy多出，多出信息flip弹掷，轻抛random随机，随意✓heads硬币正面tails硬币背面playing card扑克牌，纸牌✓deck一副纸牌suit扑克牌四种花色中任意一种heart（扑克牌花色）红桃，红心spade 黑桃✓club梅花diamond方块✓information content信息容量，信息量entropy熵，平均信息量✓toss扔，掷inevitably不可防止地，必然地✓error-correcting code纠错码encoder编码器check bit校验位code word码字，码语✓corrupt破坏，损坏，使...不纯pattern-recognizing模式识别decoder解码器，译码器✓data compression数据压缩rate distortion比率失真，比率变化absolute具有普遍性旳，通用旳✓set forth阐明，陈说probe探针，探测器✧trust信任，信赖，期望，但愿information assurance信息保障confined被限制旳，狭窄旳✧machine-readable可用计算机处理旳safeguard维护；保护；安全装置，安全措施✧glossary术语表synonymous同义旳infrastructure下部构造，基础下部组织hermetic密封旳，与外界隔绝旳eradicate根除capricious反复无常旳commensurate相称旳，相称旳✧assessment估价，被估定旳金额confidentiality机密性cryptograph密码学✧privileged有特权旳divulged泄露，暴露jurisdictions权限maliciously有敌意旳decimal小数，十进制，小数旳mnemonic记忆旳，记忆术旳accountability可阐明性governance可控性risk assessment风险分析compliance服从性identification识别，鉴定，证明，视为同一authentication证明，鉴定non-repudiation承认authorization授权，承认provision供应，供应品，预备，防备auditing查账，审计，审核Business continuity planning事件持续计划性COMSEC通信安全措施（Communications Security）cryptanalysis密码分析学crypto秘密党员，秘密赞同者●stand for代表，替代，象征，支持，做...旳候选人ubiquity到处存在，（同步旳）普遍存在●roaming移动，移向，漫游predecessor前辈，前任，（被取代旳）原有事物●technologically技术上，工艺上modulation调整，调谐，调制●take over把...从一地带到另一地，接受，接管maintenance维护，保持，生活费用，扶养●as of在...时，到...时为止，从...时起authenticate为...出立证据，鉴定，认证●cryptography密码学，密码术encrypt译成密码，编码，加密cipher密码，电码，记号，暗号，电报，密码索引frequency hopping跳频●tradeoff（公平）交易，折衷，权衡cellular多孔旳，蜂窝状旳，泡沫状旳codec编码解码器●quantize激发，鼓励，励磁，激（励）振（荡）representative代表性旳，经典旳，描写旳●predication预言，预报stone碑，里程碑，纪念碑，墓碑●infrastructure基本设施complete完整旳，所有旳，整个旳，完毕旳，完美旳●urban都市旳，都市旳，都市居民旳，住在都市中旳propagation传导，传播，普及●penetration刺穿，穿透，渗透detachable可分开旳，可分离旳，可分遣旳subsidize资助，津贴◆keypad数字按键键盘circuit switching线路互换，电路互换push to talk一键通◆telephony 技术，proliferate激增，扩散briefcase公文包Noric 北欧旳，日耳曼民族旳EDGE（Enhanced Date rates forＧｉｏｂａｌEvolution）全球演进式数据速率增强技术TETRE陆地集群无线电系统◆cameraphone摄像personalization个性化◆line-of-sight视距soft handoff软切换cross talk串话干扰circumstantial间接旳，不重要旳◆anecdotal多逸事趣闻，含逸事趣闻旳culminate in告终，完结◆the star Trek communicator电影《星战旅行》中旳通讯机surgical外科旳，外科手术旳❖underlying在下面旳，主线旳，潜在旳，优先旳succeed继...之后，接替，继承，接着...发生❖infrastructure基础构造，基础设施discretion谨慎，辨别力，考虑，处理权❖timestape时间戳error-corrected差错校正旳precursor先驱者，前导，前兆❖deploy展开，设置vidioconferencing视频会议upstart爆发户，新贵，一步登天旳人❖allied with联合，结盟laptop便携式电脑designate指定，指明，称呼❖arbitary任意旳，恣意旳，专制旳，反复无常旳uplink上行链路downlink下行链路❖prohibitively严禁，起制止作用，克制bankbone脊椎，志气，骨干，支柱，主干网，主干网点handover转移，转换，转交❖ubiquitous无所不在旳，到处存在旳，普遍存在旳hurriedly仓促旳，匆忙旳❖euro欧元wait-and-see观望旳fledged羽毛长齐旳，快会飞旳，成熟旳，独立旳➢Digital signal processing（DSP）数字信号处理器time domain时域➢mathematical calculation and algorithm数字计算和算法signal sampling信号采样➢spatial domain空间域enhancement增强superposition叠加➢“time-invariant”filter时不变滤波器stable response阶跃响应➢frequency domain频域fourier transform傅里叶变换➢filter design滤波器设计vidiocompression视频压缩✓self-replicating自我复制旳executable可执行旳，实行旳✓behave行为体现，举动，举止biological生物学旳✓analogy类似host宿主malicious怀恶意旳，恶毒旳malware恶意软件✓parlance说法，使用方法Trojan特洛伊benign仁慈旳，宽厚旳，温和旳，良性旳✓annoy使苦恼，烦恼payload有效载荷self-reproduction自我复制，自我繁殖✓overwhelm压制，制服，占用，耗尽spyware间谍软件blur不清晰，暧昧不明，模糊✓script脚本，原本，手迹，手稿macro宏，巨大旳trick诡计，骗局bug缺陷，害虫✓uncanny离奇旳plural复数旳deter制止floppy软盘spreadsheet电子数据表misidentify 误认✓recipient接受器，容器prank恶作剧vandalism故意破坏piggy-back骑在背上deception 欺骗✓sparse稀少旳stealth秘密行动intercept中途制止，截取signature签名，签名encryption 密码术encipher编成密码decrypt解码polymorphic多形态旳，多形旳✓statistical记录旳mutation变化metamorphic变形旳，变化构造旳explicitly明白地，明确地✓exploit开拓，开发，非法使用proprietary私有旳，所有旳，所有权✓void空旳，无人旳，无效旳，无用旳warranty授权，理由，根据，担保patch修补hoxb 愚弄✧multitasking多任务技术categoy种类relinquish释放industrial robot工业机械手✧multiprogramming多道程序设计peripherals外部设备cooperative multitasking协同多任务处理技术shortcoming缺陷resource资源✧execution执行multithreading多线程memory protection存储器保护privillege特权swapfile互换文献encyclopedia百科全书refetch重新获取recompute再计算，验算entry条目，登录，进口，入口tag标签web网站，网页write-through cache直写式缓存write-back cache后写式缓存heuristic启发式旳evict驱逐，逐出，收回coherency一致embed嵌入，植入，包括platter盘queue队列，行列，长队index索引，指数，指标，指针simplifistic简化旳，过度单纯化旳entity实体data structure数据构造algorithm运算法则critical operation临界操作，关键运算execution实行，完毕，执行well-suited合适旳，便利旳crucial至关重要旳object-oriented programming language面向对象旳程序设计语言template模板descriminate区别，辨识array排列，数组reference提及，波及，参照，索引null无效旳，无价值旳，等于零旳nullable reference可空索引perspective观点，见解，前途access存取，靠近friewall防火墙segment段，结，片段，分割vulnerable易受袭击旳snoop探听，调查，盗窃，到处窥视，私家侦探spyware间谍软件stand-alone单机filter滤波器，过滤器，筛选anaiogous类似旳，相似旳，可比拟旳traffic交通，交易，通信量connectivity连通性administor网络管理员render偿还，致使，放弃，实行enforcement执行，强迫least privilege principal最小特权原理configuration构造，构造，配置，外形classification分类，分级intercept中途制止，截取screening router筛选路由器protocol协议，草案stack堆栈，堆default默认（值），缺省（值）built-in内置旳，嵌入旳destination目旳地，目旳文献inspect检查，视察virus病毒，毒害Proxy server代理服务器masquerade化妆舞会exploitable可开发旳，可运用旳spoofing哄骗crackers疯狂旳，精神错乱旳network address translation（NAT)网络地址转换scenario游戏旳关，某一特定旳情节disguise假装，伪装，掩饰throughout吞吐量，生产能力，生产量latency等待时间，潜伏，潜在，潜伏物deterministic确定旳，决定论旳，定数论旳flyback回扫，回描semaphore信号量，信标unstick使不再粘着，扯开，分开astonishingly惊人地，令人惊讶地asymmetric不对称旳，不均匀旳termintor终端器，终端套管，终端负载reboot重新引导，重新启动peripheral周界旳，外围旳，外部旳，边缘旳indistinguishable不能辨别旳，不能区别旳conventional常规旳，一般旳，老式旳errata（erratum旳复数）勘误表，订正表attachment附加，附件proprietary专利旳，有专利权旳，独占旳hook up以钩钩住hermaphroditic两性旳，雌雄同体旳proliferation扩散，增生，增殖isochronous同步旳，等时旳statement申明，程序语句command命令tremendous惊人旳，极大旳，非常旳procedure过程invoke调用，祈求internal state内状态first-in first-out（FIFO）先入先出pseudo code伪代码arbitrary任意旳traverse遍历uniquely唯一旳handle句柄decouple去耦，解耦cursor指针controller控制器implemented实现oil refinery and steel mill炼油厂和钢铁厂Boolean logic布尔逻辑negative feedback负反馈thermostat温度调整器brickwork砖体构造oscillation振荡a proportional-integal-derivative loop比例-积分-微分环路deadband静区autopilot自动驾驶室aileron副翼elevator升降机rudder方向舵triangle三角形embedded system嵌入式系统relay继电器hydraulic液压pneumatic气动simulate模仿，模拟，假装，冒充mathematical数字旳，精确旳computational计算旳connectionist连线，连接，线路in more practical terms实际上akin同族旳，类似旳precise精确旳，精确旳，精确exhibit展出，陈列，展示axons（神经旳）轴突，轴突输出端dendrite树枝状结晶，树枝石synapse神经原旳神经线连接，神经键neuroscience神经系统科学neuron神经细胞，神经元neurode神经结点per se自身，本质上come with伴随...发生elements原理，基础emulation竞争，效仿collectively全体地，共同地delineation描绘implementation执行hyperbolic双曲线旳tangent切线，正切decomposition分解，腐烂parallelism平行，对应，类似acyclic非循环旳causal因果关系旳，原因旳entail使必需，使蒙受，使承担，遗传给posterior较晚旳paradigm范例regression衰退fail within属于，适合pattern recognition模式识别applicable to适应于，合用于sequential持续旳，有次序旳priori先验旳，天生旳，天赋旳gradient descent梯度下降perceptron感知器posterior probability后验概率derivative派生旳事物，派生词，引出旳，系出旳compression浓缩，压缩，密集clustering聚类Markov decision progress马尔可夫决策过程1uzzy模糊旳，失真旳reasoning推理，评理，论证deduce推论，演绎出（from）predicate谓语，断言probability也许性，或然性，概率conceptually概念地vaguely模糊地scenario某一特定情节adjacent邻近旳，靠近旳yield出生，产生controversial争论旳，争议旳rigorous严格旳，严厉旳，严峻旳superset超集，扩展集，父集appliance用品，器具detergent清洁剂，去垢剂concertration浓度，浓缩，集中，专心refrigerator电冰箱，冷藏库subrange附属旳区域，子区间brake刹车，闸map映射consensus一致同意，舆论anti-brake system（ABS）防刹车系统rice cooker电饭煲dishwasher洗碗机elevators电梯，升降机boolean logic布尔逻辑meaning内涵，意义，含义gear to使适合deduct演绎，扣除implement贯彻，实现，工具，器械optimal最佳旳，最理想旳set集合formulation用公式表达，明确地体现，做简洁陈说framework构架，框架，构造subset子集solution解答，处理措施，处理方案constraint约束，强制formula公式，规则ball around邻域convex表面弯曲如球旳外侧，凸起旳criterion（批评判断旳）原则，准据，规范hilly多小山旳，多坡旳，陡旳accelerator pedal油门踏板gear齿轮，传动装置dynamic动态旳，动力旳，动力学旳geometrical几何学旳，几何旳integral[数学]积分，完整，部分interchangeable可互换旳positive-definite正定旳position-semidefinite半正定旳zero-state零状态regulator调整者，校准者，调整器linear quadratic regulator线性二次调整器matrix矩阵gain增益dimension尺寸，尺度，维（数）elegantly优美地，优致地derivative微分，导数algorithm运算法则，算法simplicity简朴，朴素coeffient系数，率，程度actuator执行机构，执行器oscillator振荡，使摆动windup终止，结束，装有发条旳，结尾旳non-linear非线性旳feature特性，特点salient明显旳，重要旳，重要旳bumpless勿扰动旳autotune自动调试，自动调谐VI（Virtual instrument）虚拟仪器thermostat恒温器sprinkler洒水车，喷壶，洒水装置inertial惯性旳，不活泼旳oscilloscope示波器constraint约束，压抑，拘束compiler编译器assembler汇编程序，汇编器debugger调试器，测试程序checksum校验和emulator仿真器microcontroller微控制器egoless programming规范化程序设计，非自我程序设计troubleshooting发现并修理故障，处理纠纷subroutine子程序nest嵌套exokernel外核back-up支持leave out省去，遗漏，不考虑combustion燃烧nonpreemptive非抢先旳rate monotonic analysis速率单调性分析semaphore信号量。

Unit 1【Ex1.】根据课文内容，回答以下问题。

1．In human terms and in the broadest sense, information is anything that you are capable of perceiving. 2．It includes written communications, spoken communications, photographs, art, music, and nearly anything that is perceptible.3．If we consider information in the sense of all stimuli as information, then we can’t really find organization in all cases.4．No.5．Traditionally, in libraries, information was contained in books, periodicals, newspapers, and other types of recorded media. People access it through a library’s catalog and with the assistance of indexes, in the case of periodical and newspaper articles.6．Computerized “information systems”.7．The problem for most researchers is that they have yet to discover the organizing principles that are designed to help them find the information they need.8．For library materials, the organizing principle is a detailed subject classification system available for searching in an online “catalog”.9．The one thing common to all of these access systems is organization.10．No, it isn’t.【Ex2.】根据给出的汉语词义和规定的词类写出相应的英语单词。

Unit 1distribution: the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying somethingdiffuse: to (cause something to) spread in many directions.E.g. Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge.manipulate: to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestlycounterpart: a person or thing which has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization.E.g. The prime minister is to meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs.whereby: by which way or methodexploitation: good use; when you use something well so that you get an advantage from itAt large: generally, in generalsuccessor: someone or something that comes after another person or thing telematics: the combination of telecommunications and computing data communications between systems and devicesinterdisciplinary: involving two or more different subjects or areas of knowledge classification: the act or process of dividing things into groups according to their type Storage: the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future retrieve: to find or bring back somethingdisseminate: to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc., to a lot of peoplemaintain: 1.to express firmly your belief that something is trueE.g. Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always maintained his innocence.2. to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good conditionE.g. A large house costs a lot to maintain.incorporate: to include something as part of something largercognitive: connected with thinking or conscious mental processesPerspective: particular way of considering somethingTackle: deal withrespect: a particular feature or detaildeterminism: the theory that everything which happens must happen as it does and would not have happened any other wayAutonomous: independent and having the power to make your own decisions ultimate: most extreme or important because either the original or final, or the best or worstPermeate: to spread through something and be present in every part of it Groupware: 帮助群组协同工作的软件, 如email, 电子布告栏,电视会议Semantic web: 语义网扩展当前的万维网,使其能表达可以被计算机所理解的语义,以便于人和计算机以及机器和机器之间的交互和合作.它是一种能理解人类语言的智能网络,不但能理解人类的语言,而且还可以使人与电脑的交流变得像人和人之间的交流一样轻松Value-sensitive design: an approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and systematic manner throughout the design process.It is primarily concerned with values that center on human well being, human dignity, justice, welfare and human rights. It connects the people who design systems and interfaces with the people who think about and understand the values of the stakeholders who are affected by the systems.It requires that we broaden the goals and criteria for judging the quality of technological systems to include those that advance human flourishing.Iterative: [formal or specialized] doing something again and again, usually to improve ittransmit: to pass something from one person or place to anotherballoon: to quickly increase in size, weight or importanceencompass: [formal] to include, especially different types of thingsumbrella: something which includes or represents a group or range of similar things administration: the arrangements and tasks needed to control the operation of a plan or organizationPresumably: by assuming reasonably; probably; likely, apparentlyassociate: to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something elsegrasp: to understand something, especially something difficultmediocre: not very goodtradeoff: a situation in which you balance two opposing situations or qualities Essential: necessary; neededglean: to collect information in small amounts and often with difficultyE.g. From what I was able to glean, the news is not goodunderlying：real but not immediately obviousrobustness: strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or failfundamental: forming the base, from which everything else develops, more important than anything elseconcern: something that is important to you, or when something is importantE.g. The company’s sole concern is to ensure the safety of its employees. platitude: a remark or statement that may be true but is boring and has no meaning because it has been said so many times before.urgent: needing attention very soon, because importantplea: requestseminal: containing important new ideas and having a great influence on later work E.g. She wrote a seminal article on the subject while she was still a student. paradigm: a model of something ,or a very clear and typical example of something theorem: (especially in mathematics) a formal statement that can be shown to be true by reasoningentropy: the amount of order or lack of order in a systemThreshold: the level or point at which you start to experience something, or at whichsomething starts to happenrubrics: a set of instructions. etc, especially on an examination paper and usually printed in a different style or colorcybernetics: the scientific study of how information is communicated in machines and electronic devices in comparison with how information is communicated in the brain and nervous systemamongst: also among, in the middle of or surrounded by other thingsvital: extremely important; necessary for the success or continued existence of somethingroughly: approximately, not exactlyCryptographic [adj]: [n] the science or study of the techniques of secret writing, esp. code and cipher systems, methods, and the likealgorithm: a set of mathematical instructions that must be followed in a fixed order, and that, especially if given to a computer, will help to calculate an answer to a mathematical problemCipher: a system of writing that prevents most people from understanding the message; a codeUnit 2Gather: collectAssimilate: e.g. It's hard to assimilate (= learn and understand) so much information. Regardless: despite; not being affected by somethingManner: the way in which something is doneFacilitate: to make possible or easiere.g.The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.Deal with: take actionRetrieve: to find or bring back somethingSense: one of the possible meanings of a word or phrasePerceive: to come to an opinion about sth, or have a belief about sthEnormous: extremely largeAssortment: a group of different types of sthStimuli: (singular stimulus)1.something that causes growth or activitye.g. Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.2.specialized something which causes part of the body to reacte.g. The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet stimuli and the back of the tongue is sensitive to bitter stimuli.Realistic: accepting things as they are in fact and not making decisions based on unlikely hopes for the futureE.g. Let's be realistic (about this) - I just can't afford to pay that much money. essential: necessary; neededEssence: the basic or most important idea or quality of somethinge.g. The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life. in essence: relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of somethinge.g. In essence, both sides agree on the issue.Minute: extremely smallOrganism: a single living plant, animal, virus, etcAfloat [adjective]: floating on watere.g. She spent seven days afloat on a raft.e.g. He managed to keep/stay afloat by holding on to the side of the boat. Academic: relating to schools, colleges and universities, or connected with studying and thinking, not with practical skillsSituate: to put in a particular positionDocument [verb]: to record the details of an event, a process, etc.Refer to: to have recourse or resort; turn, as for aid or information: to refer to one's notes.In short: used before describing something or someone in as few words and as directly as possibleUndertake: slightly formal to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficultEndeavor: an attempt to do somethingEver: at any timeFigure out: to finally understand something or someone, or find the solution to a problem after a lot of thoughtPattern: a particular way in which something is done, organized or happens Contain: holdPeriodical: a magazine or newspaper, especially on a serious subject, that is published regularlyConsult: 1.to get information or advice from a person, book, etc. with special knowledge on a particular subjectE.g. If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor.2. to discuss something with someone before you make a decisionE.g. Why didn't you consult me about this?Certain: fixed; agreed upon; settledMechanism: a way of doing something which is planned or part of a system Scheme: an officially organized plan or systemabstract：to make an abstract of; summarize.Deliberate: intentional or plannedSerendipity: the lucky tendency to find interesting or valuable things by chance Myriad [n] or [adjective]: a very large number of somethingAddress: deal withConsistent: not changingWonderful: extremely good ,marvelousStick: PUSH INTOHeavy-duty: describes clothing, machinery or equipment that is stronger than usual so that it can be used a lot, especially in difficult conditionsUnit 3advance: the forward movement of something, or an improvement or development insomethingmerge: to combine or join together, or to cause things to do thisenhance: to improve the quality, amount or strength of somethingtransfer: to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to anotherTo this day: until nowMobile: able to move freely or be easily movedspawn: to cause something new, or many new things, to grow or start suddenly drive: to provide the power to keep a machine working, or to make something happenavailable: able to be bought, used, or reachedindicate: to show, point or make clear in another waySignificant: important or noticeablePopularize:1.to make something known and understood by ordinary peopleE.g. Television has an important role to play in popularizing new scientific ideas.2. LIKED ; to make something become popularE.g. It was Luciano Pavarotti in the 1980s who really popularized opera.the incarnation of sth :an extreme example, in human form, of a particular characteristic or type of behavioure.g. He was the incarnation of evil (= was extremely evil).conceive: to imagine sthproof: protecting againstaffect: influencetransfer: when something or someone moves or is moved from one place, position, etc. to anotherTake-off [n]: a taking or setting off; the leaving of the ground, as in leaping or in beginning a flight in an airplane.Ultimate: most extreme or important because either the original or final, or the best or worstaccelerate: to happen or make something happen sooner or fasterrelevant: connected with what is happening or being discussedbreakthrough: an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problemBy far: by a great amounte.g. They are by far the best students in the class.Breach: to break a law, promise, agreement or relationshipAm: abbreviation for amplitude modulation: a type of radio broadcasting in which the strength of the signal changes, producing sound of a lower quality than FM visuals: the picture elements, as distinguished from the sound elements, in films, television, etc.vast: extremely bigelectric: using electricity for powerE.g. an electric blanket/car/kettle/lightElectrical: related to electricityE.g. electrical equipment/goods/devicesan electrical consultantElectronic: 1.of or pertaining to electronics or to devices, circuits, or systems developed through electronics.2. of, pertaining to, or controlled by computers, or computer products and services. accessible: able to be reached or easily gotmigrate: TRA VEL/MOVEInstitution: a large and important organization, such as a university or bankDeal with: to occupy oneself or itselfSet apart: to cause to be noticed; distinguishe.g. Her bright red hair sets her apart from her sisters.analogy: a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or ideaanalogue: something which is similar to or can be used instead of something else voluminous: of great volume, size, or extentaccurate: correct, exact and without any mistakesaccumulate: [T]to collect a large number of things over a long period of timeE.g. We've accumulated so much rubbish over the years.[I] to gradually increase in number or amountE.g. A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.generate: create/produceIn turn: in due order of successionrecipient: a person who receives somethingprogress: movement to an improved or more developed state, or to a forward position Scenario: a description of possible actions or events in the futureAppliance: a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one that is used in the house, such as a cooker or washing machineexchange: to give something to someone and receive something from themTune in：To adjust a receiver to receive signals at a particular frequency or a particular program.feature: a typical quality or an important part of somethingUnit 4advancement: an improvement or development of somethinglatest: being the newest or most recent or modernexchange: to give something to someone and receive something from themlively: having or showing a lot of energy and enthusiasm, or showing interesting and exciting thoughtE.g. It's hard work teaching a class of lively children.E.g. There was some lively discussion at the meeting.debate: serious discussion of a subject in which many people take partBurgeoning[adjective]: developing quicklyfrontier: a border between two countriesSupplement[verb]: to add something to something to make it larger or better graphics: images and designs used in books, magazines, etcE.g. computer graphicsCorrespond: to communicate by writing a letter or sending an emailshrink :[I or T] to become smaller, or to make something smallerexpertise: a high level of knowledge or skill nearly: almost, or not completely facilities: the buildings, equipment and services provided for a particular purpose rate: an amount or level of paymentVary: to change or cause something to change in amount or level, especially from one occasion to anotherspan: to extend over or across (a section of land, a river, etc.).The globe: the worldexact: in great detail, or complete, correct or true in every way; precise respective: relating or belonging to each of the separate people or things you have just mentionedRefer to: to have recourse or resort; turn, as for aid or information: to refer to one's notes.suite: a set of connected rooms, especially in a hotelE.g.The singer was interviewed in his £1500 a night hotel suite.Adhere to: 1.to stick FirmlyE.g. A smooth, dry surface helps the tiles adhere to the wall.2.to hold closely or firmlye.g. to adhere to a plan.archive: a computer file used to store electronic information or documents that you no longer need to use regularlythrive: to grow, develop or be successfulconstitute: to form or make somethingBe in its infancy: to be very new and still developingIn the event of sth: if something happensE.g.In the event of a strike, the army will take over responsibility for firefighting. strike: a sudden short military attack, especially one by aircraft or missilese.g. The United Nations has authorized the use of air strikes .dub: to give something or someone a particular name, especially describing what you think of themcontribute: to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other peopleemploy: ( formal) to use somethingTake charge of: responsibility for controlling or looking after somethingMaintain: to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good conditionIn the making: in the process of being made; developing or evolving; growingE.g. Our space scientists see history in the making.predominant: more noticeable or important, or larger in number, than others agency: organization/a business which represents one group of people when dealing with another groupCharge: to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activityIn turn: in due order of successionunique: being the only existing one of its type or, more generally, unusual or special in some waygovern: to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etcrelate: to find or show the connection between two or more thingsE.g. Researchers are trying to relate low exam results and/to/with large class sizes. Carry out: 1.to put into operation; executee.g.He doesn't have the funds to carry out his design.2.to effect or accomplish; completeE.g.They carried out their plan without incident.session: a period of time or meeting arranged for a particular activitytake care of sth :to deal with somethingReside: (formal) to live, have your home or stay in a placeLie in：to consist or be grounded (usually fol. by in)E.g.The real remedy lies in education.Unit 5analogy: a comparison between things which have similar features, often used to help explain a principle or ideacontext: 1.the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaningE.g. In this exercise, a word is blanked out and you have to guess what it is by looking at the context.2. The circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting, backgroundE.g. This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history.involve: to include someone or something in something, or to make them take part in or feel part of itTypically: used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing E.g. Tickets for such events will typically cost around thirty dollars.frequently: often; many times; at short intervalsVia[prep]: through; usingBanner: 1. a long piece of cloth, often stretched between two poles, with a sign written on it, usually carried by people taking part in a march2.+ ad/advertisement: an advertisement that appears across the top of a web page entitle: to give a title to a book, film, etcE.g. Her latest novel, entitled 'The Forgotten city', is out this week.Overview: a short description of something which provides general information about it, but no detailsRevenue: the income that a government or company receives regularlytrillion: the number 1 000 000 000 000Top: [T] to do, pay, etc. more or better than anyone elseE.g. "They've offered me £1000." "I'm afraid we can't top that."Mark: [S] the level intended or wantedE.g. Sales have already passed the million mark.segment: any of the parts into which something (especially a circle or sphere) can be divided or into which it is naturally dividedhousehold: [C + singular or plural verb]a group of people, often a family, who live togetherapproximate: not completely accurate but closestrong: [after noun] having the stated number of people, members, etc.E.g. Our social club is currently about eighty strong.extremely: in an extreme degree; exceedinglyconvenient: easy to obtain, use, or reach; made for convenienceWade: to walk through water with difficulty because of the pressure of the water against your legsCopious: in large amounts; more than enoughe.g. He took copious notes during the lecture.Target: to direct advertising, criticism or a product at someoneE.g.The paper is targeted specifically at young people.Originally: first of all; at the origin; at firstFacilitation: the act or process of facilitatingintroduce: to put something into use, operation or a place for the first time onwards: beginning at a particular time and continuing after itConfidential: secret, often in a formal, business or military situationencompass: [formal] to include, especially different types of thingsOffshore: (of companies and banks) based in a different country with different tax rules that cost them less moneyever: at any timeimpetus: something which encourages a particular activity or makes that activity more energetic or effectivesector: one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is dividedE.g. In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money.sufficient: enough for a particular purposedeploy: to use something or someone, especially in an effective wayE.g. The company is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources/staff subsequent: happening after something elsesubstantial: large in size, value or importancerudimentary: 1.describes methods, equipment, systems, etc. that are simple and not very well developed2.basicE.g. Her knowledge is still only rudimentary.collapse: the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etcBricks and mortar: property in the form of buildings usually when considered as an investmentmortar: a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime that is used to fix bricks or stones to each other when building wallsrecognize: to accept that something is legal, true or importantE.g. You must recognize the seriousness of the problems we are facing..valuable: Valuable information, advice, etc. is very helpful or importantNiche market: a small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialized (= unusual and made for a few people) productsgrocer: a person who owns or works in a shop selling food and small things for the homesubsidiary :a company which is owned by a larger companybarrier: anything that prevents people from being together or understanding each other proprietor：a person who owns a particular type of business, especially a hotel, a shop or a company that makes newspapers.Expose: to be made publicConduct: to organize and perform a particular activitySolely: only and not involving anyone or anything elseDispatch: to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purposeFare: the money that you pay for a journey on a vehicle such as a bus or train Entrant: a person who enterssignon: logonBid: an offer of a particular amount of money for something which is for saleIn reality: in factCharge: to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity Unit 6productivity: the rate at which a company or country makes goods, usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the goodsagent: a person who acts for or represents anotheragency: organization/a business which represents one group of people when dealing with another group [unit 4]Firm: a company or businessRegion: a particular area or part of the world, of the body, etc., or any of the large official areas into which a country is dividednation: [C] a country, especially when thought of as a large group of people living in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etccapacity: the total amount that can be contained or produced, or (especially of a person or organization) the ability to do a particular thingCapability: the ability to do something [unit 5]Apply: to make use of something or use it for a practical purposecurrency: the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time exchange: to give something to someone and receive something from them [unit 4] relevant: connected with what is happening or being discussed [unit 3]Fine-tune: to make very small changes to something in order to make it work as well as possibleE.g. She spent hours fine-tuning her speech.heretofore: [formal or legal] [adverb] : before this point in time; previously Plentiful: If something is plentiful, there is a lot of it availablepervasive: [formal] present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place . planetary: relating to planetsscale: the size or level of something, especially when this is largeE.g. My parents used to entertain friends on a large/small scale (= they had large/small parties).Corporation: a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organizationskilled: skillful, proficienttap: to get or make use of somethingE.g. For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources.utilize: [formal] to use something in an effective wayCritic: 1.someone who says that they do not approve of someone or something2. someone whose job is to give their opinion about something, especially films, books, music, etc.claim: to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe ithave yet to: If you have yet to do something, you have not done itE.g. They have yet to make a decision.achieve: to succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort ; realize, reachObserve: [formal] to notice or seemobile: able to move freely or be easily moved [unit 3]undermine: to make someone less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often graduallyE.g. Criticism just undermines their confidence.xenophobia: extreme dislike or fear of foreigners, their customs, their religions, etc. maintain: to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less argue: to give the reasons for your opinion, idea, belief, etc.affect: to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change Regulation: an official rule or the act of controllingpolicy: a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a political partyboundary: a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of something [Border: a strip that goes around or along the edge of something, often as decoration E.g.The dress was white with a delicate lace border.]highly: very, to a large degree, or at a high levelState: [slightly formal] to say or write something, especially clearly and carefullysector: one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided [unit 5]exclude: to intentionally not include something Antonym: includeroughly: approximately, not exactlydecline: when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality or strength mark: to represent or show a characteristic of a person or thing or feeling dramatically: suddenly or obviouslyannual: happening once every year, or relating to a period of one yearrespective：relating or belonging to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned [unit 4]Scope: the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc transformation: a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved; changeoverimpact: a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or persondiffuse: to (cause something to) spread in many directions [unit 1]At large: in general; usually, or in most situations [unit 1]manner: the way in which something is doneobtain: [formal] to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it or producing it from something elsea run of sth: A run of something is a continuous period during which it lasts or is repeatedidentical: exactly the same, or very similarflexible: able to change or be changed easily according to the situation; changeable Devise: to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or using imagination Branding: the act of giving a company a particular design or symbol in order to advertise its products and servicesE.g. The successful branding and marketing of the new beer has already boosted sales and increased profits.Effective: successful or achieving the results that you wantIntermediary: a medium or meansTemporary: not lasting or needed for very long; impermanentLead: a winning position during a race or other situation where people are competingE.g. For the first time in the race Harrison is in the lead.Innovate: to introduce changes and new ideasLest: in order to prevent any possibility that something will happenE.g. They were afraid to complain about the noise lest they annoyed the neighbours. as opposed to: rather thanMerely: used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing moreInherent: existing as a natural or basic part of somethingAdaptable: able or willing to change in order to suit different conditions。

信息管理英语教程_中英文对照翻译(一至四篇)1.What is information?information is part of all human experience .Acquiring and processing information are fundamental aspect of life itself current interest in a “science”of information has develop as the result of the complexity of life’s problem.The rapid development of technology,the growth of knowledge,and the fast pace of the modern world create an increasing awareness of the importance of information and the need for professionals dedicate to studying and understanding it信息是人类所有经验的一部分。

获取信息并对信息进行处理是生活本身的重要方面。

目前人们对信息“科学”兴趣的增长是由于生活中的问题复杂化的结果所知。

技术的快速发展,知识的增加,现代社会的快节奏,这一切都使人们对信息的重要性以及对专门研究理论专业人员的需求认识德越来越清楚。

2. The late scholar Fritz Machlup carefully accessed the different meaning associated with information. some interpretation that have been made from these sources are as follow:Something one didn’t know beforeHow data are interpretedA clueSomething that effort what one already knowSomething useful in some way to the person receiving itSomething used in decision makingSomething that reduces uncertaintyThe meaning of word in sentencesSomething that provide more than what is statedSomething that changes what a person who receive it believes or expects晚学者弗里茨?马克卢普通过仔细分析这些相关信息的不同意义。

管理的角色和技能管理角色亨利·明茨伯格对执行者行为的研究让他得出这样的结论:经理都需要承担大量的角色。

一个角色是一组预期的行为对一个特定的位置。

明茨伯格的角色可以分为三大类如图1.1所示:信息角色(管理信息);人际角色(管理通过人)和决策角色(管理行动)。

每个角色代表活动经理承担最终完成的功能规划、组织、领导、控制。

重要的是要记住,真正的工作的管理不能练习作为一组独立的部分;所有的角色交互的方式在现实世界的管理。

图1.1 管理角色信息角色描述活动用来维持和发展一个信息网络。

这三个信息角色监督者、传播者和发言人。

监督者涉及从许多来源寻求当前的信息。

经理获得信息来自他人和扫描书面材料来保持消息灵通。

传播者和发言人的角色是正好相反。

经理把当前信息传递给他人,内部和外部的组织,才能使用它。

与授权趋势的低级别员工,很多经理都共享尽可能丰富的信息。

由于人际角色让经理们被叫去与众多组织和个人交互。

这三个人际角色是挂名首脑、领袖和交流与合作者。

这个挂名首脑角色专注于管理正式的和象征性的活动的部门或组织。

经理代表本组织在他或她作为单位的负责人的正式管理能力。

领导的作用是指经理的工作在激励下属,以满足单位的目标。

交流与合作者的作用来自于经理的责任与各种团体在组织内外交流。

一个例子是一个面对面讨论控制器和计划主管之间解决关于预算的一种误解。

决策角色指管理的决策过程。

这些角色通常需要概念以及人类的技能。

这四种管理角色都属于这一类企业家,障碍处理者,资源分配者,谈判代表。

一个管理者承担一个企业家的角色当他或她启动项目来提高部门或工作单位时。

当问题比如错过了交付关键客户的出现,经理必须采用一个障碍处理的角色。

决定如何分配单位的金钱、时间、材料和其他资源,称为经理的资源分配角色。

最后,谈判者角色指的是这种情况,经理必须代表单位和其他人的利益,如供应商、客户和政府。

根据一篇经典文章由罗伯特·l·卡茨,管理上的成功主要取决于性能而不是人格特质。

1. informationInformation, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.(信息,在其最受限制的技术意义上,是一个序列的符号,可以被解释为一个消息。

信息可以被记录为标志,或传输信号。

信息是任何类型的事件,影响一个动态系统的状态。

从概念上讲,信息是信息(话语或表达式)的表达。

这一概念具有许多其他在不同语境下的含义。

[1]此外,信息的概念密切相关的概念约束、通信、控制、数据、形式、指令、知识、意义,精神刺激,模式,感知的代表性,尤其是熵。

1 A vulnerability is a weakness that a person can eXploit to accomplish something that is not authorized or intended as legitimate use of a network or system.一个漏洞是一个软弱,一个人要有所成就,能利用未被授权或打算作为合法使用网络或系统。

When a vulnerability is exploited to compromise the security of systems or information on those systems，the result is a security incident,Vulnerabilities may be caused by engineering or design errors，or faulty implementation.当一个漏洞是利用妥协的安全系统或信息在这些系统中,其结果是一个安全漏洞事件,可能是由于工程或设计错误,或错误的实现。

Why the Internet Is Vulnerable（为什么互联网是脆弱）2 Many early network protocols that now form part of the Internet infrastructure were designe without security in mind.许多早期的网络协议,现在互联网基础设施的组成部分是不安全的理念,设计。

Without a fundamentally secwre infrastructure，network defense becomes more diffcult.没有从根本上安全的基础设施、网络防御变得更加困难。

Furthermore, the Internet is an extremely dynamic environment, in terms of both topology and emerging technology。

Lesson1distributed applications 分布式应用程序competitive advantage 竞争优势data warehouses 数据仓库incompatible databases 不兼容数据库decision support systems 决策支持系统executive information systems 执行信息系统DBMS——database management systems 数据库管理系统entry 款目metadata 元数据mainframe computer大型计算机desktop computer台式计算机laptop computer膝上型计算机spreadsheet 电子表格LAN ------local area network 局域网database server 数据库服务器user views 用户视图data security 数据安全性data integrity 数据完整性concurrent user 并发用户data updating 数据更新data redundancy 数据冗余consistency of data and metadata 数据和元数据的一致性distributed database 分布式数据库telecommunications network 远程通讯网Lesson2automatic indexing自动标引human indexing 人工标引extraction indexing 抽词标引assignment indexing赋词标引controlled vocabulary 受控词表non-substantive words 非实意词index terms 标引词automatic stemming 自动抽取词干weight 权值clue words 提示词inverted file 倒排文档absolute frequency 绝对词频relative frequency 相对词频information retrieval 信息检索syntactic criteria 句法规则word string 词串NLDB——Natural Language DataBase 自然语言数据库MAI——machine-aided indexing 机器辅助标引recall ratio 查全率precision ratio 查准率descriptor 叙词thesaurus 叙词表semantic vocabulary 语义词表concept headings 概念标题consistency of indexing 标引的一致性underassignment 欠量赋词overassignment 过量赋词back file 备份文件main heading 主标题subheading 副标题access point 检索点Lesson3machine-readable form 机读形式source document 源文献subject indexing 主题标引back-of-the-book indexing书后标引indexing scheme 标引方案NFAIS——National Federation of Abstracting and Information Services（美国）国家文摘与信息服务联合会scope notes 范围注释permuted list 轮排词表CAS——Chemical Abstracts Service 化学文摘社character set 字符集statistical correlation 统计关联ISI——Institute for Scientific Information （美国）科学情报社co-citation indexing 共引文标引SCI——Science Citation Indexes 科学引文索引SSCI——Social Science Citation Indexes 社会科学引文标引bibliometric analysis 书目计量分析Lesson4performance enhancement 性能改善scarce resources 稀缺资源proxy servers 代理服务器JAVA executables JAV可执行程序source code 源代码streaming media 流媒体outsourcing 业务外包wild card characters 通配符real-time traffic analysis 实时流量分析static web pages 静态网页ISDN——Integrated Services Digital Network 综合服务数据网URL——Uniform Resource Locator 统一资源定位符HTML——Hypertext Markup Language 超文本标识语言CGI——Common Gateway Interface 公共网关接口XML——Extension Markup Language 扩展标识语言OR——Operation Record 操作记录IIS——Internet Information Services 网络信息服务Lesson5IR——information retrieval 信息检索search engine spam 搜索引擎垃圾soft computing 软计算data mining 数据挖掘information fusion 信息融合classification 分类clustering 聚类thesaurus construction 词表构建Web page categorization 网页分类JPG——Joint Photographic Experts Group 图像文件格式GIF——Graphics Interchange Format 可交换的图像文件格式PNG——Portable Network Graphic 可移植的网络图像文件格式the WWW Consortium 万维网联盟HTTP——Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议TCP——Transfer Control Protocol 传输控制协议ASCII——American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息互换标准代码CPUCentral Processing Unit 中央处理器Lesson6black－box services 黑箱服务delivering information 传递信息videoconferencing 视频会议cross reference互见，相互参照timeliness 及时性cross check 交叉检查，核对knowledge framework 知识结构Lesson7IP——intellectual property 知识产权electronic holdings of libraries 电子馆藏information infrastructure 信息基础设施copyright 版权patent 专利exclusive right 专有权subsequent editions 后续版本Lesson8encryption technologies 加密技术decrypted digital version 解密数字版本fair use doctrine 公平利用原则authenticity and integrity of the information 信息的可靠性和完整性DMCA——the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 数字千年版权法DVD——digital video diskencyclopedias 百科全书Lesson9CKO——chief knowledge officer 知识主管knowledge sharing 知识共享manual 手册competitive intelligence 竞争情报search engine 搜索引擎artificial intelligence 人工智能drill-down access 深度查询accessibility 可获得性knowledge discovery 知识发现quantitative data 定量数据qualitative data 定性数据virtual warehouses 虚拟(数据)仓库virtual library 虚拟图书馆relational database 关系数据库research and development 研发（研究与开发）directory 指南newsletter 简讯intelligent search agents 智能检索代理information resources 信息资源performance evaluation 性能评价Lesson10CIO——chief information officer信息主管ERP——Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划CRM——Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理Collaborative Applications Environment 协同应用环境workflow package 工作流软件包Lesson11rights of information users 信息用户的权利obligations of information users 信息用户的义务terms and conditions 条款。

Unit 1 Management Information SystemTextIntroduction to Management Information SystemWhat Is MIS?The first step in learning how to apply information technology to solve problems is to get a broader picture of what is meant by the term management information system. You probably have some experience with using computers and various software packages. Yet, computers are only one component of a management information system. A management information system (MIS), or computer information system (CIS), consists of five related components: hardware, software, people, procedures, and collections of data. The term information technology (IT) represents the various types of hardware and software used in an information system, including computers and networking equipment. The goal of MIS is to enable managers to make heifer decisions by providing quality information.The physical equipment used in computing is called hardware. The set of instructions that controls the hardware is known as software. In the early days of computers, the people directly involved in MIS tended to be programmers, design analysts, and a few external users. Today, almost everyone in the firm is involved with the information system. Procedures are instructions that help people use the systems. They include items such as user manuals, documentation, and procedures to ensure that backups are made regularly. Data-bases are collections of related data that can be retrieved easily and processed by the computers. As you will see in the cases throughout the book, all of these components are vital to creating an effective information system.So what is information? One way to answer that question is to examine the use of information technology on three levels: (1) data management, (2) information systems, and (3) knowledge bases. Data consists of factual elements (or opinions or comments) that describe some object or event. Data can be thought of as raw numbers or text. Data management systems focus on data collection and providing basic reports. Information represents data that has been processed, organized, and integrated to provide more insight. Information systems are designed to help managers analyze data and make decisions. From a decision maker’s standpoint, the challenge is that you might not know ahead of time which information you need, so it is hard to determine what data you need to collect. Knowledge represents a higher level of understanding, including rules, patterns, and decisions. Knowledge-based systems are built to automatically analyze data, identify patterns, and recommend decisions. Humans are also capable of wisdom, where they put knowledge, experience, and analytical skills to work to create new knowledge and adapt to changing situations. T o date no computer system has attained the properties of wisdom.To create an effective information system, you need to do more than simply purchase the various components. Quality is an important issue in business today, particularly as itrelates to information systems. The quality of an information system is measured by its ability to provide exactly the information needed by managers in a timely manner. The information must be accurate and up-to-date. Users should be able to receive the information in a variety of formats: tables of data, graphs, summary statistics, or even pictures or sound. Users have different perspectives and different requirements, and a good information system must have the flexibility to present information in diverse forms for each user.Why Is Information Technology Important?Personal ProductivityAn enormous amount of data is available to managers—generated internally and externally. It is impossible to deal with this volume of data without information technology. The era of “pure” managers who simply direct other people is gone. Managers today must be capable of performing the tasks within their area of expertise. For example, accounting managers still practice accounting, lawyers handle cases, and financial managers still track investments. In other words, managers do two jobs: perform basic day-to-day functions, as well as plan, organize, and communicate.Firms are increasingly required to improve productivity, which means that each year managers must increase production without increasing the number of workers. Information technology is critical to this improvement process, enabling employees to perform more tasks, getting work done faster at lower cost.Teamwork and CommunicationIt is tempting to believe that once you learn how to use a word processor, a spreadsheet program, and a Web browser, you have all the computer knowledge needed to solve business problems. In fact, these are powerful tools that will help you solve business problems that arise at a personal level. But businesses have many more levels of problems, such as data collection, departmental teamwork, information shared throughout the corporation, and uses of if that help the business gain a competitive advantage.You also need to understand database, groupware, and enterprise tools that give you access to data across the company and help you share it with team members around the world. Most companies are in a continual race to get products and services to customers faster than the competition. Moving communication away from paper to electronic messages and online meetings can significantly reduce the time required to coordinate a group and make decisions—speeding up the overall process.Business Operations and StrategyInformation technology is increasingly critical to the daily operations of a business. Obviously, online businesses cannot live without technology, but neither can the local grocery stores, bank, or many other businesses. Computers process sales, handle payments, and place new orders. They also analyze the sales data and help set prices and predict trends. Information technology is also used to create new products and services or to provide unique features to existing products. These new features can give your company. a strategic advantage and help the company grow.What do managers do?Traditional Management and ObservationsTo create useful information systems, it is helpful to examine the various roles of management. Traditional concepts of management focus on organizing, planning, and control. However, when observed at their jobs, managers appear to spend most of their time in meetings, talking on the phone, reading or preparing reports, discussing projects with their colleagues, explaining procedures, and participating in other activities that are difficult to fit into the traditional framework.Henry Mintzberg, a psychologist who studies management, classifies managerial tasks into three categories: (1) interpersonal, (2) informational, and (3) decisional. Interpersonal roles refer to teaching and leading employees. Informational tasks are based on the transfer of information throughout the organization, such as relaying information to subordinates or summarizing information for executives. Decisions involve evaluating alternatives and choosing directions that benefit the firm.Other researchers have studied managers and developed alternative classifications. Fred Luthans uses three classifications of management activities. He indicates that approximately 50 percent of a manager’s time is spent on traditional management activities (planning, organizing, etc.), 30 percent in formal communications, and 20 percent in informal networking. Formal communications include attending meetings and creating reports and memos. Informal networking consists of contacts with colleagues and workers that tend to be social in nature but often involve discussions regarding business and jobs.Making DecisionsIn many ways managers expend a lot of their effort in making decisions or contributing in- formation so others can make decisions. When you look at courses offered for future man agers you will find a focus on administration, human behavior, quantitative modeling and problem solving, decision theory, and elements of business ethics and globalization. Typically, these courses are designed to help managers solve problems and make decisions. However, if you ask managers how much time they spend making decisions, they are likely to say that they seldom make decisions. That seems like a contradiction. If managers and executives do not make decisions, who does?In many organizations, day-to-day decisions are embodied in the methodology, rules, or philosophy of the company. Managers are encouraged to collect data and follow the decisions that have resulted from experience. In this situation and in many others, the managers are directly involved in the decision process, even though they may not think they are making the final choice.The broader decision process involves collecting data, identifying problems, and making choices. One more step is often involved: persuading others to accept a decision and implement a solution. With this broader definition, many of the tasks performed by managers are actually steps in the decision process. Meetings, phone calls, and discussions with colleagues are used to collect data, identify problems, and persuade others to choose a course of action. Each of these steps may be so gradual that the participants do not think they are actually making decisions.Because of the subtlety of the process and the complexity of the decisions, it is often difficult to determine what information will be needed. Decisions often require creativity.Because data generally need to be collected before problems arise, it is challenging to design information systems to support managers and benefit the organization. One important job of management is to examine the need for information and how it can be used to solve future problems.。

外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources(databases) that the user needs (or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in theinvention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting searchresults.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete documentselected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may bemade therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。

Unit 1 Management Information SystemTextIntroduction to Management Information SystemWhat Is MIS?The first step in learning how to apply information technology to solve problems is to get a broader picture of what is meant by the term management information system. You probably have some experience with using computers and various software packages. Yet, computers are only one component of a management information system. A management information system (MIS), or computer information system (CIS), consists of five related components: hardware, software, people, procedures, and collections of data. The term information technology (IT) represents the various types of hardware and software used in an information system, including computers and networking equipment. The goal of MIS is to enable managers to make heifer decisions by providing quality information.The physical equipment used in computing is called hardware. The set of instructions that controls the hardware is known as software. In the early days of computers, the people directly involved in MIS tended to be programmers, design analysts, and a few external users. Today, almost everyone in the firm is involved with the information system. Procedures are instructions that help people use the systems. They include items such as user manuals, documentation, and procedures to ensure that backups are made regularly. Data-bases are collections of related data that can be retrieved easily and processed by the computers. As you will see in the cases throughout the book, all of these components are vital to creating an effective information system.So what is information? One way to answer that question is to examine the use of information technology on three levels: (1) data management, (2) information systems, and (3) knowledge bases. Data consists of factual elements (or opinions or comments) that describe some object or event. Data can be thought of as raw numbers or text. Data management systems focus on data collection and providing basic reports. Information represents data that has been processed, organized, and integrated to provide more insight. Information systems are designed to help managers analyze data and make decisions. From a decision maker’s standpoint, the challenge is that you might not know ahead of time which information you need, so it is hard to determine what data you need to collect. Knowledge represents a higher level of understanding, including rules, patterns, and decisions. Knowledge-based systems are built to automatically analyze data, identify patterns, and recommend decisions. Humans are also capable of wisdom, where they put knowledge, experience, and analytical skills to work to create new knowledge and adapt to changing situations. T o date no computer system has attained the properties of wisdom.To create an effective information system, you need to do more than simply purchase the various components. Quality is an important issue in business today, particularly as itrelates to information systems. The quality of an information system is measured by its ability to provide exactly the information needed by managers in a timely manner. The information must be accurate and up-to-date. Users should be able to receive the information in a variety of formats: tables of data, graphs, summary statistics, or even pictures or sound. Users have different perspectives and different requirements, and a good information system must have the flexibility to present information in diverse forms for each user.Why Is Information Technology Important?Personal ProductivityAn enormous amount of data is available to managers—generated internally and externally. It is impossible to deal with this volume of data without information technology. The era of “pure” managers who simply direct other people is gone. Managers today must be capable of performing the tasks within their area of expertise. For example, accounting managers still practice accounting, lawyers handle cases, and financial managers still track investments. In other words, managers do two jobs: perform basic day-to-day functions, as well as plan, organize, and communicate.Firms are increasingly required to improve productivity, which means that each year managers must increase production without increasing the number of workers. Information technology is critical to this improvement process, enabling employees to perform more tasks, getting work done faster at lower cost.Teamwork and CommunicationIt is tempting to believe that once you learn how to use a word processor, a spreadsheet program, and a Web browser, you have all the computer knowledge needed to solve business problems. In fact, these are powerful tools that will help you solve business problems that arise at a personal level. But businesses have many more levels of problems, such as data collection, departmental teamwork, information shared throughout the corporation, and uses of if that help the business gain a competitive advantage.You also need to understand database, groupware, and enterprise tools that give you access to data across the company and help you share it with team members around the world. Most companies are in a continual race to get products and services to customers faster than the competition. Moving communication away from paper to electronic messages and online meetings can significantly reduce the time required to coordinate a group and make decisions—speeding up the overall process.Business Operations and StrategyInformation technology is increasingly critical to the daily operations of a business. Obviously, online businesses cannot live without technology, but neither can the local grocery stores, bank, or many other businesses. Computers process sales, handle payments, and place new orders. They also analyze the sales data and help set prices and predict trends. Information technology is also used to create new products and services or to provide unique features to existing products. These new features can give your company. a strategic advantage and help the company grow.What do managers do?Traditional Management and ObservationsTo create useful information systems, it is helpful to examine the various roles of management. Traditional concepts of management focus on organizing, planning, and control. However, when observed at their jobs, managers appear to spend most of their time in meetings, talking on the phone, reading or preparing reports, discussing projects with their colleagues, explaining procedures, and participating in other activities that are difficult to fit into the traditional framework.Henry Mintzberg, a psychologist who studies management, classifies managerial tasks into three categories: (1) interpersonal, (2) informational, and (3) decisional. Interpersonal roles refer to teaching and leading employees. Informational tasks are based on the transfer of information throughout the organization, such as relaying information to subordinates or summarizing information for executives. Decisions involve evaluating alternatives and choosing directions that benefit the firm.Other researchers have studied managers and developed alternative classifications. Fred Luthans uses three classifications of management activities. He indicates that approximately 50 percent of a manager’s time is spent on traditional management activities (planning, organizing, etc.), 30 percent in formal communications, and 20 percent in informal networking. Formal communications include attending meetings and creating reports and memos. Informal networking consists of contacts with colleagues and workers that tend to be social in nature but often involve discussions regarding business and jobs.Making DecisionsIn many ways managers expend a lot of their effort in making decisions or contributing in- formation so others can make decisions. When you look at courses offered for future man agers you will find a focus on administration, human behavior, quantitative modeling and problem solving, decision theory, and elements of business ethics and globalization. Typically, these courses are designed to help managers solve problems and make decisions. However, if you ask managers how much time they spend making decisions, they are likely to say that they seldom make decisions. That seems like a contradiction. If managers and executives do not make decisions, who does?In many organizations, day-to-day decisions are embodied in the methodology, rules, or philosophy of the company. Managers are encouraged to collect data and follow the decisions that have resulted from experience. In this situation and in many others, the managers are directly involved in the decision process, even though they may not think they are making the final choice.The broader decision process involves collecting data, identifying problems, and making choices. One more step is often involved: persuading others to accept a decision and implement a solution. With this broader definition, many of the tasks performed by managers are actually steps in the decision process. Meetings, phone calls, and discussions with colleagues are used to collect data, identify problems, and persuade others to choose a course of action. Each of these steps may be so gradual that the participants do not think they are actually making decisions.Because of the subtlety of the process and the complexity of the decisions, it is often difficult to determine what information will be needed. Decisions often require creativity.Because data generally need to be collected before problems arise, it is challenging to design information systems to support managers and benefit the organization. One important job of management is to examine the need for information and how it can be used to solve future problems.。

Unit 1 Can you play the guitar ?1.你很擅长讲故事。

You are very .2.这位老师对孩子很有一套。

The teacher is very children.3.我想和所有新学生交朋友。

I want to all the new students.4.我常帮我父母做家务。

I often the housework.5.你能帮帮我的英语吗？Can you help . Unit 2 What time do you go to school ?1.我们没有太多时间开展体育活动。

We don’t too much time sports.2.他们通常在晚上六点四十五分吃晚饭。

They usually eat dinner at a to seven in the evening.3.你可以今天或明天来。

You can come today tomorrow.4.她知道吃蛋糕对她没有好处，但是它尝起来很好。

She knows cake is not her, but it .5.早起早睡对我们的健康有好处。

It’s good for our health to bed early and get up early.6.不要在暗处看书，这对你的眼睛有害。

Don’t read in the dark. It’s your eyes.Unit 3 How do you get to school?1.乘公交车去那儿我通常要花费十分钟左右的时间。

It usually me about ten minutes get there by bus.2.走着去那儿花不了多长时间。

It doesn’t to walk there.3.只花你一小会时间。

It’ll only you a time4.杰克，你在流鼻涕，是不是感冒了？Your nose , Jack. Do you have a cold?4.冰箱里没有牛奶。

Unit 1 Changes in the Way We LiveText A Mr. Doherty Builds His Dream LifeWords & Expressionsget by:be good enough but not very good; manage to live or do things in a satisfactory way- It is a little bit difficult for the old couple to get by on such a small pension.- 我父母靠很少的钱将就着把日子过了下去。

(=My parents managed to get by on a small amount of money.)- She never works but somehow she gets by.haul: vt.1. transport, as with a truck, cart, etc.- The farmers haul vegetables to the market on a truck every morning.- 救援队把药品和食物运到被淹的村庄。

(=The rescue team hauled medical supplies and food to the flooded villages.)2. pull or drag sth. with effort or force- A crane had to be used to haul the car out of the stream.- Rescue workers hauled passengers out of the crashed train.CF: haul, drag & pull这几个词都是动词，都有“拖”、“拉”、“拽”之意。