西方文化概论复习试题

1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellenceof taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Some historians believe the West originated in the northern and easternMediterranean with ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Over time, their associated empires grew first to the east and south, conquering and absorbing many older great civilizations; later, they grew to the north and west to include Western Europe.3.Western culture is a term used to generally refer to most of the cultures ofEuropean origin and most of their descendants.4.Foundations of Western Culture are: ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy), the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law), Catholic and Protestant Christianity.5.Western culture originates from 2 ancient cultures: Hellenistic culture （emphasizing rationality）and Hebraic culture （emphasizing virtue & discipline）6. 3 most noted achievements of ancient Greeks: Mythology; Architecture;philosophy.7.Greek Mythology, set of diverse traditional tales told by the ancient Greeksabout the exploits of gods and heroes and their relations with ordinary mortals.8.The Greek gods resembled human beings in their form and in their emotions.9.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and godd esses dwelling onMount Olympus.10.Zeus is the god of gods, the god of sky, the supreme god, the father of bothgods and men.11.Hermes (Mercury) is god of physicians and thieves; messenger of gods.12.Apollo is the sun god, the god of music, a god of prophecy.13.Dionysus is god of wine and ecstasy.14.Hephaestus is god of fire; celestial blacksmith.15.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.16.Hera is queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage andfamily, the protectress of married women and their legal children.17.Poseid on is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, the god of earthquakesand tsunamis.18.Had es is god of the und erworl d.19.Two of the most important of the semi historical myths involve the searchfor the Golden Fleece and the quest that led to the Trojan War.20.Aphrodite is the godd ess of l ove and beauty, the protectress of sailors.21.Heracles is a divine hero, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, stepson ofAmphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus, the greatest of the Greek heroes.22.The ancient Greek Olympic games was a religious rather than secular festival,celebrating the gods in general and Zeus in particular.23.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.24.The idiom “Cupid’s arrow” signifies the magic power of love.25.“Tantalus’s torture” means permanent frustration by the sight of somethingdesired but inaccessible. It also means eternal thirst and hunger.26.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.27.“The golden fleece” means very valuable thing which is rare an d verydifficult to get.28.“Golden touch” therefore refers to the magic power to change cheap metalsinto gold, or worthless junks into treasures.29.“The golden apple” or “the apple of discord” refers to the things that giverise to conflicts and strife.30.“A chilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.31.“Trojan horse”, or “the wooden horse” means a trap intended to underminean enemy, or subversion from inside.32.The term “Oedipus complex” was chosen by Sigmund Freud to designate ason’s feeling of love toward his mother and jealous hatred toward his father.33.“Narcissistic (personality) disorder” or “narcissism”, means the indulgencein self-admiration.34.“The sword of Damocles” on one hand signifies the impending danger, andon the other hand, indicates the precariousness of power and rank.35.Constellations: Aries (the Ram)白羊座, Taurus (the Bull)金牛座, Gemini (theTwins)双子座, Cancer (the Crab) 巨蟹座, Leo(the Lion)狮子座, Virgo (the Virgin)处女座, Libra (the Scales)天秤座, Scorpio (the Scorpion)天蝎座, Sagittarius (the Archer)射手座, Capricorn (the Goat)摩羯座, Aquarius (the Water Carrier)水瓶座, Pisces (the Fishes)双鱼座.36.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are Classical Greek philosophers.37.Western culture originates from the Hebraic-Christian culture that isund oubtedly embodied in and found ed upon the Holy Bibl e.38.Christianity was the inheritor and the reformer of Judaism, and so theChristian Bibl e includ es the Ol d Testament and the New Testament.39.The Old Testament is the coll ection of books written prior to the life of Jesusbut accepted by Christians as scripture.40.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the "Five Books" of Moses，includ es Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.41.The Torah contains the ten commandments, of God, reveal ed at Mount Sinai.42.Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings ofJesus as presented in the New Testament.43.God is the eternal being who created the universe and all there is have theproperties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevol ence, omnipresence and immortality.44.Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news").45.The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God andthe Messiah (Christ).46.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnation and "true God andtrue man" (or both fully divine and fully human).47.Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary.48.The Eucharist (called Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) is the part ofliturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine.49.Christianity was l egalized in the 4th century, when Constantine I issued anedict of tol eration in 313. From at l east the 4th century, Christianity has played a prominent rol e in the shaping of Western civilization.50.Christianity may be broadly represented as being divid ed into five maingroupings: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthod oxy, Oriental Orthod oxy, Protestantism, Restorationism.51.Food is important to keep traditions alive as they are part of our history andour culture.52.The multitud es of food styl es of the Western society mainly result from thehistory, heritage, and geographical differences.53.A full course dinner usually consists of multipl e dishes. Usually it is mad e upof three or four courses, such as appetizer, main course and d essert.54.At the end of the meal, napkin shoul d be l eft semi-fold ed at the l eft sid e of theplate.55.Celebrating birthdays became popular almost universally because birthdaysgive peopl e a reason to gather in friendly groups, share food, and enjoy kinship.56.In many portions of the worl d an individual's birthday is cel ebrated by a partywhere a specially mad e cake, usually d ecorated with l ettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally stud d ed with the same number of lit candl es as the age of the individual.57.Religious symbolism suggests that lighting candl es opens a channel forprayers to the unseen worl d above. This concept has been borrowed to convey the id ea that blowing out birthday candl es sends a birthday wish to heaven.58.Baptism is consid ered to be a form of rebirth—"by water and the Spirit"—thenakedness of baptism (the second birth) parall eled the condition of one's original birth.59.The removal of cl othing represented the "image of putting off the ol d manwith his d eeds, so the stripping of the body before for baptism represented taking off the trappings of sinful self, so that the "new man," which is given by Jesus, can be put on.60.Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worl dwid e youth movementwith the stated aim of supporting young peopl e in their physical, mental and spiritual d evelopment, that they may play constructive rol es in society.61.If the coupl e of l overs are going into marriage, the man shoul d make aproposal by giving an engagement ring to the woman.62.The marriage will be recognized by: a marriage license and wed dingceremony.63.The reason why brid esmaids and groomsmen are need is that the evil spiritswoul d be confused by so many similarly dressed peopl e.64.A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying or remembering the life ofa person who has died.65.A funeral may take place at either a funeral home or church.66.Funeral services commonly includ e prayers; readings from a sacred text;hymns (sung either by the attend ees or a hired vocalist); and words of comfort by the cl ergy. Frequently, a relative or cl ose friend will be asked to give a eul ogy颂歌, which d etails happy memories and accomplishments; often commenting on the d eceased's flaws, especially at l ength, is consid ered impolite.67.Festivals are precious human heritage that links to religion, customs, historyand peopl e’s lifestyl es. Festivals, of many types, serve to meet specific needs, as well as to provid e entertainment.68.Though festivals many have religious origins, others involve seasonal changeor have some cultural significance.69.New Year’s Day is universally cel ebrated on the first day of the calendar,January 1.70.Chinese New Year is celebrated in many countries around the worl d, it is thefirst day of the lunar calendar.71.Valentine's Day is a holiday cel ebrated on February 14(in most countries).Love and affection are celebrated between l overs by sending greeting cards andgifts, dating.72.Mod ern Valentine's Day symbols includ e the heart-shaped outline, d oves, andthe figure of the winged Cupid.73.Passover is a Jewish holiday and festival. It commemorates the story of theExodus, in which the ancient Israelites were freed from slavery in Egypt. 74.Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrating theresurrection of Jesus. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from thed ead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated onEaster Day or Easter Sunday (also Resurrection Day or Resurrection Sunday) .75.Easter egg is seen by foll owers of Christianity as a symbol of resurrection:whil e being d ormant it contains a new life sealed within it.76.Mother's Day is a cel ebration honoring mothers and celebrating motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society. It originated from an ancient Greek ritual which was to respect the Mother of Gods, Hera.77.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the worl d on October 31, thenight before All Saints’ Day, much like Day of the Dead celebrations.78.The American Thanksgiving Day is a traditional family feast with a traditionalturkey dinner, usually in the mid-afternoon. Typical Thanksgiving food also includ es sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cranberries, and fruit salads.79.Carnival typically involves a public cel ebration or parad e combining someelements of a circus, mask and public street party. Peopl e often dress up or masquerad e during the cel ebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.80.The three very important European Film Festivals are Venice Film Festival,Cannes Film Festival, and Berlin International Film Festival.81.The Gold en Lion is award ed to the best film at Venice Film Festival.82.The Gold en Palm is the highest prize award ed at The Cannes InternationalFilm Festival.83.The Gol d en Bear is the highest prize award ed for the best film at the BerlinInternational Film Festival.1。

西方文化概论克里特文明1【单选题】克里特文明开始突然衰落是从公元前（C）以后。

A、14世纪B、16世纪C、15世纪D、13世纪2【单选题】根据考古发掘，西方文明是起始于（A)左右以前。

A、4500年B、3000年C、4000年D、5000年3【单选题】以下哪一项是西方文明最早的源头?（A）A、克里特岛B、埃及C、罗马D、以上都对4【判断题】爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明.（×)5【判断题】西方文明的摇篮是希腊文明.(√）迈锡尼文明1【单选题】被称为“英雄时代”，是希腊文明中的（D）。

A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代2【单选题】以下关于迈锡尼文明时期,北方入侵的三支浪潮的说法正确的是哪一项？（B）A、第一、二支是暴力入侵B、第一支浪潮是和平渗透C、第一、二支是和平渗透D、第一、三支是暴力入侵3【单选题】按照早到晚顺序将几个希腊文明的阶段进行排序,正确的是（A).A、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、黑暗时代、希腊文明B、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代C、迈锡尼文明、克里特文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代D、克里特文明、黑暗时代、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明4【判断题】迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴，也有北方粗狂的特点。

（√）5【判断题】希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。

(×）爱琴神话1【单选题】以下哪一位是最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人？(D)A、亚里士多德B、荷马C、柏拉图D、赫西俄德2【单选题】集中在（A)的两个半岛的是希腊最主要的文明。

A、南方B、北方C、东方D、西方3【单选题】最早时期，奥运会是一种（A）。

A、祭祀活动B、体育比赛C、筛选官兵的方式D、娱乐活动4【判断题】神兽同形同性是希腊神话中一个显著的特点。

(×）5【判断题】克里特神话包括“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”.(√）赫西俄德与荷马1【单选题】古希腊神话中，大地之神该亚在未经交配的情况下就生下了（D）.A、大海之神和动物之神B、天宇之神和星月之神C、动物之神和山河之神D、大海之神和天宇之神2【单选题】荷马和赫西俄德生活在下面哪一时期?（C）A、城邦文明时期B、克里特文明时期C、黑暗时代将尽D、以上都不对3【单选题】认为(A）有血缘关系是希腊神话的特点之一.A、英雄和神B、老百姓和神C、统治者和神D、士兵和神4【判断题】让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运是希腊悲剧的深刻性所在。

西方文化概论复习资料超越高度一.填空题（共25题,40.0分）1罗克起家的克马前三头同盟指靠镇压（）、凭借剿灭海盗和胜利正确答案：斯巴达克拉苏2克里特文明从公元前( )以后就开始突然衰落了。

正确答案：15世纪31054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路冷的占领，而它们的结果就是历史上著名的（）。

正确答案：十字军东征4亚里士多德认为古希腊的悲剧能调动我们的( )情感。

正确答案：怜悯和敬畏5西方文明最早的源头是（）。

正确答案：克里克岛6关于希腊神话与传说最著名的史诗是荷马的（）。

正确答案：伊利亚特7（）是18世纪在欧洲受欢迎的政治经济体制。

它建立在这样的信念上：即一国的国力基于贸易顺差获得的财富。

正确答案：重商主义8斯巴达最初的法律包括哪三个方面?( )正确答案：政治,军事,经济9公元前2世纪，罗马帝国亚历山大里亚的科学家托勒密在其著作（）提出“地心说”理论。

正确答案：《天文学大成》10希腊城邦时代,古希腊人受教育的方式主要是( )。

正确答案：观看戏剧1119世纪末，西方资本主义国家先后完成了第二次工当产业革命而走向强盛，（）垄断世界市场的霸主时代结束了。

正确答案：英国12西方历史的悲剧之父是（）。

正确答案：埃斯库罗斯13公元前9世纪，( )字母传入希腊文明。

正确答案：腓尼基14被誉为希腊哲学之父的是( )。

正确答案：泰勒斯15古希腊戏剧的诞生与( )有关。

正确答案：酒神16希，克，黑，迈，这几个希腊文明的阶段,由早到晚顾序正确的是( )。

正确答案：克,迈,黑,希17欧洲三十年宗教战争最终以（）的签订而结束。

正确答案：《成斯特伐利亚和约》18中世纪臭名昭著却又令人谈虎色变的（）是督教不宽容的暴虐态度的“杰作”。

正确答案：宗教裁判所19地理大发现与文艺复兴和（）被称为西方中世纪文化和近代文化之间的历史分水岭。

正确答案：宗教改革20最早编提古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人是( )。

正确答案：赫西俄德21在临终之际，（）接受了基督教洗礼，成为罗马帝国的第一位基督教皇帝。

西方文化概论考试题一、选择题1. 西方文化的起源可以追溯到以下哪个时期？A. 古希腊时期B. 文艺复兴时期C. 工业革命时期D. 当代现代化时期2. 哪位希腊哲学家被认为是西方文化的奠基人？A. 亚里士多德B. 柏拉图C. 西塞罗D. 苏格拉底3. 文艺复兴运动是在哪个国家兴起的？A. 法国B. 英国C. 意大利D. 德国4. 哪本书是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的著作之一？A. 《圣经》B. 《简·爱》C. 《哈姆雷特》D. 《唐吉诃德》5. 哪位科学家被称为现代物理学之父？A. 牛顿B. 达尔文C. 哥白尼D. 欧几里德二、判断题判断下列说法是否正确，正确的在括号内写“√”，错误的写“×”。

1. （√）《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚的作品，属于英国文艺复兴时期的戏剧。

2. （×）文艺复兴运动对欧洲其他国家的文化影响不大，主要局限于意大利地区。

3. （√）工业革命对西方社会产生了巨大的影响，使之从传统农业社会转变为现代工业社会。

4. （×）西方文化的核心是个人主义和自由，与集体主义和权威主义完全不同。

5. （√）西方文化中的人文主义强调人的尊严和价值，提倡人类的自由发展和个体意识的觉醒。

三、问答题1. 请简要介绍西方文化的主要特点和价值观。

西方文化的主要特点包括个人主义、理性主义、人权和科学精神等。

个人主义强调个体的独立性和个人权利，在人际关系和社会交往中强调个体的意愿和选择。

理性主义崇尚理性思维和科学方法，在知识的获取和问题解决中强调逻辑和分析。

人权是西方文化的核心价值观之一，认为每个人都享有平等的尊重和权利。

科学精神是对客观世界的追求和理解，注重实证和证据的支持。

2. 西方文化中的哪些艺术形式对世界产生了深远的影响？西方文化中的艺术形式包括文学、音乐、绘画、雕塑、戏剧和电影等。

其中，莎士比亚的戏剧作品被认为是世界戏剧史上的巅峰之作，对后世的文学和戏剧创作产生了深远的影响。

1.西方最早的文明形态：神话。

2.西方最早最早的文明：米诺斯文明（克里特文明）。

∵创造线形文字。

3.最早的希腊人：阿卡亚人。

∵建立的迈锡尼文明滋养了整个希腊。

爱琴文明简表：前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的米诺斯文明（克里特人）前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼文明（阿卡亚人）前12c—前8c 黑暗时代（多利亚人）前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄：半人半神，神与人所生，神是理想化的人，因此英雄是理想化的人。

在古希腊，人与自身区分而成为英雄，具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。

5.希腊文明兴起的原因：腓尼基字母传入；公元前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会；新兴家族的崛起，农业上以血缘为核心，商业上以契约为核心。

6.用公民和城邦相互解释：亚里士多德《政治学》公民——城邦里享有一定政治权利并要尽一定政治责任和义务的组织者。

城邦——享有一定权利同时要尽一定责任的一定数量的公民共同体。

7.希腊城邦文化的中心：雅典。

希腊化的中心：亚历山大里亚。

8.斯巴达采用的国家制度：政治上：建立元老院，是最高权力中心。

经济上：定期分配土地。

生活上：原始共产主义制度。

9.希腊城邦的政治制度：前8c—前6c：君主制：一个人统治，世袭制度，导致独裁、专政。

僭主制：利用民众的力量夺取政权。

民主制：民众协商的方式。

10.贝壳投票法：雅典。

伯利克里时代，公民大会。

11.前776年，第一届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义：希腊人自己有了记录时间的方法，有了纪元，从而有了编年史；表明了希腊人对美的崇尚；是希腊城邦文明的标志。

12.《神谱》作者：赫西俄德通过吟唱。

13.三代神王：乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。

14.诸神居住地：奥林匹斯山。

诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。

奥尔弗斯神秘祭。

《神谱》的文化意义：第一，通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观。

例如：从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯，绝大多数神都象征着某种自然现象（海神、死神、天神等），这种自然的分化和演进过程一直延续。

西方文化概论1-4章复习题Statements1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are consideredto be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的）element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule ofAlexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateursports competition.6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.7.The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, ledby Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home,island of Ithaca.10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会）11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today:Sappho and Pindar.12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, andEuripides.15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.17.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache,Medea, and Trojan Women.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes,who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.19.Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".20.Herodotus（希罗多德）is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about thewars between Greeks and Persians.21.Thucydides（修西得底斯）described the war between Athens and Sparta andbetween Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯）was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things werenumbers.23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, outof which everything else had arisen.25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other,they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook ofgeometry.28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式）style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式）style.30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城）and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.31.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.32.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.大意：征服者反被被征服者所征服。

西概期末复习题1.The word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses, they are①Excellence oftaste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture. ②An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning . ③The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2.Characteristics of Culture are ①It is based on symbols. ②Culture is shared. ③Culture islearned. ④Culture is adaptive.3.The origins of Western culture ——“three pillars” are①Ancient Greece (concretely Greekphilosophy) ②the Roman Empire (specifically Roman law) ③Catholic and ProtestantChristianity.4.Greece is a country in southeastern Europe.5.The civilization of ancient Greece is generally considered the cradle of Western civilization.6.Classical Greek Athenian philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Xenophon.7.Principle Figures in Greek mythology are①Gods ②Mortals ③Heroes.8.The Olympians refers to the twelve major gods and goddesses dwelling on MountOlympus.9.Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianityspread to the Americas and the rest of the world.10.Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization at leastsince the 4th century.11.God is usually held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnipotence, omniscience,omnibenevolence, omnipresence and immortality.12.God is believed to be transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside time, andtherefore eternal and unable to be changed by earthly forces or anything else within his creation.13.The account of Adam and Eve is in the Book of Genesis.14.Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating the fruit of Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil,which gave them the ability to judge and know good from evil for themselves.15.In Christian theology, the death of Jesus on the cross is the antidote to the sin of Adam.16.Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true God and true man".17.According to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit andborn from the Virgin Mary.18.According to the New Testament Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, buried withina tomb, and rose from the dead three days later.19.Jesus Christ is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and eternal death.20.The three principal traditions within Christianity are Protestantism, Roman Catholicism andEastern Orthodoxy.21.Protestantism is associated with the belief that the Bible is the final source of authority forChristians.22.Trinity refers to the teaching that the one God comprises three distinct, eternallyco-existing persons; the Father, the Son (incarnate in Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.23.Christianity regards the Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts: the OldTestament and the New Testament, as authoritative. It is believed by Christians to have been written by human authors under the inspiration of Holy Spirit, and therefore for many it is held to be the inerrant word of salvation.24.The Old Testament is about God and the laws of God, and the New Testament is about thedoctrines of Jesus Christ. The Word “Testament” means“agreement” or “covenant”.25.The Torah, or "Instruction," is also known as the“Five Books” of Moses: Genesis, Exodus,Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.26.The Torah contains the Ten Commandments, of God, revealed at Mount Sinai.27.Most Christians believe that human beings experience divine judgment and are rewardedeither with eternal life or eternal damnation.28.Christians believe that the second coming of Christ will occur at the end of the time.29.In Christianity, baptism is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted asa full member of the Christian Church.30.The crucifix is a cross with a representation of Jesus'body, or corpus. It is a principalsymbol of the Christian religion.31.Zeus is the god of sky, the supreme god, and the father of both gods and men.32.Hera is the queen of heaven and of the Olympians, the goddess of marriage and family, theprotectress of married women and their legal children.33.Poseidon is the god of sea, the protector of seamen, and the god of earthquakes andtsunamis.34.Hades /Pluto is the god of the underworld.35.Athena is the goddess of war, wisdom and handicraft.36.Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.37.Apolloe is the sun god, the god of music, and a god of prophecy.38.Artemis is the moon goddess, the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest, thegoddess of hunting, and the protectress of huntsmen.39.Hephaestus is the god of fire, the patron god of metal-smiths.40.Hermes is the messenger of gods, a messenger god, the god of roads and doorways, theprotector of travelers, and the guide for the dead to Hades.41.Hestia is goddess of the hearth, the goddess of home and family, and a guardian of homes.42.Dionysus is the god of wine and ecstasy.43.The Iliad, an epic poem by Greek poet Homer, tells the story of the Trojan War.44.At Olympia, the Olympic Games were celebrated in honor of Zeus every fourth year.45.Odyssey is a story after the Trojan War. Odysseus returned to his faithful wife, Penelope,Agamemnon returned to be murdered by his faithless wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover.46.The idiom “Pandora’s box” means the fountainhead of all evils.47.The idiom “Sisyphean task” suggests everlasting fruitless hard labor.48.“The golden apple” refers to the things that give rise to conflicts and strife.49.“Achilles’s heel” refers to the only part of the body that remains vulnerable.50.“Trojan horse” means a trap intended to undermine an enemy, or subversion from inside.51.Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as Christmas Day around the world, onDecember 25.52.In Christianity, baptism is for the majority the rite of admission (or adoption), almostinvariably with the use of water, into the Christian Church generally and also membership of a particular church tradition.53.Scouting is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people intheir physical, mental and spiritual development, that they may play constructive roles in society.54.Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding vows by the couple,presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a publicproclamation of marriage by an authority figure or leader.55.The groom’s family will pay the rehearsal feast and other accessories.56.The bride’s family will pay the wedding fees.57.Modern wedding customs and traditions can be dated back to the Middle Ages.58.Modern Valentine symbols include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of thewinged Cupid.59.Passover celebrates the Exodus, the freedom from slavery of the Children of Israel fromancient Egypt that followed the Ten Plagues.60.Egg is widely used as a symbol of the start of new life, just as new life emerges from an eggwhen the chick hatches out.61.Halloween is a yearly holiday observed around the world on October 31.62.Carnival typically involves a public celebration or parade combining some elements of acircus, mask and public street party. People often dress up or masquerade during thecelebrations, which mark an overturning of daily life.63.Westerners are in such a contradiction that they believe in both the science and God.64.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.65.In western superstitions,①Black Friday ②the 13th ③Walk under a Ladder ④Break aMirror ⑤Black Cats can’t bring good luck.66.Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence(generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person.67.A good building should satisfy the 3 principles: Durability, Utility, Beauty.68.Structuralism, a modern intellectual movement that analyses cultural phenomenaaccording to principles derived from linguistics, emphasizing the systematicinterrelationships among the elements of any human activity, and thus the abstract codes and conventions governing the social production of meanings.69.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.70.Psychoanalysis is a psychological and psychotherapeutic theory conceived in the late 19thand early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.71.Vampires are mythological creatures said to survive by feeding on the blood of animals andhumans.72.Vampire symbolizes the renewal of life.73.Superstition is a belief in supernatural causality: that one event leads to the cause ofanother without any process in the physical world linking the two events.74.Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which uselocally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances.75.The Tower of Babel, according to the Book of Genesis, was an enormous tower built in theplain of Shinar.76.According to the biblical account, a united humanity of the generations following the GreatFlood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar.77.The phrase "The Tower of Babel" does not actually appear in the Bible; it is always, "thecity and its tower", or just“the city".78.Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and theonly one to remain largely intact.79.The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million limestone blocks with most believedto have been transported from nearby quarries.80.When looked from the outside, the great pyramids point to the sky at the top whichresembles a “ladder to heaven”.81.The top of the Doric column is a simple square.82.There is no base at the bottom of Doric column.83.A Doric column is straight and has 20 small sides.84.Ionic column is more slender and decorative than Doric column.paring the major styles of Greek columns, the most slender one is the Corinthiancolumn.86.The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greekgoddess Athena.87.The Colosseum, or the Coliseum is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city ofRome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire.88.Colosseum can hold 50,000 to 80,000 people.89.The gladiators in the show in Colosseum were mainly slaves.90.A characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportionto its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.91.Medieval stained glass is the coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10thcentury to the 16th century.92.According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from thePortuguese word "barroco", Spanish "barroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a“rough or imperfect pearl ".93.What are the distinctive features of Baroque architecture?①broader naves and sometimesgiven oval forms ②broader naves and sometimes given oval forms ③dramatic use of light ④opulent use of colour and ornaments or figures ⑤large-scale ceiling frescoes ⑥an externalfaçade often characterized by a dramatic central projection ⑦the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture and stucco ⑧illusory effects li ke trompe l’oeil and the blending of painting andarchitecture94.Rococo style took pleasure in asymmetry, a taste that was new to European style. Thispractice of leaving elements unbalanced for effect is called contraste.95.What are the ideals of the International Style which are commonly summed up in threeslogans? They are ornament is a crime, truth to materials, form follows function.96.Deconstruction is a term introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1967book Of Grammatology.97.Ferdinand de Saussure argued that words are signs in that they consist of twosides—langue/parole and signifier/signified.98.Sigmund Freud proposed the mental processes could be divided into three parts: the id,the ego, and the superego.99.Many psychological concepts were first proposed by Carl Jung, which is excluded?thearchetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, synchronicity.100.The anthropological origins of archetypal criticism can pre-date its psychoanalytic origins by over thirty years.The Golden Bough, written by the Scottish anthropologist Sir James George Frazer, was the first influential text dealing with cultural mythologies. 101.Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.102.Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States.103.Rock 'n' roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music.104.“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” was written by Albert Einstein.。

《西方文化概论》复习题（本部）练习题1、四年一届的（奥林匹亚竞技会）是全希腊最隆重的盛会。

2、（浪漫主义）主义的基本特点就是，用自由和美感来代替义务和功利，用情感的权威来代替理性的权威，用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。

3、卢梭的小说（新爱洛伊丝）是浪漫主义的典范，在这本书中，卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。

4、当“哲学之父”（泰勒斯）宣称万物是从水中产生时，他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。

5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指（米诺斯文明），它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。

6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的（相对论）揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。

7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊（城邦）社会的重要特征。

8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方（共产主义）理论的思想根源。

9、公元前5世纪，（雅典）成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心，成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。

10、人文主义的精神实质就是（人性的解放），它的目的是把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。

11、“基督教的真正父亲”（保罗）构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。

12、基督教在哲学上对应一种（唯心主义）观点，即把精神看得比物质更加具有根本性。

13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生，中间经历了长达三个世纪的、所谓的（黑暗时代）或者“英雄时代”。

14、（哥特式）建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫气质而著称于世，它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。

15、（《尼西亚信经》）确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义，并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威，成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。

16、公元前8世纪，当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的文化废墟中生长出来时，与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是（系统叙事诗）。

西方文化概论章节测试答案爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（一）1下列说法错误的是（）。

A、希腊文明表现的是一种和谐之美B、罗马文化倾向于较功利，物质方面发展C、西方现代文明包罗万象D、西方现代文明只发展基督教文化正确答案： D2不属于欧洲伸进地中海的三个半岛的是（）。

A、巴尔干半岛B、亚平宁半岛C、克里特半岛D、伊比利亚半岛正确答案： C3埃及第一法老王朝大约出现在（）。

A、公元前1500年B、公元前2000年C、公元3100年D、约在公元前3100年正确答案： D4下列说法错误的是（）。

A、美索不达米亚文明是已知的最古老的文明B、克里特文明晚于埃及文明C、希腊文明的第一个阶段不是克里特-迈锡尼文明D、克里特文明晚于两河流域文明正确答案： C5十九世纪下下半叶，德国的（）考古发掘了克里特文明。

A、莱柯曼B、爱因斯坦C、黑格尔D、施里曼正确答案： D6哪一项不是西方文化的特点？（）A、跳跃性B、动荡性C、两极的大跳跃D、平稳、以不变应万变正确答案： D7中世纪出现的基督教文化的特点是（）。

A、物质主义B、为灵主义C、纵欲主义的D、关注人间、关注现世的快乐正确答案： B8西方文化发展的跳跃性和动荡性要大于中国。

（）正确答案：√9西方文化的源头是基督教文化。

（）正确答案：×10希腊文明的源头是克里特文明。

（）正确答案：√11克里特文明不受埃及文明影响。

（）正确答案：×12西方文明发展的跳跃性和动荡性远远大于东方文明。

（）正确答案：√13世界上最古老的文化是中国文化。

（）正确答案：×14古代希腊是大希腊，环爱琴海周边的地区的都叫希腊文化区，它不仅仅限于今天的希腊半岛的一个民族国家。

（）正确答案：√爱琴文明与希腊神话传说（二）1英国考古学家（）发掘了1600块刻有克里特铭文的泥板。

A、达尔文B、温特利森C、伊文思D、荷马正确答案： C2最早的希腊人是（）。

A、克里特本土人B、罗马人C、多利亚人D、阿卡亚人正确答案： D3对迈锡尼文明说法错误的是（）。

西方文化概论期末考试一、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1.什么是西方文化？西方文化指的是起源于欧洲的文化，它是由古希腊和罗马文化延伸而来，并且受到基督教文化的影响，它涵盖了政治、经济、法律、宗教、社会、文学、艺术、哲学等方面的内容。

2.西方文化的特点是什么？西方文化的特点主要有：（1）重视个人主义，强调个人的价值，认为个人是社会的基本单位；（2）强调分工和合作，认为社会是由许多个体组成的，而且要实现社会的发展，就必须要有协作；（3）重视科学技术，认为科学技术是社会发展的动力；（4）重视法治，认为法律是社会发展的基础；（5）重视教育，认为教育是社会发展的基础；（6）重视文化，认为文化是社会发展的基础。

二、阅读理解（每题10分，共30分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答问题：西方文化的发展可以追溯到古希腊和罗马时期，它们的文化给后来的欧洲文化带来了很多的影响。

古希腊文化强调哲学思考，罗马文化则强调法律和政治。

基督教的出现也给西方文化带来了重大的影响，它把宗教信仰置于社会的核心地位，并且把宗教的思想融入到西方文化中。

随着科学技术的发展，西方文化也发生了很大的变化，西方文化开始重视科学技术，认为科学技术是社会发展的动力。

同时，西方文化也开始重视文化，认为文化是社会发展的基础，它不仅包括文学、艺术、哲学等，还包括宗教、传统和历史等。

1.古希腊文化强调的是什么？古希腊文化强调哲学思考。

2.科学技术对西方文化的影响是什么？科学技术对西方文化的影响是西方文化开始重视科学技术，认为科学技术是社会发展的动力。

三、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1.西方文化的主要特点是什么？西方文化的主要特点是：（1）重视个人主义，强调个人的价值，认为个人是社会的基本单位；（2）强调分工和合作，认为社会是由许多个体组成的，而且要实现社会的发展，就必须要有协作；（3）重视科学技术，认为科学技术是社会发展的动力；（4）重视法治，认为法律是社会发展的基础；（5）重视教育，认为教育是社会发展的基础；（6）重视文化，认为文化是社会发展的基础。