think否定转移的用法分析(三)
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think否定转移的用法分析(三)
关于You don’t think 是否存在“否定转移”问题,我再补充以下几点:
(一)在现实语言中,在一个陈述的单句里面,人们相对较少说这样的句子:You don’t think you have time.“你认为你没有时间。
”——这是因为,在一个陈述的单句中,“你”本人的观点别人不好评判。
但是,在一些从句和含有疑问的句子(如反义疑问句)中,第二人称“否定转移”的用法就很普遍,例如:
1. If you don't think you have time today, we'll ask someone else for help. 如果你觉得你今天没有时间,我们将会向别人求助。
2. It is likely to happen especially when you don’t think it is possible. 事情会很可能发生,特别是当你认为不可能的时候。
3. Sometimes people may apologize even though they don't think they have done anything wrong. 有时候人们可能会道歉,即便他们认为他们没有做错什么事。
4. You don't think I should go either? 你认为我也不该去吗?
5. You don't think I'm mature, do you? Actually I am already a grown-up. 你认为我不成熟,是不是?其实我已经长大了。
(二)如果用反义疑问句来证实第二人称不存在“否定转移”,我认为没有说服力。
说句真心话,“否定转移”跟反义疑问句无关。
刚才上面提到,在现实语言中,人们较少说这样的句子:You don’t think you have time. 这是因为,在一个陈述的单句中,“你”本人的观点别人怎好评判?所以在语言实践中,往往在句子后面,加一个附加问句(tag question):do you? 以征求对方肯定或否定的答复。
You don’t think you have time, do you?
“你认为你现在没时间,是吗?”
该反义疑问句,是根据结构形成的:You don’t..., do you? (前否后肯)
类似的例句比较多,限于篇幅就不再列举了。
【特别说明】有老师引用章振邦先生的观点(他的亲笔回信),话题是反义疑问句,里面涉及到“否定转移”问题。
现在的问题是,通过讨论反义疑问句,能否证明You don’t think不是“否定转移”?以下是章振邦教授写给一位中学老师的亲笔信:
20多年前(1993年)遇到的一道选择题:
You don't think that he is unfit for the office, ______? (A. do you B. don't you C. is he D. isn't he)
正确答案是A(do you)。
我对此感到很疑惑,于是便致函上海外国语学院英语系语法教研室主任《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授,章教授很热心,在回信中详细地解答了这个问题(很幸运,昨天在书柜里终于找到了这封回信)。
现将回信全文贴上,供网友和老师们参考:
曾老师,您好!
8月20日来函所询问的句子我认为并不存在“否定转移”的问题,其答案应该是A(...,do you?)。
理由是:当imagine, expect, think之类的动词用于“否定转移”结构时,其前通常带有第一人称主语,随后若有“附加疑问句”(QYESTION TAG)其主语和动词则应与that-分句保持一致,例如:
I don't think she has met you before.
= I think she hasn't met you before.
→I think she hasn't met you before, has she?
→I don't think she has met you before, has she?
这类结构的主句也可以用第三人称主语,例如:
She doesn't think that he would say anything about it.
= She thinks that he wouldn't say anything about it.
→She thinks he wouldn't say anything about it, would he?
→She doesn't think he would say anything about it, would he?
但若用第二人称主语,问题就改变了,因为You don't think that he is unfit for the office.并不等于You think that he is not unfit for the office.因此,在用“附加疑问”时,只能与主句的主语和动词保持一致,而不能与that-分句保持一致,从而最佳选择应该是A:
You don't think that he is unfit for the office, do you?
那么,为什么此句不存在“转移否定”的问题呢?试观察以下转换形式(凡是“转移否定”结构通常可做如下转换):
I don't think she has met you before.
= She hasn't met you before, I think.
I don't imagine he cares.
= He doesn’t care, I imagine.
而You don’t think he is unfit for the office.却不可以转换为
*He is not unfit for the office, you think.
因为这样一转换,句子就讲不通了。
所以,这类语法问题必须结合语义来考虑,问题才能讲得清。
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