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词类转译I. Noun converting to verbs:1.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according asthe sun is high up in the heaven or near the horizon.2.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。
3.High precision implies a high degree of exactness but withno implication as to accuracy.4.高精度意味着高度的准确度，但并不说明具有准确性。
5.They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wageincrease.6.他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
7.He is an enemy to reform.8.他反对改革。
9.Difference between the social system of states shall not bean obstacle to their approach and cooperation.10.国及国社会制度的不同不应阻碍彼此的接近及合作。
11.. I am afraid I can’t teach you English. I think mydaughter is a better teacher than I.12.恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好。
13.The operation of a computer needs some knowledge ofEnglish.14.操作电脑需要一些英语知识。
A. 具有动态意义的名词〔1〕“… of …〞构造〔2〕短语构造翻译顺序：顺译及逆译1. These depressing pumps ensure contamination-free transfer of abrasive fluids such as acids, dyes and alcohol.在输送酸、染料、醇等腐蚀性强的流体时，这类压缩泵能保证输送无污染2. It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: objective observation and description of some phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them, the use of these to predict future events, the verification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity.3. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions.就噪音而论，所需要的是研究大批生活在噪音条件下的人数。
科技英语翻译复习重点（英译汉篇）一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.（直译法）紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。
2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.（直译法）机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。
3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.（增词法）20世纪70年代，集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸，降低了价格，同时加快了运行速度，提高了可靠性。
4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.（增词法）原子动力反应堆不需要油，因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果，而不是燃烧的结果。
5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.（省略法）机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件，包括三种基本类型，即：结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。
【科技英语翻译】考题整理1、The waster radiation is revolutionizing X-ray science, enabling researchers to see things on an atomic level with eyes that are a million times more powerful than ever before,这种被视为废物的辐射使 X 射线科学发声了一场革命：它使科研工作者能用眼睛看到原子级的东西，这一放大率比以往提高了 100 万倍。
2、If we had known the properties of the material, we should have made full use of it. 要是当时了解这种材料的特性的话，我们就会充分利用它了。
3 、Moving parts of a machine would wear much more rapidly without being oiled. 机器的运动部件如果不加油就会磨损的非常快。
4 、Cool slowly to minimize cracking. 要慢慢冷却，以最大限度的减少开裂。
5、Don`t let the stresses inside the material exceed the elastic limit, or else permanent deformation will result.不要使材料的应力超过弹性极限，否则会产生永久变形。
6 、Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
7 、Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受各种活动物体的图像。
大学英语科技翻译知识及材料标志用语的表达与翻译1. 用词特征及其翻译标志用语常以独立的词出现。
例如：动词：START 启动STOP 停车PULL 推PRESELECT 预选名词：INLET 入口OUTLET 出口DANGER 危险GLASS 小心玻璃AUTO 自动形容词：OPEN 开（正在营业）CLOSED 关（停止营业）LEFT 左RIGHT 右POISONOUS 有毒物品副词：CLOCKWISE 顺时针COUNTER-CLOCKWISE 逆时针UP 向上DOWN 向下介词：ON 开OFF 关其中以形容词为单位的独立词可译为“……品”。
例如：Dangerous 危险品Perishable 易腐品Explosive 易爆品Radial 放射品Inflammable 易燃品大量使用词组、短语也是科技英语中标志影只用于的特征之一，从而体现出其简洁、客观、信息量大的特点。
例如：HOT WORK IN PROGRESS 正在施工SAFETY FOOTWEAR 穿安全靴NO PHOTOS 禁止拍照NO ADMISSION 禁止入内NO ENTRY 禁止驶入PERSONNEL ONLY 闲人免进HANDS OFF 请勿触碰KEEP CLEAN 保持整洁KEEP DRY 保持干爽Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口，危险Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行MAN: 10/03/2007 生产日期：2007年3月10日EXP: 10/03/2008 失效期：2007年3月10日OIL ONCE EVERY SHIFT 每班加油一次2. 句型特征及其翻译标志用语在实际运用中具有指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性等应用功能，经常使用祈使句来实现这些功能。
例如：Handle with care 小心轻放Insert here 由此处插入Do not pass 禁止超车Open here 由此处开启Keep away from moisture 切勿受潮Keep off the grass 勿踏草坪Keep cool 冷藏Protect against heat 注意高温Keep away from heat 切勿受热Stand clear of the door 勿靠（车）门Mind the step 小心台阶Do not turn upside down 切勿倒置Split here 由此处撕开Keep away from fire 切勿近火Keep on deck 甲板装运Stand on end 竖着放Open daily 每天开放在英美国家中，有很多温馨、亲和的提示和请求标志用语，这类标志语多以带祈使语气的单词please开头，因此在翻译成汉语时用语气较温和的“请”字。
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induc tion motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped co nditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to posse ss weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管 在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道 所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成 叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) pro bably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
第1节翻译练习4This type of furnace uses4times more electricity than that type does.这种炉的耗电量是那种炉耗电量的4倍。
This rod is4times longer than that one.这根杆比那根长3倍。
The oxygen atom is nearly16times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.氧原子的原子量几乎是氢原子量的16倍。
The atomic weight of helium is four times heavier than that of hydrogen.氦原子量比氢原子量重3倍。
In rolling bearing the starting friction is about twice the running friction.滚动轴承的启动摩擦大概是转动摩擦的2倍。
第1节翻译练习5The leads of the new condenser are shortened by six times.新型电容器的引线缩短了5/6。
The operation of cost decreased by five times.成本运行降至1/5。
The loss of electricity was reduced by a factor of four.电损减少了3/4。
The pipe is four times lighter than that one.这根管子重量是那根的1/4。
第1节翻译练习6Weld strength can be increased by45percent.焊接强度可增加45%。
Tests have shown that the energy consuming can be reduced by30percent.试验证明能量消耗可减低30%。
计算机冀导那一部分词汇pig 金属锭块dog挡块，止动爪cat吊锚，履带拖拉机cock旋塞，吊车horse支架，铁杆fish 接合板，夹板monkey 打桩锤；煤矿通风巷道fox绳索belly 炉腰mild steel structure 低碳钢结构Bendable switches consist of a continuous 无缝的steel beam.？可弯曲的开关由连续钢条组成。
曲性道岔由无缝钢条组成。
Bricks are also produced in many different colors and with various finishes, particularly those used for decorative purpose.砖也可以烧制成许多不同的颜色，具有不同的光洁度，尤其是那些用于装饰的砖。
catalyst 催化剂Resolving power 分辨率Combining power 化合价Base 碱Base metals 非贵金属Brass 黄铜Difficult labor 难产Foreign Material 杂质Cast iron 铸铁In general, the design procedure is not straightforward and will require trial and error.一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。
（简单的）Furnace 炉子（1）Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pressure.橡胶性软，受压变形。
（2）Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current.陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。
（3）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。
The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself.温度上升不可能是出于自身的原因。
Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.不论物体的形状如何复杂，人们均可求出它的体积。
The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage.要求输送的电能越多，就得使电压升得越高。
The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm.机器人最具人性化的特点就是它的机械臂。
In our studies of the implications for the First Law, we were able to see the importance of the distinction between state and path functions.我们研究第一定律时，可以明白区分状态函数和路径函数的重要性。
The first job of an electron tube is to get the electrons apart from their nuclei.电子管的第一项工作就是使电子与其原子核分开。
That type of turbine usually rotates at a very low speed.那种汽轮机通常以非常低的速度运转。
Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.小物体，比如尘粒和水珠，仅仅下落了一小段距离后便失去了其大部分的加速度。
1. 科技英语的语言特点具体表现一、大量使用名词化结构《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。
因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。
而非某一行为。
Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。
这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。
第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。
因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。
这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。
试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。
这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。
电容的测量单位是法拉。
这一段短文中各句的主语分别为：Electrical energySuch a deviceIts ability to store electrical energyIt (Capacitance )它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。
四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。
足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词。
如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。
这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。
试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。
常见的结构不以下五种：1、介词短语The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词The air outside pressed the side in .外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked .获得的结果必须加以校核The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。
例如It——that——结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。
举例如下：It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
