Spark之SparkStreaming整合kafka（Java实现版本）pom依赖<properties><scala.version>2.11.8</scala.version><hadoop.version>2.7.4</hadoop.version><spark.version>2.1.3</spark.version></properties><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.scala-lang</groupId><artifactId>scala-library</artifactId><version>${scala.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-core_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-sql_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-hive_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-streaming_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-streaming-flume_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.spark</groupId><artifactId>spark-streaming-kafka-0-10_2.11</artifactId><version>${spark.version}</version></dependency></dependencies>demo代码package com.blaze.kafka2streaming;import com.blaze.conf.ConfigurationManager;import com.blaze.constant.Constants;import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecord;import mon.serialization.StringDeserializer;import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;import org.apache.spark.api.java.Optional;import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.FlatMapFunction;import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.Function2;import org.apache.spark.api.java.function.PairFunction;import org.apache.spark.streaming.Durations;import org.apache.spark.streaming.api.java.JavaDStream;import org.apache.spark.streaming.api.java.JavaInputDStream;import org.apache.spark.streaming.api.java.JavaPairDStream;import org.apache.spark.streaming.api.java.JavaStreamingContext;import org.apache.spark.streaming.dstream.DStream;import org.apache.spark.streaming.kafka010.ConsumerStrategies;import org.apache.spark.streaming.kafka010.KafkaUtils;import org.apache.spark.streaming.kafka010.LocationStrategies;import scala.Tuple2;import java.util.*;/*** create by zy 2019/3/15 9:26* TODO: kafka2streaming⽰例使⽤的java8的lambda表达式(idea可以alt+enter将⽅法转换成⾮lambda表达式的java代码)*/public class BlazeDemo {public static void main(String[] args) {// 构建SparkStreaming上下⽂SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("BlazeDemo").setMaster("local[2]");// 每隔5秒钟，sparkStreaming作业就会收集最近5秒内的数据源接收过来的数据JavaStreamingContext jssc = new JavaStreamingContext(conf, Durations.seconds(5));//checkpoint⽬录//jssc.checkpoint(ConfigurationManager.getProperty(Constants.STREAMING_CHECKPOINT_DIR));jssc.checkpoint("/streaming_checkpoint");// 构建kafka参数map// 主要要放置的是连接的kafka集群的地址（broker集群的地址列表）Map<String, Object> kafkaParams = new HashMap<>();//Kafka服务监听端⼝kafkaParams.put("bootstrap.servers", ConfigurationManager.getProperty(Constants.KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS));//指定kafka输出key的数据类型及编码格式（默认为字符串类型编码格式为uft-8）kafkaParams.put("key.deserializer", StringDeserializer.class);//指定kafka输出value的数据类型及编码格式（默认为字符串类型编码格式为uft-8）kafkaParams.put("value.deserializer", StringDeserializer.class);//消费者ID，随意指定kafkaParams.put("group.id", ConfigurationManager.getProperty(Constants.GROUP_ID));//指定从latest(最新,其他版本的是largest这⾥不⾏)还是smallest(最早)处开始读取数据kafkaParams.put("auto.offset.reset", "latest");//如果true,consumer定期地往zookeeper写⼊每个分区的offsetkafkaParams.put("mit", false);// 构建topic setString kafkaTopics = ConfigurationManager.getProperty(Constants.KAFKA_TOPICS);String[] kafkaTopicsSplited = kafkaTopics.split(",");Collection<String> topics = new HashSet<>();for (String kafkaTopic : kafkaTopicsSplited) {topics.add(kafkaTopic);}try {// 获取kafka的数据final JavaInputDStream<ConsumerRecord<String, String>> stream =KafkaUtils.createDirectStream(jssc,LocationStrategies.PreferConsistent(),ConsumerStrategies.<String, String>Subscribe(topics, kafkaParams));//获取words//JavaDStream<String> words = stream.flatMap(s -> Arrays.asList(s.value().split(",")).iterator());JavaDStream<String> words = stream.flatMap((FlatMapFunction<ConsumerRecord<String, String>, String>) s -> {List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();//todo 获取到kafka的每条数据进⾏操作System.out.print("***************************" + s.value() + "***************************");list.add(s.value() + "23333");return list.iterator();});//获取word,1格式数据JavaPairDStream<String, Integer> wordsAndOne = words.mapToPair((PairFunction<String, String, Integer>) word -> new Tuple2<>(word, 1));//聚合本次5s的拉取的数据//JavaPairDStream<String, Integer> wordsCount = wordsAndOne.reduceByKey((Function2<Integer, Integer, Integer>) (a, b) -> a + b);//wordsCount.print();//历史累计 60秒checkpoint⼀次DStream<Tuple2<String, Integer>> result = wordsAndOne.updateStateByKey(((Function2<List<Integer>, Optional<Integer>, Optional<Integer>>) (values, state) -> { Integer updatedValue = 0;if (state.isPresent()) {updatedValue = Integer.parseInt(state.get().toString());}for (Integer value : values) {updatedValue += value;}return Optional.of(updatedValue);})).checkpoint(Durations.seconds(60));result.print();//开窗函数 5秒计算⼀次计算前15秒的数据聚合JavaPairDStream<String, Integer> result2 = wordsAndOne.reduceByKeyAndWindow((Function2<Integer, Integer, Integer>) (x, y) -> x + y,Durations.seconds(15), Durations.seconds(5));result2.print();jssc.start();jssc.awaitTermination();jssc.close();} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}相关配置⽂件package com.blaze.conf;import java.io.InputStream;import java.util.Properties;/*** create by zy 2019/3/15 9:33* TODO:*/public class ConfigurationManager {//私有配置对象private static Properties prop = new Properties();/*** 静态代码块*/static {try {//获取配置⽂件输⼊流InputStream in = ConfigurationManager.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("blaze.properties");//加载配置对象prop.load(in);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}/*** 获取指定key对应的value** @param key* @return value*/public static String getProperty(String key) {return prop.getProperty(key);}/*** 获取整数类型的配置项** @param key* @return value*/public static Integer getInteger(String key) {String value = getProperty(key);try {return Integer.valueOf(value);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return 0;}/*** 获取布尔类型的配置项** @param key* @return value*/public static Boolean getBoolean(String key) {String value = getProperty(key);try {return Boolean.valueOf(value);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return false;}/*** 获取Long类型的配置项** @param key* @return*/public static Long getLong(String key) {String value = getProperty(key);try {return Long.valueOf(value);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}return 0L;}}package com.blaze.constant;/*** create by zy 2019/3/15 9:31* TODO:常量接⼝*/public interface Constants {String GROUP_ID = "group.id";String KAFKA_TOPICS = "kafka.topics";String KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS = "bootstrap.servers";String STREAMING_CHECKPOINT_DIR = "streaming.checkpoint.dir";}blaze.propertiesbootstrap.servers=192.168.44.41:9092,192.168.44.42:9092,192.168.44.43:9092 kafka.topics=sparkDemogroup.id=blazestreaming.checkpoint.dir=hdfs://192.168.44.41:9000/streaming_checkpoint。
Chapter 1 Operations and Productivity DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.Why should one study operations management?SOLUTIONThe text suggests four reasons to study OM. We want to understand(1) how people organize themselves for productive enterprise,(2) how goods and services are produced, (3) what operationsmanagers do, and (4) this costly part of our economy and mostenterprises.6.What are the three basic functions of a firm?SOLUTIONThe basic functions of a firm are marketing, accounting/fi nance, and operations. An interesting class discussion: “Do allfirms/organizations (private, government, not-for-profit) performthese three functions?” The authors’ hypothesis is yes, they do. the 10 decision areas of operations management.SOLUTION1.Design of Goods and Services.2.Managing Quality.3.Process Strategy.4.Location Strategies.yout Strategies.6.Human Resources.7.Supply-Chain Management.8.Inventory Management.9.Scheduling.10.Maintenance.13.Describe some of the actions taken by Taco Bell to increase productivity thathave resulted in Taco Bell’s ability to serve “twice the volume with half the labor.”SOLUTIONTaco Bell designed meals that were easy to prepare; withactual cooking and food preparation done elsewhere; automationto save preparation time; reduced floor space; manager training toincrease span of control.PROBLEMS1.1John Lucy makes wooden boxes in which to ship motorcycles. John and histhree employees invest 40 hours per day making the 120 boxes.a)What is their productivity?b)John and his employees have discussed redesigning the process to improvethe productivity. If they can increase the rate to 125 per day, what will betheir new productivity?c)What will be their increase in productivity?SOLUTION(a)= 3.0 boxes/hour(b)= 3.125 boxes/hour(c)Change in productivity = 0.125 boxes/hour(d)Percentage change = = 4.166%1.6 Eric Johnson makes billiard balls in his New England plant. With recentincreases in his costs, he has a newfound interest in efficiency. Eric isinterested in determining the productivity of his organization. He would like to know if his organization is maintaining the manufacturing average of 3% increase in productivity. He has the following data representing a month from last year and an equivalent month this year:LAST YEAR NOWUnits produced 1,000 1,000Labor (hours) 300 275Resin (pounds) 50 45Capital invested ($) 10,000 11,000Energy (BTU) 3,000 2,850 Show the productivity change for each category and then determine theimprovement for labor-hours, the typical standard for compassion.SOLUTIONResource Last Year This Year Change Percent ChangeLabor =3.33 =3.64 0.31 =9.3%Resin =20 =22.22 2.22 =11.1%Capital =0.1 =0.09 -0.01 =-10.0%Energy =0.33 =0.35 0.02 =6.1%1.7 Eric Johnson (using data from Problem 1.6) determines his costs to be asfollows:·labor $10 per hour;·resin $5 per pound;·capital 1% per month of investment;·energy $.50 per BTU.Show the productivity change, for one month last year versus one month this year, on a multifactor basis with dollars as the common denominator.SOLUTIONLast Year This YearProduction 1,000 1,000Labor hr. @ $10 $3,000 $2,750Resin @ $5 250 225Capital cost/month 100 110Energy 1,500 1,425$4,850 $4,510= = = 0.078 fewer resources=>7.8% improvement* * with rounding to 3 decimal places.Chapter 2 Operations Strategy in a GlobalEnvironment P42DISCUSSION QUESTIONS6.Describe how an organization’s mission（使命） and strategy(战略) have different purposes.Solution:A mission specifies where the organization is going and a Strategy specifies how it is going to get there.10.There are three primary ways to achieve competitive advantage. Provide an example, not include in the text, of each. Support your choices.Solution:The text focuses on three conceptual strategies—cost leadership, differentiation and response. Cost leadership by Wal-Mart—via low overhead, vicious cost reduction in the supply chain; Differentiation, certainly any premium product—all fine dining restaurants, up-scale autos—Lexus, etc.; Response, your local pizza delivery service, FedEx, etc.12. Given the discussion of Southwest Airlines in the test, define an operations strategy(运营战略) for that firm.Solution:The integration of OM with marketing and accounting is pervasive. You might want to cite examples such as developing new products. (Marketing must help with the design, the forecast and target costs; accounting must ensure adequate cash for development and the necessary capital equipment.) Similarly, new technology or new processes emanating from operations must meet the approval of marketing and the capital constraints imposed by the accounting department.PROBLEMS2.1 The test provides three primary ways--strategic approaches—for achieving competitive advantage. Provide an example of each not provided in the test. Support your choices. (Hint: Note the example provided in the test.)Solution:The three methods are cost leadership, differentiation, and response. Cost leadership can be illustrated by Wal-Mart, with low overhead and huge buying powerto pressure its suppliers into concessions. Differentiation can be illustrated by almost any restaurant or restaurant chain, such as Red Lobster, which offers a distinct menu and style of service than others. Response can be illustrated by a courier service such as FedEx, that guarantees specific delivery schedules; or by a custom tailor, who will hand make a suit specifically for the customer..2.5 Identify how change in the internal environmental affect the OM strategy for a company. For instance , discuss what impact the following internal factors might have on OM strategy:a) Maturing of a product.b) Technology innovation in the manufacturing process.c) Changes in product design that move disk drives from 3 1/2 inch floppy drive to CD-ROM drives.Solution: The 10 Operations Decisions are Product, Quality, Process, Location, Layout, Human resource, Supply chain, Inventory, Scheduling, Maintenance.Solution:(a) The maturing of a product may move the OM function to focus on more standardization, make fewer product changes, find optimum capacity, stabilize the manufacturing process, lower labor skills, use longer production runs, and institute cost cutting and design compromises.(b) Technological innovation in the manufacturing process may mean new human resources skills (either new personnel and/ or training of existing personnel), and added capital investment for new equipment or processes. Product design, layout, maintenance procedures, purchasing, inventory, quality standards, and procedures may all need to be revised.(c) A design change will, at least potentially, require the same changes as noted in (b).Chapter 3 Project ManagementDISCUSSION QUESTIONS11. Define early start, early finish, late finish, and late start times.SOLUTIONEarly start (ES) of an activity is the latest of the early finishtimes of all its predecessors.Early finish (EF) is the early start of an activity plus its duration.Late finish (LF) of an activity is the earliest of the late start times of all successor activities.Late start (LS) of an activity is its late finish less its duration.PROBLEMS3.7 Task time estimates for a production line setup project at Robert Klassen’sOntario factory are as follows.IMMEDIATEACTIVITY TIME (IN HOURS) PREDECESSORSA 6.0 ---B 7.2 ---C 5.0 AD 6.0 B,CE 4.5 B,CF 7.7 DG 4.0 E,Fa)Draw the project network using AON.b)Identify the critical path.c)What is the expected project length?d)Draw a Gantt chart for the project.SOLUTION(a)(b,c) There are four paths:Path Time (hours)A–C–E–G 19.5B–D–F–G 24.9A–C–D–F–G 28.7 (critical)B–E–G 15.73.17 Bill Fennema, president of Fennema Construction, has developed the task, durations, and predecessor relationships in the following table for building new motels. Draw the AON network and answer the question that follow.IMMEDIATE TIME ESTIMATES (IN WEEKS)ACTIVITY PREDECESSOR(S) OPTIMISTIC MOST LIKELY PESSIMISTICA --- 4 8 10B A 2 8 24C A 8 12 16D A 4 6 10E B 1 2 3F E,C 6 8 20G E,C 2 3 4H F 2 2 2I F 6 6 6J D,G,H 4 6 12 K I,J 2 2 3a)What is the expected time for activity C?b)What is the variance for activity C?c)Based on the calculation of estimated times, which is the critical path?d)What is the estimated time of the critical path?e)What is the activity variance along the critical path?f)What is the probability of completion of the project before week 36?SOLUTION(a) Estimated (expected) time for C = [8 + (4 × 12) + 16]/6= 72/6= 12 weeks(b) Variance for C is = 1.78(c) Critical path is A–C–F–H–J–K(d) Time on critical path = 7.67 + 12 + 9.67 + 2 + 6.67+ 2.17 = 40.18 weeks (rounded)(e) Variance on critical path = 1 + 1.78 + 5.44 + 0 + 1.78+ 0.03 = 10.03(f) Z== -1.32, which is about 9.6% chance (.096 probability) of completingproject before week 36.Note that based on possible rounding in part (d)—where time on critical path could be 40.3—the probability can be as low as 8.7%. So a student answerbetween 8.7% and 9.6% is valid.Summary table for problem 3.17 follows:Activity ActivityTimeEarlyStartEarlyFinishLateStartLateFinish SlackStandardDeviationA 7.66 0 7.66 0.0 7.66 0 1B 9.66 7.66 17.33 8 17.66 0.33 3.66C 12 7.66 19.66 7.66 19.66 0 1.33D 6.33 7.66 14 25 31.33 17.33 1E 2 17.33 19.33 17.66 19.66 0.33 0.33F 9.66 19.66 29.33 19.66 29.33 0 2.33G 3 19.66 22.66 28.33 31.33 8.66 0.33H 2 29.33 31.33 29.33 31.33 0 0I 6 29.33 35.33 32 38 2.66 0 J 6.66 31.33 38 31.33 38 0 1.33 K 2.16 38 40.17 38 40.17 0 0.17Chapter 4 Forecasting (p118)DISCUSSION QUESTIONS3. Identify the three forecasting time horizons. State an approximate duration for each.Solution:Short-range (under 3 months), medium-range (3 months to3 years), and long-range (over 3 years).4. Briefly describe the steps that are used to develop a forecasting system. Solution:The steps that should be used to develop a forecasting system are:(a) Determine the purpose and use of the forecast(b) Select the item or quantities that are to be forecasted(c) Determine the time horizon of the forecast(d) Select the type of forecasting model to be used(e) Gather the necessary data(f) Validate the forecasting model(g) Make the forecast(h) Implement and evaluate the results9. Briefly describe the Delphi technique. How would it be used by an employer you have worked for?Solution :The Delphi technique involves:(a) Assembling a group of experts in such a manner as to precludedirect communication between identifiable membersof the group(b) Assembling the responses of each expert to the questionsor problems of interest(c) Summarizing these responses(d) Providing each expert with the summary of all responses(e) Asking each expert to study the summary of the responsesand respond again to the questions or problems of interest.(f) Repeating steps (b) through (e) several times as necessaryto obtain convergence in responses. If convergence hasnot been obtained by the end of the fourth cycle, the responsesat that time should probably be accepted and theprocess terminated—little additional convergence islikely if the process is continued.PROBLEMS4.21 Refer to the trend-adjusted exponential smoothing illustration in Example ing α=. 2 andβ= .4 , we forecast sales for 9 mouths, showing the detailed calculations for mouth 2 and 3. In Solved Problem 4.2, we continued the process for mouth 4.In this problem, show your calculations for mouths 5 and 6 for Ft, Tt , and FITt.Solution:4.23 Sale of vegetable dehydrators at Bud Banis ’s discount department store in St. Louis over the past year are shown below. Management prepared a forecast using a combination of exponential smoothing and its collective judgment for the upcoming 4 mouths (March, April, May ,and June of 2005).Month 2004-2005 UnitSales Management’s ForecastJuly August September October November December January February MarchAprilMayJune 100939611012411992831019689108120114110108a)Compute MAD and MAPE for management’s technique.b)Do management’s results outperform (have smaller MADand MAPE than ) a naïve forecast?c)Which forecast do you recommend, based on lower forecasterror?Solution:Students must determine the naïve forecast for the fourmonths. The naïve forecast for March is the February actual of 83,etc.Chapter 5 Design of Goods and Services DISCUSSION QUESTIONS5. What is time-based competition?SOLUTIONTime-based competition uses a competitive strategy of gettingproducts to market rapidly and may include rapid design, efficient delivery systems, and JIT manufacturing.10. What information is contained in a bill of materials?SOLUTIONA bill of materials lists the components, their description,and the quantity of each required to make one unit of the product. 15.What are the advantages of computer-aided design?SOLUTIONSustainability in the context of OM implies a productionsystem that supports conservation and renewal of resources. Twoopportunities for a class discussion are:∉Pursue the OM role in product design, production, destruction/recycling/reuse and examine the entire productlife cycle (life cycle assessment [LCA] and ISO 14000).∉ Consider sustainability in a comprehensive and challengingperspective as meeting prese nt “needs” without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet theirown “needs.” The concept of “need” and the suggestionthat we understand all there is to know about the world’sresources can initiate a lively classroom discussion.PROBLEMS5.11 The product design group of Flores Electric Supplies, Inc., has determinedthat it needs to design a new series if switches. It must decide on one of three design strategies. The market forecast is for 200,000 units. The better and more sophisticated the design strategy and the more time spent on value engineering, the less will be the variable cost. The chief of engineering design, Dr. W. L. Berry, has decided that the following costs are a good estimate of the initial and variable costs connected with each of the three strategies:a) Low-tech: a low-technology, low-cost process consisting if hiring seervalnew junior engineers. This option has a cost of $45,000 and variable-cost probabilities of .3 for $.55each, .4 for $.50, and .3 for $.45.b)Subcontract: a medium-cost approach using a good outside design staff.This approach would have an initial cost of $65,000 and variable-cost probabilities of .7 of $.45, .2 of $.40, and .1 of $.35.c)High-tech: a high-technology approach using the very best of the inside staffand the latest computer-aided design technology. This approach has a fixed cost of $75,000 and variable-cost probabilities of .9 of $.40 and .1 of $.35.What is the best decision based on an expected monetary value (EMV) criterion? (Note: We want the lowest EMV, as we are dealing with costs in this problem.)SOLUTIONThe firm should utilize the low technology approach for a cost of $145,000.Chapter 6 Forecasting (p174) DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1、E xplain how higher quality can lead to lower costs.Solution:Higher quality leads to greater demand, to greater market share, to greater economies of scale. Additionally, higher quality leads to less scrap, rework, and warranty cost, hence to less input required for same output.3、which 3 of Deming’s 14 points do you feel are most critical to the success of a TQM program. How are these related to Deming’s 14 points ? Solution:Of Deming’s 14 points, “finding problems” is certainly one of the three. The selection of the other two is not as clear-cut. Many would say “reducing fear” is important, but its purpose is really to find problems. The first point, on getting management to put forth common goals and stick with them—“constancy of purpose”—is our second choice. The third is “methods”—not giving goals without providing the methods to achieve them6、What are seven tools of TQM?Solution:The seven tools of TQM are:●Checksheet●Scatter diagram●Histograms●Pareto charts●Flow charts●Cause-and-effect diagrams●Statistical process control chart8、How can a university control the quality of its output (that is, its graduates)?Solution:● A university can seek to control the quality of its graduates by:Settingspecific goals for its overall accomplishments●Employing quality faculty●Setting appropriate standards (prerequisites, GPA, required credit hours, etc.)●Employing appropriate evaluation devices (quizzes, examinations, termpapers, etc.)Chapter 8DISCUSSION QUESTIONS4、What is “clustering”(集群)？Solution:4. Clustering is the tendency of firms to locate near competitors.16、List the techniques used by service organizations to select locations. Solution:16. Service location techniques: regression models to determine importance of various factors, factor rating method, traffic counts, demographic analysis of drawing area, purchasing power analysis of area, center-of-gravity method, and geographic information system. PROBLEMS8.9、A location analysis for Temponi Controls, a small manufacturer of part for high-technology cable systems, has been narrow down to four locations. Temponi will need to train assemblers, testers, and robotics maintainers in local training centers. Cecilia Temponi , the president, has asked each potential site to offer training programs, tax breaks, and other industrial incentives. The critical factors, their weights, and the ratings for each location are shown in the following table. High scores represent favorable values.Compute the composite (weighted average) rating for each location.a) Which site would you choose?b) Would you reach the same conclusion if the weights for operating cost and labor cost were reversed?Recompute as necessary and explain.SolutionFactorweight LocationAkron, OH Biloxi, MS Carthage, TX Denver, COLabor availability .15 90 80 90 80 Technical school quality .10 95 75 65 85 Operating cost .30 80 85 95 85 Land and construction cost .15 60 80 90 70 Industrial incentives .20 90 75 85 60 Labor cost.10758085758.15 A British hospital chain wishes to make its first entry into the U.S market by building a medical facility in the Midwest, a region with which its director. Doug Moodie, is comfortable because he got his medical degree at NorthwesternUniversity. After a preliminary analysis, four cities are chosen for further consideration. They are rated according to the factors shown below:Factor WeightCITYChicago Milwaukee Madison DetroitCost 2.0 8 5 6 7Need for afacility1.5 4 9 8 4Staff availability1.0 7 6 4 7Local incentives0.5 8 6 5 9a)Which city should Moodie select?b)Assume a minimum score of 5 is now required for all factors. Which cityshould be chosen?Solution:8.15 (a) Chicago = 16 + 6 + 7 + 4 = 33Milwaukee = 10 + 13.5 + 6 + 3 = 32.5Madison = 12 + 12 + 4 + 2.5 = 30.5Detroit = 14 + 6 + 7 + 4.5 = 31.5All four are quite close, with Chicago and Milwaukeealmost tied. Chicago has the largest rating, with a 33.(b) With a cutoff of 5, Chicago is unacceptable because it scoresonly 4 on the second factor. Only Milwaukee has scores of 5or higher on all factors. Detroit and Madison are also eliminated,as each has one rating of a 4.8.21 A chain of home health care firms in Louisiananeeds to locate a central office from which to conduct internal audits and other periodic reviews of its facilities. These facilities are scattered throughout the state, as detailed in the following table. Each site, except for Houma, will be visited three times each year by a team of workers, who willdrive from the central office to the site. Houma will be visited five times a year. Which coordinates represent a good central location for this office? What other factors might influence the office location decision? Where would you place this office? Explain.CityMap CoordinatesX YCovington 9.2 3.5Donaldsonville 7.3 2.5Houma 7.8 1.4Monroe 5.0 8.4Natchitoches 2.8 6.5New Iberia 5.5 2.4Opelousas 5.0 3.6Ruston 3.8 8.5 Solution:Chapter 9 Layout Strategy DISCUSSION QUESTIONS2. What are the three factors that complicate a fixed-position layout? SOLUTION：Fixed position layouts are complicated by: limited spaceat virtually all sites; at different stages of the process, differentmaterials are needed; and the volume of materials needed is dynamic.3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of process layout? SOLUTION：The advantages of a process layout are:It can simultaneously handle a wide variety of products or services, especially in terms of “batches” or “job lots.”It has considerable flexibility with respect to equipment and labor assignments.The disadvantages of a process layout are:The use of general purpose rather than special purpose equipment tends to make the overall process somewhat lessefficient.Orders take more time and money to move through the system because of the difficult scheduling, setting up the processfor a wide variety of orders, and considerable materialhandling.Labor skill requirements tend to be high because of the use of general purpose equipment.Work-in-process inventories tend to be high.8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of work cells? SOLUTION：The advantages of work cells are:Reduction in work-in-process inventoryReduction in required floor spaceReduced raw material and finished goods inventoryReduced direct labor costHeightened sense of employee participationIncreased utilization of equipment and machineryReduced investment in machinery and equipmentThe disadvantages are:Similar to a product layoutHigh volume is required because of the large investment needed to set up the processThere is a lack of flexibility in handling a variety of productsor production ratesRequires the use of group technologyRequires a high level of training and flexibility on the partof employeesEither considerable staff support or imaginative employeesare needed for the initial development of the work cells11. What layout variables would you consider particularly important in an officelayout where computer programs are written?SOLUTION：Some of the layout variables you might want to consider asparticularly important in an office where computer programs are tobe written are:Ease of communicationProvision of privacy and a quiet work environmentLighting—especially as it related to glare on computer screensConsideration of ergonomic or human factor issues inequipment layout and construction14. Visit a local supermarket and sketch its layout. What are your observationsregarding departments and their locations?SOLUTION：Each student will sketch the layout of a local supermarket.They should observe the long aisles, power items at aisle caps, andspread of staples at corners of store (fruit/meat/dairy/bakery).PROBLEMS9.1 Registration at Southern University has always been a time of emotion,commotion, and lines. Students must move among four stations to complete the trying semiannual process. Last semester’s registration, held in the fieldhouse, is described in Figure 9.19. You can see, for example, that 450 students moved from the paperwork station (A) to advising (B), and 550 went directly from A to picking up their class cards (C). Graduate students, who for the most part had preregistered, proceeded directly from A to station where registration is verified and payment collected (D). The layout used last semester is also shown in Figure 9.19. The registrar is preparing to set up this semester’s stations and is anticipating similar numbers.a) What is the “load * distance,” or “movement cost,” of the layout shown?b) Provide an improves layout and compute its movement cost.SOLUTION：Movements = (4×8) + (9× 7) + (7× 4) + (6×3) + (8× 2) + (10×6)= 32 + 63 + 28 +18 +16 + 60 = 217 (in 100s)= 21,700Cost = 21,700 × $1 = $21,7009.5 Reid Chocolates (see Problem 9.4) is considering a third layout, as shownbelow. Evaluate its effectiveness in Trip-distance feet.SOLUTION：(b) Improved layout:B AC D9.7 The Temple Toy Company has decided to manufacture a new toy tractor, the production of which is broken into six steps. The demand for the tractor is 4,800 units per 40-hour workweek:PERFORMANCE TIMETask (SECONDS) PREDECESSORSA 20 NoneB 30 AC 15 AD 15 AE 10 B,CF 30 D,Ea)Draw a precedence diagram of this operation.b)Given the demand, what is the cycle time for this operation?c)What is the theoretical minimum number of workstations?d)Assign tasks to workstations.e)How much total idle time is present each cycle?f)What is the overall efficiency of the assembly line with 4stations; with 5 stations; and with 6 stations?SOLUTION:。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中学英语教学法第二次导学课4 中学英语教学法第二次导学课主讲：陈道明（华南师范大学外文学院）chendm@1/ 55学习建议1. 要利用网络课件学习； 2. 要在线听“导学课”（共四次），或通过学习中心下导学课的录像(也可以在我给你们开的公共邮箱gdchendm@下载) ，重看录像； 3. 在BBS（交流园地）的“资源区”上下载“导学课”的 PPT ，复习PPT上的内容； 4. 学习《英语教学法教程》的相关章节； 5. 在BBS上下载“自测题”，解压，做题。
理解题目的意思；6. 经常访问BBS，提出问题，参与讨论； 7. 按时完成网上作业。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 第二次导学课内容? Task-based Language Teaching ? Teaching Pronunciation ? Teaching Grammar ? Teaching Vocabulary3/ 55Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Approach and MethodApproachMethod 1 Method 2 Method X5/ 55Communicative ApproachCLTTBLT/TBL---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ What is a “task”?According to M. H. Long (1985:89): A task is “ a piece of work for oneself or forothers, freely or for some reward.” e.g. painting a fence; dressing a child; filling outa form; buying a pair of shoes; making an airline reservation; borrowing a library book; taking a driving test; typing a letter; weighing a patient; sorting letters; taking a hotel reservation; writing a cheque; finding a street destination; helping someone across a road; etc.7/ 55Pedagogical tasks def ined by David Nunan (1989: 8) :… a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Will, J. (1996: 23)? Tasks are activities where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome.9/ 55Clark, Scarino and Brownell (1994:40):Four main components of a task? A purpose: a reason for undertaking the task.? A context: can be real simulated or imaginary (location, participants, time, etc.)? A process: to use learning strategies (problem solving, reasoning, inquiring, conceptualising, communicating, etc.)? A product: some form of outcome, visible (a written plan, a play, a letter, etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Exercises, exercise-tasks, and tasks? Tasks: focusing on the complete act of communication.? Exercises: focusing on individual aspects of language, such as vocabulary, grammar or individual skills.? Exercise-tasks: halfway between tasks and exercises.11/ 55A taskA dangerous momentStudent AHave you ever been in a situation where you felt you life was in danger? Describe the situation to your partner. Tell him/her what happened. Give an account of how you felt when you were in danger and afterwards.Student BListen to your partner’s narration about a dangerous moment in his/her life. Draw a picture to show what happened to your partner. Show him/her your picture when you have finished it.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ An exerciseGoing shoppingLook at Mary’s shopping list. Then look at the list of items in Abdullah’s store.Mary’s shopping list1. oranges 2. eggs 3. flour 4. powdered milk5. biscuits6. jamAbdullah’s store1. bread 2. salt 3. apples 4. Coca Cola5. tins of fish 6. four 7. chocolate 8. sugar9. curry powder 10. biscuits 11. powdered milk 12. dried beansWork with a partner. One person be Mary and the other be Abdullah. Make conversations like this:Mary: Good morning. Do you have any flour?Abdullah: Yes, I do.OrMary: Good morning. Do you have any jam?Abdullah: No, I’m sorry. I don’t have any.13/ 55PPP and TBLT---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Jane Willis’ (1996) TBL frameworkTask cycleLanguage focus15/ 55---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Task cycleTaskPlanningReportSs do the task, in pairs or smallgroups.T monitors from a distance.Ss prepare to report to the whole class (orally or in writing) how they did thetask, what they decided or discovered.Some groups present their reports to the class, or exchange written reports, and compare results.Ss may now hear a recording of others doing a similar task and compare how they all did it.17/ 55Language focusAnalysisSs examine and discussspecific features of thetext or transcript of the recording.AnalysissT conducts practice of new words, phrasesand patterns occurring in thedata, either during or afterthe analysis.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Task cycleTask Planning ReportSs hear task recording or read textLanguage focusAnalysis & practice: Review & repeat task.PPP Presentation of single ‘new’ itemPractice of new item: drills exercises, dialogue practiceProduction Activity, role play or task to encourage ‘free’ use of L.19/ 55Teaching Pronunciation (Unit 6)? Components of pronunciation ? The goal of teaching pronunciation ? Practising pronunciation---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Components of pronunciation1. Simple sounds 2. Stress 3. Intonation 4. Rhythm21/ 55What should we teach whenteaching pronunciation?? We should pay attention to the distinction between pronunciation and phonetics.? The teaching of pronunciation should focus on the students’ability to identify and produce English sounds themselves. Students should NOT be led to focus on reading and writing phonetic transcripts of words, especially young students.? Introduction to phonetic rules should be avoided at the beginning stage.? Stress and intonation should be taught from the very beginning.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The goal of teaching pronunciationThe realistic goals: 1. Consistency: Be smooth and natural.(连贯性)（fluency） 2. Intelligibility: Be understandable.(可辨认性，可理解性) 3. Communicative efficiency: Convey themeaning that is intended.（交际的有效性）23/ 55Practising pronunciation? Mechanical practice and Meaningful practice? Perception practice and Production practice---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Mechanical practice? Pronunciation is difficult to teach without drills on sounds.? However, drilling an individual sound for more than a few minutes a time may be boring and demotivating.? Sometimes we can make mechanical practice, i.e. drilling, more interesting and motivating, e.g. by playing games.25/ 55Meaningful practice? It is important to combine drilling pronunciation exercises with more meaningful exercises. e.g.1. A polliwog looks for his mom.2. A card game: What can you see?---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Perception practiceAim: to develop the ability to identify and distinguish between different soundsWays of perception practice: ? Using minimal pairs: will, well; till, tell; fill, fell ? Which order? 1. bear 2. tear 3. ear ? Same or different? met, meet; well, well; well, will ? Odd man out: bit, bit, bit, pit ? Completion: ate, ate, ate, ate, ate, …27/ 55Production practiceAim: to develop the ability to produce soundsWays of production practice:? Listen and repeat.? Fill in the blanks by saying words containing certain sounds. (p.55)? Make up sentences. e.g. last, fast, calm, dark…? Use meaningful context, e.g. role play the dialogue? Use pictures. (p.56) This is old Jack. He has a black cat…? Use tong ue twisters. (p.56) She sells seashells on the seashore. Five wives drank five bottles of fine wine.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Some essentials of teaching pronunciation? Create a pleasant, relaxed, and dynamic classroom.? Use gestures. ? Build-up Students’ confidence. ? Bring variety to the classroom, e.g. Br. &Am. ? Use demo rather than explanation. ? Use visual aids.29/ 55Teaching Grammar (Unit 7)? Grammar presentation methods? Grammar practice---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Grammar presentation methods? The deductive method ? The inductive method31/ 55The deductive method? The deductive method relies on reasoning, analysing and comparing.The deductive method is criticized because:? Grammar is taught in an isolated way; ? Little attention is paid to meaning; ? The practice is often mechanical.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Merits of the deductive method? It could be very successful with selected and motivated students.? It could save time when students are confronted with a grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned.? It may help to increase student’confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success.33/ 55The inductive method? In the inductive method, the teacher induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation.? It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples.? It is believed that the inductive method is more effective in that(=because) students discover the grammar rules themselves while engaged in language use.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Distinction between Deduction and Induction ingrammar teaching? Deductive teaching ? Inductive teachinge.g.e.g.e.g.Rulee.g.e.g.Rulee.g.e.g. e.g.35/ 55Usually no clear-cut distinction? In practice, the distinction between the deductive method and the inductive method is not always apparent.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Grammar practiceAccording to Ur, 6 factors contribute to successful practice.37/ 55According to Ur, 6 factorscontribute to successful practice? Pre-learning.（预习） Learners benefit from clear perception and short-term memory of the new language.? Volume and repetition. （反复复习）The more exposure to or production of language the learners have, the more likely they are to learn.? Success-orientation. （成功感）Practice is most effective when based on successful practice.? Heterogeneity. （水平要求的多样性）Practice should be able to elicit different sentences and generate different levels of answers from different learners.? Teacher assistance. （教师的辅助）The teacher should provide suggestions, hints and prompts.? Interest : （趣味性）an essential feature that is closely related to concentration---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Grammar practice? Mechanical practice ? Meaningful practice39/ 55Mechanical practiceMechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.e.g. ? Substitution, and ? Transformation drills---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Meaningful practice? In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning, though the students “keep an eye on” the way newly learned structures are used in the process.? e.g.:41/ 55Pair work: Look at the table below. Rank the itemson the left column according to the criteria listed on the top.Cheap Healthy Tasty Fattening ImportantBeer Water FruitCigarettesAlcohol Milk---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ There is no clear-cut distinction between mechanical practice and meaningful practice.e.g. Chain of events? If I went for a sail, there might be a storm.? If there were a storm, my yacht would sink.? If my yacht sank, I would die. ? If I died, my parents would cry. ?…43/ 55Some forms of meaningful practice? Using prompts for practice–Picture, mime or gestures, information sheets, key phrase or key words, chained phrases for story telling? Using created situations: for simulative communication (role-play). e.g.–Your are a stranger in this town. … – There was a robbery yesterday in theneighbourhood. …---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Some suggestions about teaching grammar1. Teach only those rules that are simple and typical.2. Teach useful and important grammar points. 3. Teach grammar in context. 4. Use visible instruments such as charts,tables, diagrams, maps, drawings, and realia (pl. of realis) to aid understanding; 5. Avoid difficult grammatical terminologies as much as possible. 6. Allow enough opportunities for practice. 7. Live with the students’ mistakes and errors.45/ 55Teaching Vocabulary (Unit 8)? Presenting new words ? Consolidating vocabulary ? Developing vocabulary buildingstrategies---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Presenting new wordsSome suggestions: ? Provide creative examples. ? Elicit meaning from the students before tellingthem. ? Use related words such as synonyms, antonymsetc. to show the meaning. ? Think about how to check students’understanding. ? Relate the new word(s) to real life context(s). ? Predict possible misunderstanding or confusion.47/ 55Some more suggested ways? Use pictures, diagrams and maps to show the meaning;? Use realia (plural of realis); ? Use pantomimes or actions; ? Use lexical sets;e.g. cook, fry, boil, bake, grill, roast ? Translate and exemplify, esp. with technicalor abstract words; ? Use word formation rules and common affixes.e.g. deduction, induction---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ How do we teach the new words, e.g., 20 new words, in a unit of atextbook?? Do we teach all the 20 word at a time in an isolated way, i.e., without context? or:? Do we use context and allow the new words to occur in a natural way?49/ 55A possible way? Before reading the text: T: We are going to read a story about NelsonMandela, the first black president of South Africa. Which of the following words do you think may be used in the story? prison, rights, violence, lawyer, youth, league, position, matter, fact, president; vote, accept; continue black, equal, poor, young, wrong, worried Make a guess.。
