园林专业外文翻译2
河北工程大学农学院
本科毕业论文外文翻译
题目：Clean Indoor Air，Perrennial Flower To Help
学生姓名：王昆明
专业：园林
班级学号：080480127
指导教师：张喜焕
指导教师职称：副教授
2011年12月15日
Clean Indoor Air，Perrennial Flower To Help
Appropriate planting perennial flowers in the room, not only to beautify the indoor environment, but also a clean indoor air, an effective way to regulate the indoor climate. But in the indoor cultivation of perennial flowers is very particular. To understand how to choose perennial flowers, perennial flowers should start talking about the purification.
There are four perennial flowers purification:
1, bactericidal antimicrobial. Some perennial flowers can kill certain bacteria can secrete bactericidal factor, inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dysentery and typhoid bacillus bacteria growth, help keep indoor air clean.
2, the absorption of carbon dioxide. Most perennial flowers in the daytime for photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen at night to breathe, absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
3, the absorption of toxic gases. Some perennial flowers in the air through the leaves to absorb a certain concentration of toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, etc., through oxidation to convert it into non-toxic or low toxic substances such as sulfate.
4, air quality alert plant. With animals, perennial flowers are a class of continuously exchange activities with the external environment of the organism. Any external factors, including changes in harmful gases will have an impact on plants and in all parts of the plant is reflected. When the indoor perennial flowers unusual circumstances, it prompts people to timely detect the indoor concentration of harmful substances, which play a role in monitoring
and alarming.
Therefore, we can keep some of the perennial flowers in the room to absorb harmful substances, clean room environment. For example, the raising of some anthurium can absorb benzene, and can absorb TCE daisy, spider plants, aloe vera, Sansevieria can absorb formaldehyde ... ... by raising both flowers and the way pesticides, but also beautify the room, described as clean indoor air, the best policy.
Rich bright green color, shape and beautiful as interior decorative furnishings, and many works of art compared to the more expensive full of vigor and vitality, dynamism and charm. Hanbaoyufang bud, lush green foliage, to the bedroom into the vitality of nature. Green not only make people pleasing interior, eliminating fatigue, but also pleasant emotions, affect and change people's mentality, in the beautiful green atmosphere, it is easy to maintain a calm happy mood, reducing anxiety and worry.
Therefore, when your home renovation has been completed, do not forget to add a little green room.
净化室内空气宿根花卉来帮忙
在室内适当种植宿根花卉，不仅能美化室内环境，更是一种净化室内空气、调节室内气候的有效途径。但是在室内种植宿根花卉是很有讲究的。要想了解怎样选择宿根花卉，还要先从宿根花卉的净化功能说起。
宿根花卉有四种净化功能：
1，杀菌抑菌。有些宿根花卉能分泌能够杀死某些细菌的杀菌素，抑制结核杆菌、痢疾杆菌和伤寒菌的生长，有利于保持室内空气的清洁卫生。
2，吸收二氧化碳。多数宿根花卉在白天进行光合作用，吸收二氧化碳，释放氧气，在夜间进行呼吸，吸收氧气，释放二氧化碳。
3，吸收有毒气体。有些宿根花卉能通过叶片吸收空气中一定浓度的有毒气体，如二氧化硫、氮氧化物、甲醛、氯化氢等，再经过氧化作用将其转化为无毒或低毒的硫酸盐等物质。
4，空气质量报警植物。同动物一样，宿根花卉是一类不断与外界环境进行交换活动的有机体。外界任何因子，包括有害气体的变化都会对植物产生影响，并在植物的各个部位反映出来。当室内宿根花卉出现异常情况时，就提示人们要适时检测室内有害物质浓度，从而起到监测报警作用。
所以，我们可以在室内养一些宿根花卉来吸收有害物质、净化居室环境。例如，养些花烛可以吸收苯，雏菊可以吸收三氯乙烯，吊兰、芦荟、虎尾兰可以吸收甲醛……通过养花草的办法既可以除害，又可以美化居室，可谓净化室内空气的上策。
绿色植物色彩丰富艳丽，形态优美，作为室内装饰性陈设，与许多价格昂贵的艺术品相比更富有生机与活力、动感与魅力。含苞欲放的蓓蕾、青翠欲滴的枝叶，给居室融入了大自然的勃勃生机。室内绿化不仅能使人赏心悦目，消除疲劳，还能够愉悦情感，影响和改变人们的心态，在优美的绿化氛围中，人们很容易保持平和愉快的心境，减少焦躁与忧虑。
因此，当您的居室装修完毕后，千万别忘了给居室增添一点绿色。
毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES 抛光瓷砖 学院材料科学与工程 专业复合材料与工程 班级复材0802 学生 学号20080103114 指导教师 二〇一二年三月二十八日
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002) POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES C. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. Yuan Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology, Guangzhou 510090, P.R. China ABSTRACT Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability. Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheel
Thermoelectric Properties of n -Type Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5Segmented Thermoelectric Material SEJIN YOON,1JUN-YOUNG CHO,1HYUN KOO,1SUNG-HWAN BAE,1SEUNGHYUN AHN,1GWI RANG KIM,1JIN-SANG KIM,2and CHAN PARK 1,3,4 1.—Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Seoul National University,Daehak-dong,Gwanak-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 2.—Electronic Materials Research Center,Korea Institute of Science and Technology,Wolgok 2-dong,Seongbuk-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 3.—Research Institute of Advanced Materials,Seoul National University,Daehak-dong,Gwanak-gu,Seoul,Republic of Korea. 4.—e-mail:pchan@snu.ac.kr To investigate the effects of segmentation of thermoelectric materials on performance levels,n -type segmented Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5thermoelectric material was fabricated,and its output power was measured and compared with those of Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5.The two materials were bonded by diffusion bonding with a diffusion layer that was $18l m thick.The electrical conductivity,Seebeck coef?cient,and power factor of the segmented Bi 2Te 3/PbSe 0.5Te 0.5sample were close to the average of the values for Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5.The output power of Bi 2Te 3was higher than those of PbSe 0.5Te 0.5and the segmented sample for small D T (300K to 400K and 300K to 500K),but that of the segmented sample was higher than those of Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5when D T exceeded 300K (300K to 600K and 300K to 700K).The output power of the segmented sample was about 15%and 73%higher than those of the Bi 2Te 3and PbSe 0.5Te 0.5samples,respectively,when D T was 400K (300K to 700K).The ef?ciency of thermoelectric materials for large temperature differences can be enhanced by segmenting materials with high performance in different temperature ranges. Key words:Thermoelectric material,segmented thermoelectric material, Bi 2Te 3,Pb(Se,Te),output power INTRODUCTION Many studies have focused on improving the energy conversion ef?ciency of thermoelectric materials for their potential use in power-generation and cooling systems.The ef?ciency of a thermoelectric material is characterized by its dimensionless ?gure of merit [zT =(S 2r T )/j ,where S is the Seebeck coef?cient,r is the electrical conductivity,and j denotes the thermal conductivity].1 The upper limit of the ef?ciency (g ?g c ??????????????? 1tzT p à1 =???????????????1tzT p t1àg c h i ,where g c =D T /T hot is the Carnot ef?ciency,and zT is the average zT over the temperature range)is determined by the temperature difference D T ,2,3which means that better energy conversion can be expected with the use of a larger D T .Most thermoelectric materials,how-ever,have high zT over a very limited temperature range,indicating that most thermoelectric materials cannot effectively utilize such a large D T .High ther-moelectric energy conversion ef?ciency can be obtained when a large D T can be used,which can only be realized by using a thermoelectric material with high zT value across a broad temperature range.Materials with large average zT values over a wide temperature range have to be used to convert large amounts of energy from a large D T .Connection of materials with high zT values in different tempera-ture ranges,forming a segmented thermoelectric (Received May 10,2013;accepted October 14,2013;published online November 27,2013) Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS,Vol.43,No.2,2014 DOI:10.1007/s11664-013-2869-4ó2013TMS 414
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献 陶瓷产业技术创新中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路 摘要 通常情况下，创新在行业中发挥的作用是至关重要的。以往学者专门讨论在技术上更新兴的产业（例如，汽车和药品）。但在传统和成熟的行业上，如纺织品和陶瓷产业，往往被忽视。本文在英国陶瓷产业技术创新中的作用纠正这种让失衡。回顾以往的和当前的创新，根据同行业中的案例分析，其中包括用突出创新和技术创新取得成功的例子。 1.英国陶瓷行业的一个简史 陶瓷，定义为无机非金属材料，陶瓷派生于的希腊扎罗斯，大致翻译为烧土。著名陶艺家乔赛亚·韦奇伍德，托马斯·明顿和斯波德乔赛亚在18世纪在英国斯塔福德郡成立了陶器联盟，合并成为特伦特河畔斯托克。这个地区由于其当地丰富的粘土窑煤是最适合陶瓷生产。这些资源在1777年在特伦特和默西运河畔有力的助力了英国陶瓷产业的初期成长。 2. 创新和新技术的作用 可以说，英国陶瓷产业已亲眼目睹了两个技术创新和新技术革命。当第一个陶工在特伦特斯托克河畔开始他们的陶瓷生产，迅速地由一个工艺作坊转变为一个行业。这个传统陶瓷行业的初始生产（即，餐具，瓷砖，
砖和卫生洁具行业）带来了创新的主要问题即生产的连续性，制造一个杯子，砖瓦如前所述。为了应对这种革命性的生产经营单位产生了，这个先行者就是韦奇伍德。许多行业经过了长时间的巩固，直到二十世纪中叶，陶瓷产品的制造很难再从200年来的生产发生改变。 今天，新技术的重要性对英国的陶瓷生产与日俱增。与其他产品的出现（例如，玻璃和塑料）和国外市场的竞争增加，需要新的技术提供更快的生产和更高的质量是非常重要的。这种创新活动关注的大多数是陶瓷产品生产更快，更便宜，更可靠和更耐用。提高机械化水平成了瓷砖、卫生洁具和餐具制品生产厂家的重要工作。陶艺工业生产商的理想是在机器的一端放入原材料，在机器的另一端成品就出来了。 3. 研究和技术组织（RTO）的作用 实时系统和研究协会是专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，是一家创新技术的生成和扩散的私营公司。一个RTO通常代表一个技术型行业并建立在提供技术服务的公司成员的基础上。其独特的地位，使他们更加了解其特定的行业或部门，这使得他们在该部门的创新提供理想的经纪人机制，要求和需求。他们与监管机构，以及企业的合作，也让他们占尽地利，并提供他们的行业技术创新的驱动力。致力于陶瓷行业的陶瓷技术研究所（RTO）是成立于1948年，它为所有陶瓷企业提供广泛的服务（例如，咨询，测试和技术支持），其中包括传统陶瓷精粹文化和先进的陶瓷技术。陶瓷技术的协助和创新，是组织成员之间的主要凝聚力，可以促进企业间合作研究、开发新技术和有利于技术转让项目，提高公司的资金和管理能力。 还有就是，试图改善这种商业意识，在同行业中的证据。发展各种工
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。 而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯
拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
中文2500字 本科毕业设计翻译 学生姓名：***** 班级：*****班 学号：***** 学院：材料科学与工程学院 专业：材料成型及控制工程 指导教师：***** 副教授 2011年3月25日
Section 4 – Die Design and Construction Guidelines for HSS Dies General Guidelines for Die Design and Construction Draw Dies Higher than normal binder pressure and press tonnage is necessary with H.S.S. in order to maintain process control and to minimize buckles on the binder. Dies must be designed for proper press type and size. In some cases, a double action press or hydraulic press cushion may be required toachieve the necessary binder forces and control. Air cushions or nitrogen cylinders may not provide the required force for setting of draw beads or maintaining binder closure if H.S.S. is of higher strength or thickness. Draw beads for H.S.S. should not extend around corners of the draw die. This will result in locking out the metal flow and cause splitting in corners of stamping. D raw beads should “run out” at the tangent of the corner radius to minimize metal compression in corners, as shown in figure 16 on page 47. Better grades of die material may be necessary depending on the characteristics of the HSS, the severity of the part geometry, and the production volume. A draw die surface treatment, such as chrome plating, may be recommended for outer panel applications. Form and Flange Dies Part setup in form and flange dies must allow for proper overbend on all flanges for springback compensation. Springback allowance must be increased as material strength increases; 3 degrees for mild steels, but 6 degrees or more