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南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to （） it because of the rainy weather.问题1选项A.cancelB.eliminateC.delayD.prolong【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
cancel“取消, 撤销”;eliminate“消除, 排除”;delay“延期, 耽搁”;prolong“延长, 拖延”。
句意:他们原计划这个周末去郊游, 但由于下雨, 最后不得不取消了。
选项A符合句意。
2.单选题The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that （） we had to stop for refreshments. 问题1选项A.at largeB.at easeC.at randomD.at intervals 【答案】D【解析】固定搭配词组辨析。
at large“详尽的”;at ease“安逸, 舒适”;at random“随便地, 任意地”;at intervals“不时地, 间断地”。
句意:讨论时间太长, 使人精疲力竭, 我们不得不不时地停下来吃点点心。
选项D符合句意。
3.单选题Making private phone calls on the office phone is severely （） on in our country.问题1选项A.criticizedB.regardedC.objectedD.frowned【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意：在我国，用办公室电话打私人电话会受到严厉的批评。
选项A符合句意。
frowned皱眉，不满。
4.单选题Hotel rooms must be （） by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter.问题1选项A.departedB.abandonedC.vacatedD.displaced【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The torch was （） by a famous athlete at the opening of the sports meeting.问题1选项A.deceivedB.ignitedC.implementedD.designated【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。
deceive“欺骗, 行骗”;ignite“点燃, 使燃烧”;implement“实施, 执行”;designate“指定, 指派”。
句意:在运动会开幕式上火炬由一名著名的运动员点燃。
选项B符合句意。
2.单选题However important we regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives. Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matter as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work. Too often, however, teachers’ confere nces with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.1.The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that（）.2.It can reasonably be inferred that the author （） .3.We may infer that the writer of this article does not favor （） .问题1选项A.home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parentsB.teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC.there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at homeD.parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives问题2选项A.is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB.feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental programC.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at presentD.is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation问题3选项A.a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB.written communications to the parent from the teacherC.having the parents observe lessons which the children are being taughtD.principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferences【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The torch was （） by a famous athlete at the opening of the sports meeting.问题1选项A.deceivedB.ignitedC.implementedD.designated【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。
deceive“欺骗, 行骗”;ignite“点燃, 使燃烧”;implement“实施, 执行”;designate“指定, 指派”。
句意:在运动会开幕式上火炬由一名著名的运动员点燃。
选项B符合句意。
2.单选题They advised their clients to （） with another company.问题1选项A.mergeB.engageC.emergeD.submerge 【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
merge with合并，与...联合；engage with交战，与...接洽；emerge浮现，暴露；submerge淹没。
句意：他们建议客户与另一家公司合作。
选项A符合句意。
3.单选题You must let me have the annual report without （）by ten o’clock tomorrow morning.问题1选项A.failureB.hesitationC.troubleD.fail【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。
without fail为固定搭配, 表示“必定, 务必”。
句意为:你必须在明天早上十点之前把年度报告交给我。
所以选项D正确。
4.单选题Of all the wild dogs, none is more closely related to the （） dog than to the wolf.问题1选项A.domesticatedB.barkingzyD.running【答案】A【解析】语境判断。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in a big city such as Shanghai. They shout at us from the television screen and radio loudspeakers, wave to us from every page of the newspaper, signal to us from the roadside billboards all day and flash messages to us in colored lights all night. What do you think of the flood of advertising make any contribution to our society?For this part you are to write a composition on the topic If There Were No Advertisements. You should illustrate your viewpoints on advertisement in no less than 200 words.【答案】2.单选题Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help them navigate. Some direct themselves by the position of the sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the sun as their guide during the day, and then switch tn star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth's magnetic fields as a guide in finding its way home, and there are indications that various other animals, from insects to mollusks, can also make use of magnetic compasses. It is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to a magnetic compass when clouds cover the sun; otherwise it would just have to land and wait for the sun to come out again.Even with the sun or stars to guide by, the problems of navigation are more complicated than they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee that has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to report. A scientist has discovered that the bee sent out to look for food delivers her report through a complicated dance to the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in relation to the sun. But the sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start out to gather the toed, the sun may already have changed its position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the sun will seem to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bee seem to have no trouble at all in finding the food source. Their inner clocks tell them just where the sun will be, and they change their course correspondingly.1.The author mentions all the following natural phenomena that help animals navigate EXCEPT （）.2.What makes it necessary for a bird to rely on a magnetic compass when navigating?3.According to the passage what information does the dance of the scout bee communicate to the other worker bees?4.What enables the bees to fly by the sun even though the sun’s position is not fixed?问题1选项A.the sunB.the starsC.magnetic fieldsD.wind direction问题2选项A.The possibility of bad weatherB.The constant motion of the sun.C.Its patterns of migration.D.Its need to constantly change homes.问题3选项A.The time of the day.B.What the weather is like.C.How far away the food is.D.Which flowers the scout has found.问题4选项A.They are equipped with biological time clocks.B.They fly in formation behind the scout bee.C.They have excellent eyesight.D.They have long memories.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Unless you lived through the Eisenhower era, it may be hard to imagine the impact of the on-screen sight of sneering high-school students challenging adults with switch-blades. But in 1950s America, killing was still seen as something rare and horrible, something done by soldiers in battle, by lawmen, by gangsters, or by the occasional psychopath.Homicides in movies, even those considered violent, were infrequent. Those films presented juvenile delinquency more as the thread of rebellion and disobedience than of outright violence.The idea of American teenagers as killers was beyond compression. The change in 1957 when a wave of teen-street-gang killing in New York City (22 in the first six months of the year) spurred the emergency deployment of six hundred Police Academy cadets in a war on teen street crime. Though teen violence soon lost its place in news headlines to other crises, it did not go away.Thirty-five years later America is in the grip of a violence epidemic that has transformed the country into one of the most dangerous nations on earth. The national homicide rate, corrected for population growth, increased almost exactly 100 percent from 1950 to 1990. In major cities the increase has been much higher. In Los Angeles County the 1953 homicide total was 82. In 1992, with a population almost doubled, the total was 2, 512一an increase of over 1, 000 percent. These are staggering increase by any measure, with the one-year toll for L.A. County exceeding the deaths in over fifteen years of conflict in Northern Ireland.Youth crime accounts for a disproportionate number of these killings. That’s more than twice the number recorded a decade earlier, reflecting the fact, according to FBI reports, that the number of youths who committed murder with guns was up 79 percent in one decade. Clearly something has gone horribly wrong. In looking for a root cause, one of the most obvious differences in the social and cultural fabric between post-World War II and pre-World War II America is the massive and pervasive exposure of American youth to television. Since the 1950s, behavioral scientists and medical researchers have been examining screen violence as a possible causative element in America’s spiraling violent crime rate. There is compelling evidence of a direct, demonstrable link. Homicide has become the second leading cause among African-American youth. In 1992 the US surgeon general cited violence as the leading cause of injury to women aged 15 to 44, and the US Centers for Disease Control consider violence a public health issue, to be treated as an epidemic.1.From the passage we can infer that （） .2.Which of the following is not true?3.A major reason for youth crime increase is （） .4.It is a fact, in 1992, that （） .5.The word “spiraling”（Para.5） is close in meaning to （） .问题1选项A.from the 1950s on high-school students have been a threat to the safety of adultsB.in the 1950s only some gun-men used gun as weaponsC.it was in the late 1950s that violence was frequentD.youth crime began in the 1950s问题2选项A.There were more than 22 killings of teenagers in New York, in 1957.B.The wave of teen murder urged policemen to take a quick action.C.Violence was so emergent that even six hundred students of Police Academy were turned to for help.D.Six hundred students of Police Academy were involved in the street crime.问题3选项A.population grows too muchB.young people are exposed too much to screen violenceC.violence is a public issueD.the economic background问题4选项A.population in Los Angeles was of 2, 512 peopleB.homicide totaled 352 in Los AngelesC.homicide rose up to 2, 512 in Los AngelesD.population in Los Angeles was over 1, 512问题5选项A.movingB.changingC.risingD.falling【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。
南开大学2014年考博英语真题Section ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B，C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points，2 points each)Passage OneI recently conducted a survey to see what people thought and knew about Martin Luther King, Jr. I did this by bringing up the subject of MLK Day in casual conversations with people and gauging their reaction. (The sampling was 23 friends, colleagues, and strangers； 10 Black, 9 White, 3 Hispanic,1 Asian； 4 were between the ages 42 -35 and 19 were 34 -20. ) All knew King as the famous black civil rights leader who was killed, but few knew much more. The majority of people under 30— regardless of race—knew little more, in fact. How is it that Jill (black, 27, college educated) did not know that MLK was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient? Or that Tim (white, 31，college educated) was clueless about King’s nonviolent approach to civil rights activism?Darlene (black, 23) thought she should have the day off to sleep in. She had no idea the MLK day is really about doing something to inspire others.What is the point of having a day to mark the man if we do not understand the significance of his life? How is it that not only one of the greatest Americans, but one of the most influential humans in the history of our planet is not better known in this country? Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was more than just an inspirational black leader. His desire and ability to rise above his own failings and those of fellow humans uplifted us all—both those who were living at the time and those who have come after. Even if we do not know it, our world is a better place because of his light.Dr. King’s life was extinguished more than 30 years ago, but not his light. It is still here for each of us to carry, and to illuminate even brighter with our own unique creativity and contributions. Martin Luther King, Jr. was bom on January 15,1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. After graduating from Morehouse College and becoming a minister, he made his way to Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. This was an important decision for it was in the same city that, on December 1 of the following year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. King was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association and led a boycott of Montgomery buses throughout 1956, which brought him national recognition.King’s legacy of non-violent activism was influenced by the teachings of Jesus and Gandhi. King reinforced and expanded his Biblical convictions during a visit to India in 1959, where he studied Gandhi’s methods of non-violent protests during the early 1960’s.A gifted orator, King ignited the world and a generation in the cause for American civil rights with his “I Have a Dream” speech on Aug 28 1963 to a crowd of 250 000 in Washington, D. C. “We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protests to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force” ...“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. ’’ ...“When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘ Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!，”Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize and was named Time magazine’s u Person of the Year” in 1964. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, he said, “ Non-violence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time: the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence. Man must evolve for all human conflicts a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love. ’’ King was one of the most extraordinary humans to ever grace our planet. He was a man who methate and hopeless with love and inspiration. He used non-violence to point out the obscenity of violence. Martin Luther King was gunned down at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis on April 4, 1968. Some call it irony. I choose to think of it as his final lesson to us.1. The Purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .A. condemn the terrorist action of Martin Luther King, Jr.，s assassinationB. honor Martin Luther King, Jr. since MLK Day is drawing nearC. criticize the present generations for their ignorance of Dr. KingD. highlight the significance of the beliefs and spirit of Dr. King2. “Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. ’’ (Para. 4) can be best interpreted as “”.A. King is not remembered by the present generation as a football player or a musicianB. The present generation is ignorant of King who gave his life for the peoples of the worldC. If King had turned to music or sports he would have been more successfulD. It is meaningless to have a day to mark King since he is not famous enough3. According to Dr. King, what is the solution to major political and moral problems?A. Non-violence.B. Armed struggle.C. Violent activism.D. Believing in God.4. Which of the following statements about Martin Luther King, Jr. is true?A. His Nobel Prize acceptance speech was the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.B. He was the first one who adopted a non-violent approach in political struggle.C. He had a firm belief in God, which helped to form his non-violent activism.D. He was named 4< Person of the Year” because of his w I Have a Dreamv speech.5. The overall tone of the article can be best summarized as .A. emotionalB. furiousC. indifferentD. matter-of-factPassage TwoA few decades ago, it was still possible to leave home and go somewhere else: the architecture was different, the landscape was different, the language, lifestyle, dress, and values were different. That was a time when we could speak of cultural diversity. But with economic globalization, diversity is fast disappearing. The goal of the global economy is that all countries should be homogenized. When global hotel chains advertise to tourists that all their rooms in every city of the world are identical, they don’t mention that the cities are becoming identical too: cars, noise, smog, corporate high-rises, violence, fast food, McDonalds, Nikes, Levis, Barbie Dolls, American TV and film. What，s the point of leaving home?There are many causes for this dreary turn of events, but one is central: economic globalization and institutions like the World Bank and the WTO promote a specifickind of homogenizing development that frees the largest corporations in the world to invest and operate in every market, everywhere. For these agencies and corporation, diversity is not a primary value: efficiency is. Diversity is an enemy because it requires differentiated sales appeal. What corporations love is creating the same values，the same tastes, using the same advertising, selling the same products, and driving out small local competitors. Mass marketers prefer homogenized consumers. They also prefer places with low wages, cheap resources, and the least restrictive environmental and labor laws. The new rules of global trade are primarily set by the ultra-secretive World Trade Organization (WTO), which now rivals the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the most powerful, yet undemocratic body in the world. Its rules are specifically designed to serve global corporate expansion and the homogenization process. They make it nearly impossible for nation-states to prevent certain harmful forms of corporate development, no matter what problems they bring. So we find that European bankers can dominate Third World economies ； Asian companies can cut down Canadian and Brazilian forests ；American corporations can dominate the whole world’s farmers and food supply ；Disney can homogenize consciousness and McDonalds can homogenize tastes, globally. Every country loses while global corporations win.Corporate invasions into diverse cultures often occur over vigorous protests by local governments and populations that try to protect local business, culture, health, food safety, and local livelihoods. Not everyone wants to become like everyone else. ( More than one million of India’s small farmers protested against the entry of industrial agriculture, specifically Cargill Corporation and Kentucky Fried Chicken. ) Millions of others have protested against the invasion and promotion of genetically engineered foods which are destroying local livelihoods and threatening public health. But whencountries try to slow down these corporate invasions—or create laws that protect local resources, or jobs, or health standards一they may find the laws challenged at the WTO as illegal restrictions against foreign investment. In fact, a recently proposed addition to the WTO would make it nearly impossible for any country to prevent imports of biotech food products—despite public concern over health aspects. Meanwhile, all places are starting to merge. In rural France, local cheese farms are sucked up by giant agribusiness. In England, small towns in the countryside have high-speed freeways and trucks jamming through them despite mass opposition. Rice paddies in Bali are turned into hotel resorts. Small farms in Japan become executive golf courses. Small businesses and retail shops everywhere, including the U. S. , are being driven under by untaxed e-commerce, which the WTO may soon codify. Nepalese villages have Sylvester Stallone on their billboards, Barbie in their stores, and Jay Leno on their TV sets.Every place is becoming everyplace else: monoculture. “Get there before it’sruined. ” Is this a familiar phrase? Is this a system you want?If globalization homogenizes cultures, its effect on Nature is just as bad. With every country pressured to open up its forests, minerals, water, and land to global corporations, the few pristine places are disappearing fast. So are the native people who live in them. So are the animals, plants and biota …the biodiversity of the planet. ( Brazil, for example, recently suspended its environmental laws, so that Amazon forests can be cut down faster to help the country pay off IMF debts.) Meanwhile, industrial forestry practices, like clear-cutting, produce landscapes so barren that it’s hard to know if it’s the Amazon or Oregon ； landscapes of tree stumps look alike wherever they are. This is monoculture too. Biodiversity is disappearing as fast as cultural diversity. Here’s the rationale for all this: By serving the needs of global business, everyone benefits. “A rising tide lifts all boats. ’’ Is this true? While CEO salaries for global corporations are rising —some make $ 50 - 500 million annually—worldwide, real wages for most people are falling. According to the U. N. , the gaps between rich and poor within countries and among countries, has grown because of the inequities of global trade. Even in the U. S. , the median wage of factory workers has fallen by 10% in the last two decades. And, England now advertises that its workers are the lowest paid in Europe. Low wages are suddenly virtuous. Apparently, the rising tide lifts mainly yachts.The global economy is designed to benefit the largest corporations in the world, who are getting rapidly larger and more dominant. Already some corporations are bigger in economic terms than most nation states. Mitsubishi is the 22nd largest economy in the world. General Motors is 26th. Ford is 31st. They are larger than Denmark, Thailand, Turkey, Norway, Greece, Chile, Brazil, New Zealand and dozens of others. What can we do? Dozens of good organizations are working on these issues. This year, most are focused on the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting in Seattle, Washington, two weeks from now. Most groups are demanding a halt to all WTO expansion and a full public reassessment of its activities.6. From the first paragraph，we know that .A. the author is describing both the good and bad impacts of economic globalizationB. globalization is reducing the differences between the rich and the poorC. the author is unhappy with the consequences of globalizationD. globalization is good for both the rich and the poor7. The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is .A. to discuss what’s good and what’s bad in economic globalizationB. to blame the WTO and other large global corporations for their wrongdoingsC. to justify his worries about the disappearance of cultural diversityD. to refute the rationale of globalization and show his objection to global monoculture8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about a homogenized world?A. Every place will become exactly the same as every place else.B. Cultural diversity and biodiversity will not be ruined.C. People’s value orientation is sure to be identical gradually.D. People can buy the same goods and may have the same tastes.9. Who should be blamed for the Brazilian forests，being down?A. The International Monetary fund.B. The World Trade Organization.C. Large global corporations such as Mitsubishi.D. The Brazilian government.10. We can infer from the passage that vigorous protests occurred in India because •A. the Indians didn’t like the rules of the World Trade OrganizationB. global corporations promoted the sale of genetically engineered foods thereC. the international corporations have destroyed the local people’s livelihood and healthD. the Indians didn’t want to follow the new rules of global tradePassage ThreeUnless you lived through the Eisenhower era, it may be hard to imagine the impactof the on- screen sight of sneering high-school students challenging adults with switch-blades. But in 1950s America, killing was still seen as something rare and horrible, something done by soldiers in battle, by lawmen, by gangsters, or by the occasional psychopath. Homicides in movies, even those considered violent, were infrequent. Those films presented juvenile delinquency more as the thread of rebellion and disobedience than of outright violence.The idea of American teenagers as killers was beyond compression. The change in 1957 when a wave of teen-street-gang killing in New York City (22 in the first six months of the year) spurred the emergency deployment of six hundred Police Academy cadets in a war on teen street crime. Though teen violence soon lost its place in news headlines to other crises, it did not go away.Thirty-five years later America is in the grip of a violence epidemic that has transformed the country into one of the most dangerous nations on earth. The national homicide rate, corrected for population growth, increased almost exactly 100 percent from 1950 to 1990. In major cities the increase has been much higher. In Los Angeles County the 1953 homicide total was 82. In 1992, with a population almost doubled, the total was 2, 512一an increase of over 1, 000 percent. These are staggering increase by any measure, with the one-year toll for L. A. County exceeding the deaths in over fifteen years of conflict in Northern Ireland. Youth crime accounts for a disproportionate number of these killings. That’s more than twice the number recorded a decade earlier, reflecting the fact, according to FBI reports, that the number of youths who committed murder with guns was up 79 percent in one decade. Clearly something has gone horribly wrong. In looking for a root cause, one of the most obvious differences in the social and cultural fabric between post-World War II and pre-World War II America is the massive and pervasive exposure of American youth to television. Since the 1950s, behavioral scientists and medical researchers have been examining screen violence as a possible causative element in America’s spiraling violent crime rate. There is compelling evidence of a direct, demonstrable link. Homicide has become the second leading cause among African-American youth. In 1992 the US surgeon general cited violence as the leading cause of injury to women aged 15 to 44, and the US Centers for Disease Control consider violence a public health issue, to be treated as an epidemic.11. From the passage we can infer that .A. from the 1950s on high-school students have been a threat to the safety of adultsB. in the 1950s only some gun-men used gun as weaponsC. it was in the late 1950s that violence was frequentD. youth crime began in the 1950s12. Which of the following is not true?A. There were more than 22 killings of teenagers in New York, in 1957.B. The wave of teen murder urged policemen to take a quick action.C. Violence was so emergent that even six hundred students of Police Academy were turned to for help.D. Six hundred students of Police Academy were involved in the street crime.13. A major reason for youth crime increase is .A. population grows too muchB. young people are exposed too much to screen violenceC. violence is a public issueD. the economic background14. It is a fact, in 1992, that .A. population in Los Angeles was of 2, 512 peopleB. homicide totaled 352 in Los AngelesC. homicide rose up to 2, 512 in Los AngelesD. population in Los Angeles was over 1, 51215. The word “spiraling”（Para.5） is close in meaning to .A. movingB. changingC. risingD. fallingPassage FourMy mother raised me as best as she could, taking on odd jobs in the neighborhood for money. Still without a father to tell me how to act and what was expected of me, I felt lost. I wandered for years and got involved with tough guys on the East Side of New York. They would fight madly over adropped coin. They would steal to get what they wanted. I wanted to be like them.It was lucky for me that I left the city and entered a world of discipline, after following my mother’s advice. During three years of military service, I had time to rethink my life, and my thoughts often ran to my mother. I realized suddenly just how much of a heartache I must have been to her, how little I had noticed her suffering. When my father left this world, my mother was completely alone. To support us, my mother cleaned apartments and took in washing and ironing from the neighbors. And as she worked hard at this labor, she kept her head high. Each week she would bring a pile of books home from the library and read to us. My mother had wanted nothing more than for me to turn into an honest responsible man. But I had acted against her. Finally, almost too late I had the sense to feel shame. Ten years passed and I returned to the apartment on the East Side. I knew I wouldn’t fall back in with the wrong people, although I still wasn’t sure where I was heading. My mother, I could tell was worried about me. In my neighborhood, to become a police officer or a firefighter was a mark of significant social success and achievement. For me it was an opportunity for a real start in life. I wondered if I was up to it, but I knew that it was time to try. When I found myself in the big hall raising my hands to take the firefighter’s oath of office, my mother was sitting a few rows behind with a smile of relief. She knew that at last I was off on life’s road and moving steadily. Her smile said, “My job is finally done. ”16. From this story, we may guess that the East Side of New York must be a area.A. commercialB. richC. poorD. distant17. The author used to behave himself •A. oddlyB. toughlyC. remarkablyD. badly18. From the context, we understand that “odd jobs” in the first paragraph refer to jobsA. of cleaning, washing and ironingB. which are not regular or fixedC. which one can make extra money withD. with house work19. In the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author says “It was lucky for me that...”The lucky experience he talks about here is his experience of .A. the three years of military serviceB. leaving a world of disciplineC. leaving the city and his motherD. fighting with tough guys20. What is NOT true according to the passage?A. After her husband died, his mother did all available jobs to support the family.B. The author was surprised that he was accepted as a firefighter.C. The author finally realized that his mother always wanted him to be an honest and responsible man.D. In face of poverty, his mother never lowered her head. She bravely struggled on.Section B Replacing the Removed SentencesDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 21 - 25, choose the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points, 2 points each) Honesty no longer seems to be the best policy with telling of lies becoming a common part of our daily lives. A new research by a psychologist has revealed that most people lie in everyday conversation when they are trying to appear likable and competent.21. “ People tell a considerable number of lies in everyday conversation. It wasa very surprising result. We didn’t expect lying to be such a part of daily conversation，’’ said Robert Feldman.The study also found that lies told by men and women differ in content, though not in quantity.22. “Women were more likely to lie to make the person they were talking to feel good, while men lied most often to make themselves look better，” Feldman noted.As part of the study, a group of 121 pairs of undergraduate students were recruited to participate. 23. Participants were unaware that the session was being videotaped. At the end of the session, the students were then asked to watch the video of them and identify any inaccuracies in what they had said during the conversation. They were encouraged to identify all lies, no matter how big or small.Feldman said the students who participated in the study were surprised at their own results. “When they were watching themselves on videotape, people found themselves lying much more than they thought they had，” Feldman said. The lies the students told varied considerably. 24. Others were more extreme，such as falsely claiming to be the star of a rock band. “It’s so easy to lie,” Feldman said. “We teach our children to be honest, but we also tell them it’s polite to pretendthey like a birthday gift they’ve been given. ”A. The results showed that men do not lie more than women or vice versa, but they lie in different ways.B. Kids get a very mixed message regarding the practical aspects of lying, and it has an impact on how they behave as adults.C. Some were relatively minor, such as agreeing with the person that they liked someone when they did not.D. They were told that the purpose of the study was to examine how people interact when they meet someone new.E. We are told it is a fact that both adults and children lie many times a day.F. The study, published in the Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology, found that 60 percent of people lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation and told an average of two to three lies.G. Anyway, the knowledge that we are all capable of lying makes it really hard to trust people when they tell you things.Part D VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points，0. 5 point each)25. Jack came to the party with a young woman, whom I to be his girl friend.A. pretendedB. supposedC. resumedD. granted26. I took someone else’s book mistake.A. inB. forC. withD. by27. Henry looked very much when he was caught cheating in the biology exam.A. discouragedB. embarrassedC. disappointedD. bewildered28. The problem has simply because you didn’t follow my instruction.A. raisedB. risenC. arisenD. aroused29. Recently the newspapers have reported several on the boundaries of Israel and Jordan.A. accidentsB. incidentsC. eventsD. happenings30. The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original •A. considerationB. judgmentC. estimateD. plan31. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. idealizeB. subsideC. initiateD. sustain32.The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sports meeting.A. deceivedB. ignitedC. implementedD. designated33.The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced34.Mary didn’t openly attack the plan, but her opposition was in her failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. internalD. immortal35.His heart with excitement as he was waiting for the reception by the leaders.A. flappedB. flourishedC. flushedD. fluttered36.The doctors are very much worried about the of the patient’s condition after operation.A. dispositionB. deliberationC. deterioration37.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that refreshments.A. at largeB. at easeC. at randomD. at intervals38.The company will to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A. retainB. alterC. adhereD. abandon39.You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. unlessB. so long asC. otherwiseD. whereas40.The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC. constraintD. identity41.If you don’t want to talk to him，I’ll speak to him ,A. on your behalfB. on your accountC. for your part42.Difficult as it is, English study is in the long run to a learner in his or her career development.A. rewardingB. advantageousC. profitableD. earning43.Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space，but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are off.A. avoidedB. excludedC. separatedD. screened44.The famous inventor was awarded an doctorate by the university.A. honorableB. honoraryC. honoredD. honorific45.The senator agrees that his support of the action would his chances for reelection.A. obscureB. mystifyC. jeopardizeD. distinguish46.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always •A. inexplicableB. healthyC. soundD. straight47.When she entered the room, the smell of her perfume immediately the room.A. distributedB. penetratedC. pervadedD. perished48.It goes without saying that people who refuse to with the law will be punished.A. complyB. concealC. consentD. abide49.Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their cleanness，toughness， and low cost.A. in addition toB. by virtue ofC. as opposed to50.The book might well have had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC. fitted in51.When there are not enough volunteers for the armed forces,D. for the sake of52.caught on the government additional men.A. revisesB. suspendsC. conscriptsD. encourages53.There are differences between theory and practice.A. legibleB. radicalC. medievalD. laden54.She once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. coincidedC. constitutedD. collaborated55.It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent56.A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment57.They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainy weather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong58.Nobody knows what triggered the event, which a million cubic meters of water per second, obliterating the barrier between Britain and France.A. relievedB. releasedC. restoredD. retained。
南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any country—from 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985—that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in non-blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the labor force in manufacturing than developed countries now employ in farming—at most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more than one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same time sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitive—or even to remain “developed.” The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more is that the United Stales is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago, we now speak of “robotization” or “automation”. This is actually more a change in terminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man— hours required to produce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three years—far more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machines—that is, by the products of knowledge.1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates（） .2.American politicians and labor lenders tend to dislike（） .3.According to the author, in the coming 25 years, a developed country or industry, in order to remain competitive, ought to（） .4.This passage may have been excerpted from（） .问题1选项A.the degree to which a country's production is robotizedB.a reduction in a country’s manufacturing industriesC.a worsening relationship between labor and managementD.the difference between a developed country and a developing country问题2选项A.confusion in manufacturing economyB.an increase in blue-collar work forceC.internal competition in manufacturing productionD.a drop in the blue-collar job opportunities问题3选项A.reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB.preserve blue-collar jobs for international competitionC.accelerate motor-can manufacturing in Henry Ford's styleD.solve the problem of unemployment问题4选项A.a magazine about capital investmentB.an article on automationC.a motor-car magazineD.an article on global economy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.信息推理题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-南开大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always（） .问题1选项A.inexplicableB.healthyC.soundD.straight【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。
inexplicable“费解的, 无法说明的”;healthy“健康的, 健全的”;sound“合理的, 可靠的”;straight“笔直的, 正直的”。
句意:我们可以依靠William去执行这次任务, 因为他的判断一直都很可靠。
选项C符合句意。
2.单选题Crisis would be the right term to describe the （） in many animal species.问题1选项A.minimizationB.restrictionC.descentD.decline 【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。
minimization最小化；restriction限制；descent下降；decline衰退。
既然是危机，表示事态比较严重，所以用衰退来形容许多动物物种最为恰当。
选项D正确。
3.单选题Science and technology actually help to （） the useful and pleasant parts of traditional culture.问题1选项A.preserveB.prevailC.reserveD.precede【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。
句意:科学技术实际上有助于保存传统文化中有用的和讨人喜欢的部分。
选项中只有A和C有保留，保存的意思。
preserve强调保护东西完好无损;reserve指保存储备留作后用。
根据句意可知，选项A更符合语境。
