南开大学2008年考博英语真题整理阅读及改错试题-育明考博

考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

2009南开大学英语考博试题（回忆版）1听力：20分，很往年一样，单选10个，短文3篇（1.保险的种类；2.非洲的AIDS 问题；3.测谎仪）共10题10分，感觉听不太清楚。

感觉不是六级的。

那个外国男的accent is somewhat special.2单词题：10个，10分，今年的很简单，六级就够了3作文(20分) : on enforcement of the morality in China提纲：1，问题 2， 分析原因 3，对策 200words4阅读理解 共4篇40分： 比去年少一篇但是明显偏难了第一题，有关公司内部职员股票； 经济经济第二题，有关霍金的Big Bang ，黑洞理论；物理，黑洞理论；物理第三题，有关对黑人的歧视；政治第四题，生物入侵；生物。

此四篇据说涵盖了南开四大优势学科。

5改错题10空10分，原文：Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in in the the the film, film, film, on on on the the the other other other hand, hand, hand, are are are clearly clearly clearly recognizable. recognizable. recognizable. There There There is is is nothing nothing nothing about about about their their their appearance appearance appearance to to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age. This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised. If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed black-mailed by by by the the the designers designers designers and and and the the the big big big stores. stores. stores. Clothes, Clothes, Clothes, which which which have have have been been been worn, worn, worn, only only only a a a few few few times times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable capable of of of standing standing standing in in in front front front of of of a a a wardrobe wardrobe wardrobe packed packed packed full full full of of of clothes clothes clothes and and and announcing announcing announcing sadly sadly sadly that that that she she she has has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast vast sums sums sums of of of money money money each each each year year year to to to replace replace replace clothes clothes clothes that that that have have have hardly hardly hardly been been been worn. worn. worn. Women, Women, Women, who who who cannot cannot afford afford to to to discard discard discard clothing clothing clothing in in in this this this way, way, way, waste waste waste hours hours hours of of of their their their time time time altering altering altering the the the dresses dresses dresses they they they have. have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No No one one one can can can claim claim claim that that that the the the fashion fashion fashion industry industry industry contributes contributes contributes anything anything anything really really really important important important to to to society. society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomf ort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes. When When comparing comparing comparing men men men and and and women women women in in in the the the matter matter matter of of of fashion, fashion, fashion, the the the conclusions conclusions conclusions to to to be be be drawn drawn drawn are are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their their unchanging unchanging unchanging styles styles styles of of of dress dress dress reflect reflect reflect basic basic basic qualities qualities qualities of of of stability stability stability and and and reliability? reliability? reliability? That That That is is is for for for you you you to to decide.阅读相对论原文：Stephen William Hawking BiographyThe theories of British physicist and mathematician Stephen William Hawking (born 1942) placed him in the great tradition of Newton and Einstein. Hawking made fundamental contributions to the science of cosmology--the study of the origins, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe. Stephen Stephen W. W. Hawking Hawking was was was born born born on on on January January January 8, 8, 8, 1942, 1942, 1942, in in in Oxford, Oxford, Oxford, England. England. England. His His His father, father, a a well-known well-known researcher in tropical medicine, urged his son to seek a career in the sciences. Stephen found biology and medicine too descriptive and lacking in exactness. Therefore, he turned to the study of mathematics and physics. Hawking Hawking was was was not not not an an an outstanding outstanding student student at at at St. St. St. Alban's Alban's Alban's School, School, School, Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, nor nor later later later at at at Oxford Oxford University, which he entered in 1959. He was a sociable young man who did little schoolwork because he was able to grasp the essentials of a mathematics or physics problem quickly and intuitively. While at Oxford he he became became increasingly interested in in relativity relativity theory theory and and quantum quantum mechanics, mechanics, eventually graduating with a first class honors in physics (1962). He immediately began post-graduate studies at Cambridge University. The onset of Hawking's graduate education at Cambridge marked a turning point in his life. It was then that he embarked upon the formal study of cosmology that focused his intellectual energies in a way that they they had had had never never never been been been previously. previously. And And it it it was was was then then then that that that he he he was was was first first first stricken stricken stricken with with with amyotrophic amyotrophic amyotrophic lateral lateral sclerosis sclerosis (Lou (Lou (Lou Gehrig's Gehrig's Gehrig's disease), disease), disease), a a a debilitating debilitating debilitating neuromotor neuromotor neuromotor disease disease disease that that that eventually eventually eventually led led led to to to his his his total total confinement to a wheelchair and to a virtual loss of his speech functions. At Cambridge his talents were recognized by his major professor, the cosmologist Dennis W. Sciama, and he was encouraged to carry on on his his his studies studies studies despite despite despite his his his growing growing growing physical physical physical disabilities. disabilities. disabilities. His His His marriage marriage marriage in in in 1965 1965 1965 to to to Jane Jane Jane Wilde Wilde Wilde was was was an an important step in his emotional life. Marriage gave him, he recalled, the determination to live and make professional progress in the world of science. Hawking received his doctorate degree in 1966 and began his life-long research and teaching association with Cambridge University. Hawking made his first major contribution to science with his theorem of singularity, a work which grew out of his collaboration with theoretician Roger Penrose. A singularity is a place in either space or time at which some quantity becomes infinite. Such a place is found in a black hole, the final stage of a collapsed star, star, where where where the the the gravitational gravitational gravitational field field field has has has infinite infinite infinite strength. strength. strength. Penrose Penrose Penrose proved proved proved that that that a a a singularity singularity singularity was was was not not not a a hypothetical construct; it could exist in the space-time of a real universe. Drawing upon Penrose's work and on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, Hawking demonstrated that our our universe universe universe had had had its its its origins origins origins in in in a a a singularity. singularity. In In the the the beginning beginning beginning all all all of of of the the the matter matter matter in in in the the the universe universe universe was was concentrated in a single point, making a very small but tremendously dense body. Ten to twenty billion years ago that body exploded in a big bang which initiated time and the universe. Hawking was able to bring current astrophysical research to support the big bang theory of the origin of the universe and refute the rival steady-state theory. Hawking's research into the cosmological implications of singularities led him to study the properties of the the best-known best-known best-known singularity: singularity: singularity: the the the black black black hole. hole. hole. Although Although Although a a a black black black hole hole hole is is is a a a discontinuity discontinuity discontinuity in in in space-time, space-time, space-time, its its boundary, called the event horizon, can be detected. Hawking proved that the surface area of the event horizon of a black hole could only increase, not decrease, and that when two black holes merged the surface surface area area area of of of the the the new new new hole hole hole was was was larger larger larger than than than the the the sum sum sum of of of the the the two two two original original original surface surface surface areas. areas. areas. Working Working Working in in concert concert with with with B. B. B. Carter, Carter, Carter, W. W. W. Israel, Israel, Israel, and and and D. D. D. Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Hawking Hawking Hawking was was was also also also able able able to to to prove prove prove the the the "No "No "No Hair Hair Theorem" first proposed by physicist John Wheeler. According to this theorem, mass, angular momentum, and electric charge were the sole properties conserved when matter entered a black hole. Hawking's continuing examination of the nature of black holes led to two important discoveries. The first of them, that black holes can emit thermal radiation, was contrary to the claim that nothing could escape from a black hole. The second concerned the size of black holes. As originally conceived, black holes were immense in size because they were the end result of the collapse of gigantic stars. Using quantum mechanics mechanics to to to study study study particle particle particle interaction interaction interaction at at at the the the subatomic subatomic subatomic level, level, level, Hawking Hawking Hawking postulated postulated postulated the the the existence existence existence of of millions of mini-black holes. These were formed by the force of the original big bang explosion. Hawking summarized his scientific interests as "gravity--on all scales," from the realm of galaxies at one extreme to the subatomic at the other extreme. In the 1980s Hawking worked on a theory that Einstein unsuccessfully searched for in his later years. This is the famous unified field theory that aims to bring together together quantum quantum quantum mechanics mechanics mechanics and and and relativity relativity relativity in in in a a a quantum quantum quantum theory theory theory of of of gravity. gravity. gravity. A A A complete complete complete unified unified unified theory theory encompasses encompasses the the the four four four main main main interactions interactions interactions known known known to to to modern modern modern physics: physics: physics: the the the strong strong strong nuclear nuclear nuclear force, force, force, which which operates at the subatomic level; electromagnetism; the weak nuclear force of radioactivity; and gravity. The unified theory would account for the conditions which prevailed at the origin of the universe as well as for the existing physical laws of nature. When humans develop the unified field theory, said Hawking, they will "know the mind of God." As his physical condition grew worse Hawking's intellectual achievements increased. Not content with causing a revolution in cosmology, he presented a popular exposition of his ideas in A Brief History ofTime: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. First published in 1988, this book acquired great popularity in the United States. It sold over a million copies and was listed as the best-selling nonfiction book for over a year. In In 1993 1993 1993 Hawking Hawking Hawking wrote wrote Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays , , which, which, which, in in in addition addition addition to to to a a discussion discussion of of of whether whether whether elementary elementary elementary particles particles particles that that that fall fall fall into into into black black black holes holes holes can can can form form form new, new, new, "baby" "baby" "baby" universes universes separate from our own, contains chapters about Hawking's personal life. He co-authored a book in 1996 with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time, which is based on a series of lectures and a final final debate debate debate by by by the the the two two two authors. authors. authors. Issues Issues Issues discussed discussed discussed in in in this this this book book book include include include whether whether whether the the the universe universe universe has has boundaries and if it will continue to expand forever. Hawking says yes to the first question and no to the second, while Penrose argues the opposite. Hawking joined Penrose again the following year, as well as Abner Shimony and Nancy Cartwright, in the creation of another book, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (1997). In this collection of talks given as Cambridge's 1995 Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Hawking and the others respond to Penrose's thesis on general relativity, quantum physics, and artificial intelligence. Hawking's work in modern cosmology and in theoretical astronomy and physics was widely recognized. He He became became became a a a fellow fellow fellow of of of the the the Royal Royal Royal Society Society Society of of of London London London in in in 1974 1974 1974 and and and five five five years years years later later later was was was named named named to to to a a professorial professorial chair chair chair once once once held held held by by by Sir Sir Sir Isaac Isaac Isaac Newton: Newton: Newton: Lucasian Lucasian Lucasian professor professor professor of of of mathematics, mathematics, mathematics, Cambridge Cambridge University. Beyond these honors he earned a host of honorary degrees, awards, prizes, and lectureships from the major universities and scientific societies of Europe and America. These included the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1975; the Pius XI Gold Medal, in 1975; the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics, in 1976; the Albert Einstein Award of the Lewis and Rose Strauss Memorial Fund (the most prestigious award in theoretical physics), in 1978; the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute, in 1981; the Gold Medal of the Royal Society, in 1985; the Paul Dirac Medal and Prize, in 1987; and the Britannica Award, in 1989. By the last decade of the 20th century Stephen Hawking had become one of the best-known scientists in the world. Hawking's endeavors include endorsing a wireless connection to the internet produced by U.S. Robotics Inc., beginning in March 1997, and speaking to wheelchair-bound youth. In addition, Hawking made an appearance on the television series Star Trek that his fans will not soon forget. Hawking does not readily discuss his personal life, but it is generally know that he was divorced from his first wife in 1991 and they have two sons and a daughter. When asked about his objectives, Hawking told Robert Deltete of Zygon in a 1995 interview, "My goal is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all." 阅读生物入侵原文：WHAT WHAT makes makes makes for for for a a a successful successful successful invasion? invasion? invasion? Often, Often, Often, the the the answer answer answer is is is to to have have better better better weapons weapons weapons than than than the the the enemy. enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants —at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published published in in in ★★Biology Biology Letters[1] Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, Cappuccino, of of Carleton University, University, and and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.怎样才能成功入侵？答案常常是：拥有比敌人更好的武器。

考博英语历年真题试卷《考博英语历年真题试卷》As an aspiring doctoral student, the journey to obtaining a PhD is a challenging and rigorous one. One of the major milestones in this journey is the examination process, and the English language proficiency test is a crucial component of this process. The "考博英语历年真题试卷" (Doctoral English Language Proficiency Test Past Papers) is an invaluable resource for students preparing for this exam. The past papers provide a comprehensive overview of the types of questions that may be asked in the exam, as well as the format and structure of the test. By studying these papers, students can gain a better understanding of the exam's requirements and expectations, and can tailor their preparation accordingly. Furthermore, the past papers also serve as a valuable practice tool for students. By attempting the questions in the papers, students can assess their current level of English proficiency and identify areas for improvement. This allows them to focus their efforts on areas where they may be weaker, and to develop strategies for tackling different types of questions.In addition to being a practical study aid, the past papers also offer insight into the evolution of the exam over the years. By studying older papers, students can gain a better understanding of how the exam has changed and adapted over time, and can anticipate potential trends or patterns in the types of questions that may be asked in future exams.Overall, the "考博英语历年真题试卷" is an essential resource for any studentpreparing for the English language proficiency test as part of their doctoral studies. By using these past papers as a study aid, students can gain a better understanding of the exam's requirements, assess their current level of proficiency, and develop effective strategies for success. With diligent preparation and the help of these past papers, students can approach the exam with confidence and achieve their goal of obtaining a PhD.。

2008年南开大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分120,考试时间90分钟)1. 选择题1. She gets along very well with everyone, so she is the most______member of our family.A. congenitalB. impetuousC. congenialD. imperious2. Lucy Stone,______ first feminists in the United States, helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.A. the oneB. who was theC. anotherD. one of the3. A very full cup is filled to the______.A. plugB. dentC. hatchD. brim4. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and______to everyone.A. speculationB. attributionC. utilizationD. proposition5. At present, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the______of heart attacksA. incidenceB. impetusC. ruptureD. emergence6. Executives of **pany enjoyed an______lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.A. exquisiteB. extravagantC. exoticD. eccentric7. A membership card______the holder to use the club"s facilities for a period of twelve months.A. approvesB. authorizesC. rectifiesD. endows8. The members of the club voted to______the meeting until after lunch.A. adjournB. adjoinC. adjustD. adjudge9. What I am telling you is strictly______. Don"t let anyone know of it.A. secretiveB. specialC. confidentD. confidential10. She felt sad for a while, but fortunately, the feeling was______.A. short-sightedB. transitoryC. shiftyD. transcendent11. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?A. isB. will beC. wereD. be12. Van Gogh"s rise to______fame as one of the world"s great artists came despite the fact that he scarcely sold a single painting during his lifetime.A. postmodernB. posthumousC. postmortemD. posterior13. ______your request for an additional assistant, I can only say at this stage that this is being considered.A. For the purpose ofB. In regard toC. In terms ofD. In view of14. Money sent______the broadcast appeal will be used to buy blankets and medical supplies.A. in favor ofB. in return forC. in exchange forD. in response to15. Sheep, cattle and antelope are______, unlike dogs and cats, they show no interest in meat.A. voraciousB. omnivorousC. carnivorousD. herbivorous16. A body weighs______from the surface of the earth.A. less the farther it getsB. the farther it gets, the lessC. less than it gets fartherD. less than the farther it gets17. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of ______reality.A. that is conceivedB. that is being conceived ofC. what it is conceivedD. what is conceived to be18. Captain Henry,______, crept slowly through the underbrush.A. being remote from the enemyB. attempting to not encounter the enemyC. trying to avoid the enemyD. not involving himself in the enemy19. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree______they can be deliberately controlled and modified.A. to whichB. in whichC. at whichD. on which20. The formal language he used was much too______for his trivial subject.A. austereB. eccentricC. pompousD. languid2. 完形填空For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They【C1】______that in the long runindustrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the【C2】______man. But they insisted that its【C3】______results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty, and misery for the【C4】______of the English population. 【C5】______contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a【C6】______agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 【C7】______, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists【C8】______history and economics, have【C9】______two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was【C10】______by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. 【C1】A. admittedB. believedC. claimedD. predicted2. 【C2】A. plainB. averageC. meanD. normal3. 【C3】A. momentaryB. promptC. instantD. immediate4. 【C4】A. bulkB. hostC. grossD. magnitude5. 【C5】A. OnB. WithC. ForD. By6. 【C6】A. broadlyB. thoroughlyC. generallyD. completely7. 【C7】A. howeverB. meanwhileC. thereforeD. moreover8. 【C8】A. atB. inC. aboutD. for9. 【C9】A. manifestedB. approvedC. shownD. speculated10. 【C10】A. notedB. impressedC. labeledD. marked3. 阅读理解There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from **munities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all **merce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to **panies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in **munications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave **pany the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates.(The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) **pany built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on **panies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1, 500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie. Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier, wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The **mon road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all, but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the **mon of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.1. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the______.A. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use2. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with______.A. other **munitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites3. The phrase "on the threshold of in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.A. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of4. According to the passage, why did states want **panies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as **panies.C. **panies **plete roads faster than the states.D. **panies had greater knowledge of the interior.5. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that______.A. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use6. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in the last paragraph as an example of a feature of wagons that was______.A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightDrunken driving—sometimes called America"s socially accepted form of murder—has become a national infectious disease. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade. A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.01 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American strong man image and judges were not severe in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant. Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop "responsible attitudes" about drinking and teach them to resist strong pressure to drink. Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. An inn in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was "obviously drunk" and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy. As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1991, what President Hoover called the "noble experiment". They forget that legal prohibition didn"t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.7. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because______.A. most Americans are heavy drinkersB. Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC. accidents attract so much publicityD. drinking is a socially accepted habit in America8. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A. Detailed statistics are now available.B. The news media have revealed the problem.C. Judges are giving more severe sentences.D. Drivers are more conscious of their image.9. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that______.A. many drivers were not of legal ageB. young drivers were often bad driversC. the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD. the legal drinking age should be raised10. Laws recently introduced in some states have______.A. reduced the number of punishmentB. resulted in fewer serious accidentsC. prevented bars from serving drunken customersD. specified the amount drivers can drink11. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A. Alcohol is easily obtained.B. Drinking is linked to organized crime.C. Legal prohibition has already failed.D. Legislation alone is not sufficient.Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over several millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60, 000 B.C. and the last ending around 7, 000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, **plemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. All this they shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of "literature" only as something written. But on reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form. Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The essential difference is that a speech event is an **munication, an "emergent form", the shape, functions and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art, the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer"s competence in both areas. It is this intense mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance. Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers a tradition of performances.12. According to the passage, why did the first people who came to North America leave their homeland?A. They were hoping to find a better climate.B. They were seeking freedom.C. They were following instructions given in a dream.D. They were looking for food.13. The word "compelling" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to______.A. joyousB. intricateC. competingD. forceful14. What is the main point of the second paragraph?A. Public performance is essential to verbal art.B. Oral narratives are a valid form of literature.C. Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art.D. The production of literature provides employment for many artists.15. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?A. It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia.B. Its main focus is on daily activities.C. It is based primarily on scientific knowledge.D. It is reshaped each time it is experienced.16. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art performance have?A. They provide financial support for performances.B. They judge the quality of the content and presentation.C. They participate in the performance by chanting responses.D. They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation.17. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?A. It involves acting.B. It has ancient origins.C. It has a set form.D. It expresses an inner vision.18. What can be inferred from the passage about the difference between written and oral literature?A. Written literature reflects social values better than oral literature does.B. Written literature involves less interaction between audience and creator during the creative progress than oral literature does.C. Written literature usually is not based on historical events, whereas oral literature is.D. Written literature is not as highly respected as oral literature is.19. What is the author"s attitude toward Native American literature?A. Admiring of its form.B. Critical of the cost of its production.C. Amused by its content.D. Skeptical about its origins.In the United States the per capita costs of schooling have risen almost as fast as the cost of medical treatment. But increased treatment by both doctors and teachers has shown steadily declining results. Medical expenses concentrated on those above forty-five have doubled several times over a period of forty years with a resulting 3 percent increase in the life expectancy of men. The increase in educational expenditures has produced even stranger results; otherwise President Nixon could not have been moved this spring to promise that every child shall soon have the "Right to Read" before leaving school. In the United States it would take eighty billion dollars per year to provide what educators regard as equal treatment for all in grammar and high school. This is well over twice the $36 billion now being spent. Independent cost projections prepared atHEW and at the University of Florida indicate that by 1974 **parable figures will be $107 billion as against the $45 billion now projected, and these figures wholly omit the enormous costs of what is called "higher education", for which demand is growing even faster. The United States, which spent nearly eighty billion dollars in 1969 for "defense", including its deployment in Vietnam, is obviously too poor to provide equal schooling. The President"s committee for the study of school finance should ask not how to support or how to trim such increasing costs, but how they can be avoided. Equal obligatory schooling must be recognized as at least economically unfeasible. In Latin America the amount of public money spent on each graduate student is between 350 and 1, 500 times the amount spent on the median citizen(that is, the citizen who holds the middle ground between the poorest and the richest). In the United States the discrepancy is smaller, but the discrimination is keener. The richest parents, some 10 percent, can afford private education for their children and help them to benefit from foundation grants. But in addition they obtain ten times the per capita amount of public funds if this is compared with the per capita expenditure made on the children of the 10 percent who are poorest. The principal reasons for this are that rich children stay longer in school, that a year in a university is disproportionately more expensive than a year in high school, and that most private universities depend—at least indirectly—on tax-derived finances. Obligatory schooling inevitably polarizes a society; it also grades the nations of the world according to an international caste system. Countries are rated like castes whose educational dignities determined by the average years of schooling of its citizens, a rating which is closely related to per capita gross national product, and much more painful.20. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?A. The educational **ings of the United States, in contrast to those of Latin America, are merely the result of poor allocation of available resources.B. Both education and medical care are severely underfunded.C. Obligatory schooling must be scrapped if the goal of educational equality is to be realized.D. Obligatory education does not and cannot provide equal education.21. The author most likely would agree with which one of the following solutions to the problems presented by obligatory education?A. Education should not be obligatory at all.B. Education should not be obligatory for those who cannot afford it.C. More money should be diverted to education for the poorest.D. Countries should cooperate to **mon minimal educational standards.22. According to the passage, education is like health care in all of the following ways EXCEPT______.A. it has reached a point of diminishing returns, increased spending no longer results in significant improvementB. it has an inappropriate "more is better" philosophyC. it is unfairly distributed between rich and poorD. the amount of money being spent on older students is increasing23. Why does the author consider the results from increased educational expenditures to be "even stranger" than those from increased medical expenditures?A. The aging of the population should have had an impact only on medical care, not on education.B. The "Right to Read" should be a bare minimum, not a Presidential ideal.C. Education has become even more discriminatory than health care.D. It inevitably polarizes society.24. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author"s attitude with respect to obligatory schooling?A. Qualified admiration.B. Critical.C. Neutral.D. Ambivalent.25. By stating "In Latin America the amount of public money spent on each graduate student is between 350 and 1, 500 times the amount spent on the median citizen" and "In the United States the discrepancy is smaller" the author implies that______.A. equal education is possible in the United States but not In Latin AmericaB. equal education for all at the graduate level is an unrealistic idealC. educational spending is more efficient in the United StatesD. higher education is more expensive than lower education both in Latin America and in the United States, but more so in Latin America4. 英译汉1. Translate the following two passages into Chinese on the Answer Sheet.(24 points) I had scarcely got into bed when a strain of music seemed to break forth in the air just below the window. I listened, and found it proceeded from a band, which I concluded to be the amateur musicians from some neighboring village. They went round the house, playing under the windows.I drew aside the curtains to hear them more distinctly. The moonbeams fell through the upper part of the window, partially lighting up the antiquated apartment. The sounds, as they receded, became more soft and aerial and seemed to accord with the quiet moonlight. I listened and listened—they became more and more tender and remote, and, as they gradually died away, my head sunk upon the pillow, and I fell asleep.2. A plant breeder(植物育种工作者)tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. Depending on where and for what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and difficult process, especially as traditional plant breeding has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the same species or with closely related species to bring different genes together. For example, a gene for protein in soybean could not be transferred to a completely different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.5. 汉译英1. Translate the following passages into English on the Answer Sheet.(26 points) 某年某月某日，气象台预报天气：B市今日睛转阴，气温27℃至32℃。

南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。

南开大学考博英语真题翻译技巧与方法 英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。

本文拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。

英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等， 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。

现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加(一) A is n times as great(long，much，…)as B.(①)A is n times greater (longer， more，…)than B.(②)A is n times the size (length，amount，…)of B.(③)以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度，数量，……)是B 的n倍[或A比B大(长，多，……)n-1倍].Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than，three times the length of )that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。

注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than(as，of)B常被省去。

(二)increase to n times(④)increase n times/n-fold(⑤)increase by n times(⑥)increase by a factor of n(⑦)（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍(或：增加n-1倍)。

Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。

南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：100外国语学院考试科目：860 专业英语专业：英语语言文学注意：请将答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此题上无效（Linguistics 50%）1.Define the following terms and explain with examples where necessary:(10%)1. diachronic2. linguistic determinism3. Creole4. competence5. assimilation6. converse antonymy7. allophone8. hyponymy9. acronym10. morphophonemicsII Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features:(10%)1. [I][I]2. [p h][p]3. [t∫][d]4. [k][g]5. [i][u]III. Work out a phrase structure grammar that can generate the structures of the following three sentences:(10%)1. The little boy kicked the ball on the sports ground.2. Her runs fast.3. We know the person who borrowed the book from the library. VI. Answer the following questions:(20%)4. To what extent can we say that constituent analysis is moreinformative than traditional linear structure analysis?5. Why can’t we have the English so und clusters such as *help,*lupm, *rpay, *lkasp, or *wqick etc. in onset and coda positions?Explain with examples:(Literature 50%)V. Define the following terms: (10%)1. American Puritanism2. Transcendentalism3. American Naturalism4. English RomanticismVI. Filling the blanks:(10%)1.______conquered England on October 14, 1066. From then on began the medieval period.2. John Donne and his followers wrote what would later be called______ complex, highly intellectual verse filled with metaphors.3. The publication______ by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in English literature.4. A very influential book to come out of the post-war world is a novel by J.D. Salinger entitled _____.5. ________by Joseph Heller is the representative novel of black humor. VII. Answer the questions after the poems: (30%) Anecdote of the JarI placed a jar in Tennessee,And round it was, upon a hill.It made the slovenly wildernessSurround that hill.The wilderness rose up to it,And sprawled around, no longer wild.The jar was round upon the groundAnd tall and of a port in air.It took dominion every where.The jar was gray and bare.It did not give of bird or bush,Like nothing else in Tennessee.1. What shape is the jar? Where does the speaker place it?2. According to the second stanza, what happens to the wilderness around the jar?3. What does the jar “take” everywhere? Of what does it “not give”?4. Explain in your own words the effect of the jar on the Tennessee wilderness. Does its effect seem positive in the first two stanzas? In the third? Why is jar an appropriate word?5. How is a jar different from the wilderness? What might the jar represent?6. Do you think ambiguity makes a poem more memorable? More effective?The Sick RoseO Rose thou art sick.The invisible worm,That flies in the nightIn the howling storm:Has found out thy bedOf crimson joy:And his dark secret loveDoes thy life destroy.7. What is the literal meaning of the poem?8. In The Sick rose what might the rose symbolize?9. What might the worm symbolize?10. What is the theme of the poem?(Translation 50%)VIII 英译汉：（15%）Part one Translate the following English passage into Chinese I’m a climber. That’s what I do. I don’t get paid for it. I don’t get my face in magazines or on television. People don’t recognize me as a climber. But if you ask the right questio n, not “What do you do?” but perhaps “what activity consumes your thoughts, time and money?” I’dsay climbing.It’s in that moment tha t I step onto my definition of the summit. If the weather prevents me from reaching the top, it doesn’t matter. I’ve succ eeded. The mountain’s been defeated. I’ve gone to my limit. I’ve hit the wall, and I’ve pressed on nevertheless.IX. 汉译英（15%）Part Two translate the following Chinese passage into English 有人说作为诗人的徐志摩是一个孩子。

南开大学考博英语真题解析1. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were_______.A.hung upB.hung backC.cut downD.cut off参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。

(A) hung up："把……挂起来，挂断电话"。

(B)hung back："犹豫;踌躇不前"。

(C)cut down："砍倒"。

(D)cut off："突然中断，切断，打断"。

(B)、(C)与原句意思较远，应立即排除。

(A)虽可作"挂断电话"解，但是通常指双方通话期间，其中一方把电话挂断。

本句的后半句是"we are---"，显然在双方通话期间，没有任何一方把电话挂断，而是外来因素(如：接线员)把"我们的通话突然中断了。

"(D)符合句意，应填(D)。

2. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend _______here so that she could learn more about the city.A.sometimesB.some timeC.sometimeD.some times参考答案：B解析：正确答案选B。

(A) sometimes："有时"。

(B)some time："一些时间"。

(C)sometime："以前的，一度的，前任的"。

(D)some times："在某些场合，不时"。

从句意上看，应填(B)。

全句的意思是：她不知道她是否有机会在此处花一些时间以便使她更多了解这个城市的情况。

3. Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seemsto be _______with everyone who comes to the store.A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted参考答案：D（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)解析：正确答案选D。

南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture.To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U.S. cities have simply built more roads. But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fix solution that will not alleviated the traffic problem in the long run. Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style construction program.The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advanced technology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit television, radio communication, ramp metering, variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost to improve communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic.Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway, making up what is called a “smart corridor”, is being instrumented with buried loops in the pavement.Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked to property equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested routes or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to traffic gridlock.Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a serious problem.“Electronics on the highway addresses ju st one aspect of the problem: how to regulate traffic more efficiently,” explains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world-watch Institute.“It doesn't deal with the central problem of too many cars for roads that can't be built fast enough. It sends people the wrong message.They start thinking ‘Yes, there used to be a traffic congestionproblem, but that's been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place.'” Larson agrees and adds, “Smart highways is just one of the tools that we u se to deal with our traffic problems.It's not the solution itself, just part of the package.There are different strategies.”Other traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transit systems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the time they use a highway.It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a big change.1．What is the appropriate title for the passage?A．Smart Highway Projects—The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion.B．A Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems.C．A Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos.D．Highways Get Smart—Part of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock.2．The compound word “quick-fix” in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A．an optional solution B．an expedient solutionC．a ready solution D．an efficient solution3．According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to ______.A．develop sophisticated facilities on the interstate highwaysB．provide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesC．optimize the highway capabilitiesD．improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors4．According to Larsen, to redress the traffic problem, ______.A．car pooling must be studiedB．rapid mass transit system must be introducedC．flexible work hours must be experimentedD．overall strategies must be coordinated5．Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?A．Two contrasting views of a problem are presented.B．A problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed or offered.C．Latest developments are outlined in order of importance.D．An innovation is explained with its importance emphasized.Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage.Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survival instinct, but the surprising thing about it is that we do not deploy it against other animals.If we encounter a dangerous wild animal—a poisonous snake or a wildcat—we do not fly into a temper. If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to back away; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage. We reserve rage for our own species. It is hard to see any survival value in attacking one's own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existed between our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar —indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthal man—man rage becomes more comprehensible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles. We are always using tile words “us and them”.“Our” side is perpetually trying to do dow n the “other”side.In games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack.The opposition of “us” and “them” is the touchstone of the two-party system of “democratic” politics.Although there are no very serious consequences to many of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “them” emotion, it is as well to remember that the original aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed, which, taken together with the “us” and “them” blind rage, has led to destructive clashes within our subspecies itself.The First World War is an example in which Europe divided itself into two imaginary subspecies. And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland. The idea that there is a religious basis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it. The clash is much more primitive than the Christian religion, much older in its emotional origin.The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear is imposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6．A suitable title for this passage would be ______.A．Wily Human Armies Are Formed B．Man's Anger Against the WorldC．The Human Capacity for Rage D．Early Struggles of Angry Mail7．According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is ______.A．its lengthy and complex developmentB．a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC．that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD．that we reserve anger for mankind8．The passage suggests that ______.A．historically, we have created an “us” versus “them” societyB．humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC．the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD．the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9．From the passage we can infer that ______.A．the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB．games are psychologically unhealthyC．any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD．the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in man's activities 10．The author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland is ______.A．founded in historical fact B．deceptiveC．apparent D．accuratePart ⅢVocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1．Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are ______ to imported ones.A．inadequate B．inappropriate C．inferior D．interior2．It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he ______ what he knows.A．makes for B．makes of C．makes up D．makes out3．Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_______, something unheard of in Europe.A．transformations B．transmissions C．transitions D．transactions4．As the pressure ______ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.A．intensifies B．magnifies C．heightens D．deviates5．The strong scent of Kate's perfume ______ the air in the small room.A．radiated B．permeated C．extracted D．dispersed6．The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least ______, while those for literature and peace by their very nature have been the most exposed to critical differences.A．radical B．prominent C．confidential D．controversial7．They are ______ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them.A．tempting B．tickling C．tormenting D．tricking8．Another popular misconception is the ______ that great talent is usually highly specific.A．notion B．dilemma C．domain D．analogy9．You can ______ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left.A．change B．vary C．alter D．transform10．The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be ______.A．enormous B．huge C．vast D．immensePart ⅣError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to add a word, cross out a word, or change a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If you cross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank.When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is in faulty or insome other way does not live to the manufacturer's claim for it, the firststep is to present the warranty or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase.In most cases, this action will produce results. Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.1．_____ ___2．_____ ___3．_____ ___A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.In general, the “high up” the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled. In such case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favor, assumed heor she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong with the item in question.4．_____ ___5．_____ ___6．_____ ___7．_____ ___8．_____ ___9．_____ ___10．____ ____Part ⅤWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic “It pays to be honest”.Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1．Honest is the best policy.2．Give examples to support your point of view.3．Conclusion.南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehensionpassage 11．【答案】D【解析】本题中，A项与第四段第一句话的意思不符；B项不正确，本文主要讲的不是修路；C项在文中未被提及。