microstructural-length-sale on thestrength & annealing behavior of pearlite, bainite, and martensite

Exercises for MicroeconomicsChapter 1问题1 ScarcityA. is the inability to satisfy all our wants.B. leads to higher prices.C. applies only to people living in poverty.D. is not something that affects very rich people.E. used to exist everywhere but has been eliminated in advanced economies.问题2 The study of economics is best described as a study ofA. the factors that influence the stock and bond markets.B. capitalism.C. the choices made in producing goods and services.D. coping with scarcity, and choices made as a result of scarcity in a society.E. how people earn a living.问题3 Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with which of the following topics?A. The behavior of individual consumersB. Unemployment and interest ratesC. The behavior of individual firms and investorsD. B and CE. A and C问题4 A Rolling Stones song goes: ʺY ou canʹt always get what you want.ʺThis echoes an importanttheme from microeconomics. Which of the following statements is the best example of thistheme?A. Consumers must make the best purchasing decisions they can, given their limitedincomes.B. Workers do not have as much leisure as they would like, given their wages and workingconditions.C. Workers in planned economies, such as North Korea, do not have much choice over jobs.D. Firms in market economies have limited financial resources.问题5 Economics is about the allocation of scarce resources. Which of the following is NOT anexample of economic scarcity?A. If Steve goes to see the movie Master and Commander on Saturday, he will not be able to afford buying ice cream.B. If Jenny studies for her economics quiz this evening, she will not have time to walk herdog.C. If General Motors increases its production of SUVs this year, it will have to spend moreon advertising.D. If Borders Books increases the number of titles it carries, it will have to reallocate shelf space to accommodate the new titles.问题6 A valid and useful theory of gold prices:A. helps to predict the movements of gold prices over time.B. may be founded on simplifying assumptions.C. need not exactly predict every change in gold prices.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题7 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. The President of the United States ought to be elected by a direct vote of the American people rather than the Electoral College.B. A fundamental assumption of the economic theory of consumer behavior is that consumers always prefer having more of any good to having less of it.C. Because many adults cannot afford to go to college, tax credits for tuition should be introduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题8 Which of the following is a normative statement?A. The taxes paid by the poor should be reduced in order to improve the incomedistribution in the U.S.B. State governments should not subsidize corporations by training welfare recipients.C. Presidential candidates should not be given funds from the federal government to runcampaigns.D. The sea otter should not be allowed to spread into Southern California coastal waters, because it will reduce the value of fisheries.E. all of the above问题9 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. Intermediate microeconomics should be required of all economics majors in order to build a solid foundation in economic theory.B. The minimum wage should not be increased because this action would increase unemployment.C. Smoking should be restricted on all airline flights.D. All automobile passengers should be required to wear seatbelts in order to protect them against injury.E. none of the above问题10 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. When the price of a good goes up, consumers buy less of it.B. When the price of a good goes up, firms produce more of it.C. When the Federal government sells bonds, interest rates rise and private investment is reduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题11 The key assumption underlying the theory of the firm is that:A. firms are assumed to maximize sales revenue.B. managers are assumed to maximize the number of employees in their department.C. firms are assumed to maximize profits.D. none of the above问题12 Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The trade-offs facing consumers and producers are based on prices.B. All prices are determined by market interactions between buyers and sellers.C. Prices serve an important role in microeconomics.D. Only A and B above false.E. Only B and C above are false.问题13 The trade-offs facing consumers include:A. how to allocate income across goods and serves.B. how to allocate income between consumption and savings.C. both A and BD. none of the above问题14 The trade-offs facing workers include all of the following EXCEPT:A. decision to work or remain outside the workforce.B. decision to work or seek additional education.C. decision to work for a large corporation or a small firm.D. decision to allocate their time between work and leisure.E. All of the above are trade-offs facing workers.问题15 Firms face trade-offs in production, including decisions related to:A. which products to produce.B. how much of a particular product to produce.C. the best way to produce a given amount of output.D. all of the above问题16 The price of a taco was $0.29 in 1970 and $0.99 in 1993. The CPI was 38.8 in 1970 and 144.0 in 1993. The 1993 price of a taco in 1970 dollars is:A. $0.08.B. $0.27.C. $0.34.D. $3.67.问题17 Which of the following markets has the most restrictive geographic boundary?A. The market for retail gasolineB. The market for housingC. The market for goldD. The market for beef问题18 Why is market definition important for economic decision making?A. A firm is interested in knowing its actual and potential competitors.B. A firm will define its market in order to maximize revenue.C. Government regulators are interested in knowing the effect of mergers and acquisitions on competition and prices in a particular market.D. both A and CE. both A and B问题19 What does it mean when the CPI is higher this year than last?A. The rate of inflation has increased.B. There has been inflation since last year.C. Real prices have increased.D. Real prices have decreased.问题20 Which of the following could not possibly be included in the same market as Coke?A. A) PepsiB. GatoradeC. MilkD. BreadChapter 2问题1 Which of the following is NOT an application of supply and demand analysis?A. Understanding changing world economic conditions and their effects on pricesB. Evaluating the effects of government price controls on the agricultural industryC. Determining how taxes affect aggregate consumption spending patternsD. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题2 A supply curve reveals:A. the quantity of output consumers are willing to purchase at each possible market price.B. the difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at each price.C. the maximum level of output an industry can produce, regardless of price.D. the quantity of output that producers are willing to produce and sell at each possible market price.问题3 Plastic and steel are substitutes in the production of body panels for certain automobiles. If the price of plastic increases, with other things remaining the same, we would expect:A. the price of steel to fall.B. the demand curve for steel to shift to the right.C. the demand curve for plastic to shift to the left.D. nothing to happen to steel because it is only a substitute for plastic.E. the demand curve for steel to shift to the left.问题4 Coffee and cream:A. are both luxury goods.B. are complements.C. are both more inelastic in demand in the long run than in the short run.D. have a positive cross price elasticity of demand.问题5 Which of the following would shift the demand curve for new textbooks to the right?A. A fall in the price of paper used in publishing textsB. A fall in the price of equivalent used textbooksC. An increase in the number of students attending collegeD. A fall in the price of new textbooks.问题6 When an industryʹs raw material costs increase, other things remaining the same,A. the supply curve shifts to the left.B. the supply curve shifts to the right.C. output increases regardless of the market price and the supply curve shifts upward.D. output decreases and the market price also decreases.问题7 Sugar can be refined from sugar beets. When the price of those beets falls,A. the demand curve for sugar would shift right.B. the demand curve for sugar would shift left.C. the supply curve for sugar would shift right.D. the supply curve for sugar would shift left.问题8 Assume that steak and potatoes are complements. When the price of steak goes up, the demand curve for potatoes:A. shifts to the left.B. shifts to the right.C. remains constant.D. shifts to the right initially and then returns to its original position.问题9 Which of the following events will cause a leftward shift in the supply curve of gasoline?A. A decrease in the price of gasolineB. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersC. Decrease in the price of crude oilD. An improvement in oil refining technologyE. all of the above问题10 Which of the following will NOT cause a shift in the supply of gasoline?A. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersB. A decrease in the price of gasolineC. An improvement in oil refiningD. technologyA decrease in the price of crude oil问题11 You are analyzing the demand for good X. Which of the following will result in a shift to the right of the demand curve for X?A. A decrease in the price of XB. An increase in the price of a good that is a complement to good XC. An increase in the price of a good that is a substitute for XD. all of the above问题12 The price of good A goes up. As a result, the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A. good A is used to produce goodB.B. good B is used to produce good A.C. goods A and B are substitutes.D. goods A and B are complements.E. none of the above问题13 Which of the following will cause the demand curve for Beatlesʹcompact discs to shift to the right?A. An increase in the price of the discsB. A decrease in consumersʹincomesC. An increase in the price of Phil Collins' latest compact disc (a substitute)D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题14 Which of the following will NOT cause a rightward shift in the demand curve for beer?A. A change in the price of beerB. A health study indicating positive health benefits of moderate beer consumptionC. An increase in the price of French wine (a substitute)D. A decrease in the price of potato chips (a complement)E. none of the above问题15 Suppose biochemists discover an enzyme that can double the amount of ethanol that may be derived from a given amount of biomass. Based on this technological development, we expect the:A. supply curve for ethanol to shift leftward.B. supply curve for ethanol to shift rightward.C. demand curve for ethanol to shift leftward.D. demand curve for ethanol to shift rightward.问题16 Due to the recent increase in the price of natural gas, the quantity of coal demanded by electric power generation plants has increased. Based on this information, coal and natural gas are:A. complements.B. substitutes.C. independent goods.D. none of the above问题17 To protect the cod fishery off the northeast coast of the U.S., the federal government may limit the amount of fish that each boat can catch in the fishery. The result of this public policy is to:A. shift the cod demand curve to the left.B. shift the cod demand curve to the right.C. shift the cod supply curve to the right.D. shift the cod supply curve to the left.问题18 When the current price is above the market-clearing level we would expect:A. quantity demanded to exceed quantity supplied.B. quantity supplied to exceed quantity demanded.C. a shortage.D. greater production to occur during the next period.问题19 Assume that the current market price is below the market clearing level. We would expect:A. a surplus to accumulate.B. B) downward pressure on the current market price.C. upward pressure on the current market price.D. lower production during the next time period.问题20 As long as the actual market price exceeds the equilibrium market price, there will be:A. downward pressure on the market price.B. upward pressure on the market price.C. no purchases made.D. Both A and C are correct.E. Both B and C are correct.Chapter 3问题1 Gary Franklin is a movie critic. He invented the Franklin Scale with which he rates movies from 1 to 10 (10 being best). When asked about his scale, Mr. Franklin explained "that it is a subjective measure of movie quality. A movie with a ranking of 10 is not necessarily 10 times better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but it is better. A movie with a ranking of 5 is better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but is not as good a movie with a ranking of 10. That's all it really tells you." Based on Mr. Franklin's description, his scale is:A) ordinal but not cardinal.B) cardinal but not ordinal.C) an objective standard to judge movies.D) neither cardinal nor ordinal.问题2 Which of the following is NOT an assumption regarding people's preferences in the theory of consumer behavior?A) Preferences are complete..B) Preferences are transitive.C) Consumers prefer more of a good to less.D) All of the above are basic assumptions about consumer preferences问题3 The theory of consumer behavior is based on certain assumptions. The set of four basic assumptions includes:A) completeness.B) transitivity.C) intransitivity.D) Both A and B are correct.E) Both A and C are correct.问题4 The assumption of transitive preferences implies that indifference curves must:A) not cross one another.B) have a positive slope.C) be L-shaped.D) be convex to the origin.E) all of the above问题5 A consumer prefers market basket A to market basket B, and prefers market basket B to market basket C. Therefore, A is preferred to C. The assumption that leads to this conclusion is:A) transitivity.B) completeness.C) all goods are good.D) diminishing MRS.E) assumption of rationality.问题6 The assumption that preferences are complete:A) means that a consumer will spend her entire income.B) is unnecessary, as long as transitivity is assumed.C) recognizes that there may be pairs of market baskets that cannot be compared.D) means that the consumer can compare any two market baskets of goods and determine that either one is preferred to the other or that she is indifferent between them.问题7 If a market basket is changed by adding more of at least one good, then rational consumers will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) more likely prefer a different market basket.C) rank the market basket as being just as desirable as before.D) be unable to decide whether the first market basket is preferred to the second or vice versa.E) have indifference curves that cross.问题8 A curve that represents all combinations of market baskets that provide the same level of utility to a consumer is called:A) a budget line.B) an isoquant.C) an indifference curve.D) a demand curve.E) none of the above问题9 An upward sloping indifference curve defined over two goods violates which of the following assumptions from the theory of consumer behavior?A) transitivity.B) preferences are complete.C) more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 The slope of an indifference curve reveals:A) that preferences are complete.B) the marginal rate of substitution of one good for another good.C) the ratio of market prices.D) that preferences are transitive.E) none of the above问题11 Zoe is an executive at Dell Computer Company who is in charge of designing the next version of laptop computers. She will consider such features as screen size, weight, processor speed, and CD and DVD drives. Given the fact that it is costly to include more features in new products, why might Zoe be interested in data on how much consumers paid for a range of laptops with different attributes?A) in order to estimate willingness to pay for each feature.B) in order to set an optimal price for the laptops.C) in order to determine the best features to include.D) in order to estimate willingness to trade off one feature for another.E) all of the above问题12 In what ways can economists help auto manufacturers estimate the marginal rate of substitution between features such as vehicle interior size and acceleration?A) Examining production cost dataB) Conducting consumer surveys about willingness to pay for auto featuresC) Solving the standard consumer model D) Statistically analyzing historical data on purchases of different types of autosE) B and D only问题13 Indifference curves are convex to the origin because of:A) transitivity of consumer preferences.B) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution.C) the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) the assumption of completeness.E) none of the above问题14 Suppose that a market basket of two goods is changed by adding more of one of the goods and subtracting one unit of the other. The consumer will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) rank the market basket more highly before the change.C) rank the market basket just as desirable as before.D) any one of the above statements may be true.问题15 If indifference curves cross, then:A) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution is violated.B) the assumption of transitivity is violated.C) the assumption of completeness is violated.D) consumers minimize their satisfaction.E) all of the above问题16 Which of the following is true about the indifference curve where one commodity (such as pollution) is "bad"?A) It has a negative slope. .B) It has a positive slope.C) It is horizontal.D) It is vertical问题17 If indifference curves are concave to the origin, which assumption on preferences is violated?A) Diminishing marginal rates of substitutionB) Transitivity of preferencesC) More is preferred to lessD) Completeness问题18 Envision a graph with meat on the horizontal axis and vegetables on the vertical axis. A strict vegetarian would have indifference curves that are:A) vertical lines.B) horizontal lines.C) diagonal straight lines.D) right angles. E) upward sloping.问题19 Mikey is very picky and insists that his mom make his breakfast with equal parts of cereal and apple juice--any other combination and it ends up on the floor. Cereal costs 4 cents per tablespoon and apple juice costs 6 cents per tablespoon. If Mikey's mom budgets $8 per month for Mikey's breakfast, how much cereal and juice does she buy?A) 40 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceB) 80 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceC) 40 tablespoons of cereal and 75 tablespoons of juiceD) 100 tablespoons of cereal and 67 tablespoons of juice问题20 Jane is trying to decide which courses to take next semester. She has narrowed down her choice to two courses, Econ 1 and Econ 2. Now she is having trouble and cannot decide which of the two courses to take. It's not that she is indifferent between the two courses, she just cannot decide. An economist would say that this is an example of preferences that:A) are not transitive.B) are incomplete.C) violate the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveChapter 4问题1 As we move downward along a demand curve for apples,A) consumer well-being decreases.B) the marginal utility of apples decreases.C) the marginal utility of apples increases.D) Both A and B are true.E) Both A and C are true.问题2 The change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded of another good. These goods are:A) complements.B) substitutes.C) both inferior.D) both Giffen goods.E) none of the above问题3 The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A) good A is a normal good.B) good B is an inferior good.C) goods A and B are substitutes.D) goods A and B are complements.E) none of the above问题4 An individual demand curve can be derived from the ______ curve.A) price-consumptionB) price-incomeC) income-substitutionD) income-consumptionE) Engel问题5 Which of the following claims is true at each point along a price-consumption curve?A) Utility is maximized but income is not all spent.B) All income is spent, but utility is not maximized.C) Utility is maximized, and all income is spent.D) The level of utility is constant.问题6 Which of the following is true regarding income along a price-consumption curve?A) Income is increasing.B) Income is decreasing.C) Income is constant.D) The level of income depends on the level of utility.问题7 Which of the following is true regarding utility along a price-consumption curve?A) It is constant.B) It changes from point to point.C) It changes only if income changes.D) It changes only for normal goods.问题8 The income-consumption curveA) illustrates the combinations of incomes needed with various levels of consumption of a good.B) is another name for income-demand curve.C) illustrates the utility-maximizing combinations of goods associated with every income level.D) shows the utility-maximizing quantity of some good (on the horizontal axis) as a function of income (on the vertical axis).问题9 Which of the following pairs of goods are NOT complements?A) Hockey sticks and hockey pucksB) Computer CPUs and computer monitorsC) On-campus student housing and off-campus rental apartments D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 Which of the following goods has a low, but positive, income elasticity of demand?A) furniture.B) new cars.C) health insurance.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题11 If an Engel curve has a positive slopeA) both goods are normal.B) the good on the horizontal axis is normalC) as the price of the good on the horizontal axis increases, more of both goods in consumed.D) as the price of the good on the vertical axis increases, more of the good on the horizontal axis is consumed.问题12 Which of the following pairs of goods are substitutes?A) Baseball bats and baseballsB) Hot dogs and mustardC) Computer hardware and softwareD) Gasoline and motor oilE) Owner-occupied housing and rental housing问题13 When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope throughout its entire length, we can conclude thatA) both goods are inferior.B) both goods are normal.C) the good on the vertical (y) axis is inferior.D) the good on the horizontal (x) axis is inferior问题14 Consider two goods X and Y available for consumption. Assume that the price of X changes while the price of Y remains fixed. For these two goods, the price-consumption curve illustrates theA) relationship between the price of X and consumption of Y.B) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each price of X.C) relationship between the price of Y and the consumption of X.D) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each quantity of X.问题15 Consider a graph on which one good Y is on the vertical axis and the only other good X is on the horizontal axis. On this graph the income-consumption curve has a positive slope for low incomes, then it takes a zero slope for a higher income, and then it takes a negative slope for even higher incomes (the curve looks like an arc, first rising and then falling as income increases). This curve illustrates that, for all income levels,A) both X and Y are normal.B) only Y is normal.C) both X and Y are inferior.D) only X is normal.问题16 According to a survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, which of the following statements about annual U.S. household consumer expenditures is false?A) The income elasticity of demand for entertainment is positive.B) The income elasticity of demand for owner-occupied housing is positive.C) The income elasticity of demand for rental housing is positive.D) The income elasticity of demand for health care is positive.E) Average family expenditures increase with income.问题17 The income-consumption curve for Dana between Qa and Qb is given as: Qa = Qb. His budget constraint is given as:120 = Qa + 4QbHow much Qa will Dana consume to maximize utility?A) 0B) 24C) 30D) 60问题18 Jon's income-consumption curve is a straight line from the origin with a positive slope. Now suppose that Jon's preferences change such that his income-consumption curveremains a straight line but rotates 15 degrees clockwise. Jon's demand curve for the good on thehorizontal axisA) will shift left.B) will shift right.C) will not change.D) might do any of the above.问题19 Suppose that a consumer regards two types of soap as perfect substitutes for one another. The price consumption path generated by changing the price of one type of soapA) is always upward sloping.B) is always horizontal.C) is always vertical.D) corresponds with the axis for the cheaper soap.E) corresponds with the axis for the more expensive soap.问题20 Your income response for bicycle riding changes with the amount of income you earn. At low levels of income, you view bicycle riding as an inferior good and substitute other types of transportation (e.g., auto travel) as your income rises. However, you view bicycle riding as a normal good after your income rises above a particular level. What shape does your Engel curve for bicycle riding have?A) Vertical lineB) Horizontal lineC) C-shapedD) Upward slopingE) none of the aboveChapter 6问题1 A production function defines the output that can be producedA) at the lowest cost, given the inputs available.B) for the average firm.C) if the firm is technically efficient.D) in a given time period if no additional inputs are hired.E) as technology changes over time.问题2 A production function assumes a givenA) technology.B) set of input prices.C) ratio of input prices.D) amount of capital and labor.E) amount of output.问题3 A function that indicates the maximum output per unit of time that a firm can produce, for every combination of inputs with a given technology, is calledA) an isoquant.B) a production possibility curve.C) a production function.D) an isocost function.问题4 Which of the following inputs are variable in the long run?A) labor.B) capital and equipment.C) plant size.D) all of these.问题5 The short run isA) less than a year.B) three years.C) however long it takes to produce the planned output. D) a time period in which at least one input is fixed.E) a time period in which at least one set of outputs has been decided upon.问题6 Joe owns a small coffee shop, and his production function is q = 3KL where q is total output in cups per hour, K is the number of coffee machines (capital), and L is the number of employeeshired per hour (labor). If Joe's capital is currently fixed at K=3 machines, what is his short-run production function?A) q = 3L。

2025年山东省济南市英语中考仿真试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation:Man: Hi, Sarah, did you finish reading the book borrowed from the library?Woman: Yes, but it took me longer than expected. I’ll have to renew it online so that someone else doesn’t check it out before I can return it.Question: Why does the woman need to renew the book online?A)She hasn’t finished reading it.B)She wants to keep it longer.C)She forgot where she put it.D)She wants to reserve another copy.Answer: B) She wants to keep it longer.Explanation: The woman mentions that it took her longer than expected to finish the book, implying she needs more time with it. Therefore, she plans to renew it online to prevent others from checking it out before she can return it, indicating she wishes to extend her borrowing period.2、Listen to the conversation:Woman: Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the nearest post office?Man: Sure, go straight down this street until you reach the second traffic light. Turn left, and then take the first right. You won’t miss it.Question: How should the woman get to the post office?A)Go straight, turn right at the first traffic light, then take the first left.B)Go straight, turn left at the second traffic light, then take the first right.C)Turn left at the first traffic light, then take the second right.D)Turn right at the second traffic light, then take the first left.Answer: B) Go straight, turn left at the second traffic light, then take the first right.Explanation: The man clearly instructs the woman to go straight until the second traffic light, turn left there, and then take the first right after that. Thus, option B provides the correct directions as given in the conversation.3、You will hear a short conversation between two students about their weekend plans. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What does the second student suggest doing this weekend?A. Going to the movies.B. Visiting a museum.C. Having a picnic in the park.Answer: CExplanation: The second student suggests having a picnic in the park, as mentioned in the conversation. The other options are not mentioned by either student.4、You will hear a short interview with a chef. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What is the chef’s favorite ingredient to use in their dishes?A. Garlic.B. Olive oil.C. Lemon.Answer: CExplanation: The chef states in the interview that their favorite ingredient to use in their dishes is lemon, making option C the correct answer. The other options are not mentioned as the chef’s favorite ingredient.5、Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.M: Hi, Sarah, how was your weekend?W: Oh, it was great! I went hiking with my friends in the mountains. The scenery was beautiful.M: That sounds amazing. Did you enjoy it?W: Yes, I did. We also stopped at a small restaurant for lunch. The food was delicious.M: I wish I could have joined you.W: Maybe next time.Question: What did Sarah do during her weekend?Answer: She went hiking with her friends.Explanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions that she went hiking with her friends in the mountains, which is the correct answer to the question.6、Listen to the following dialogue and answer the question.M: Good morning, Professor Smith. I need to talk to you about my research paper.W: Good morning, John. What’s the problem?M: Well, I’m having trouble finding reliable source s for my topic.W: I see. Have you tried the library’s online databases?M: Yes, but they’re not very user-friendly.W: You can also ask the library staff for help. They’re very knowledgeable.M: That’s a good idea. I’ll go and ask them.W: Sure, John. I’m sure you’ll find what you need.Question: What is the main problem that John is facing?Answer: He is having trouble finding reliable sources for his research paper.Explanation: In the dialogue, John expresses his difficulty in finding reliable sources for his research paper, which is the main problem mentioned in the conversation.7.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their favorite movie. Listen carefully and answer the following question:What movie does the girl like?A. TitanicB. AvatarC. Star WarsD. The GodfatherAnswer: B. AvatarExplanation: In the conversation, the girl mentions that her favorite movie is Avatar, a science fiction film directed by James Cameron.8.You will hear a short talk about the benefits of reading. Listen carefully and answer the following question:What is one of the benefits of reading mentioned in the talk?A. Improves memoryB. Enhances creativityC. Boosts confidenceD. Increases intelligenceAnswer: B. Enhances creativityExplanation: In the talk, the speaker discusses how reading can be a great source of inspiration and can help in enhancing creativity.9.Listen to the conversation between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend. Answer the following question:What does the man suggest doing for the weekend?A. Going to the movies.B. Visiting a museum.C. Hiking in the mountains.Answer: BExplanation: The man mentions that he heard there is a new exhibit at the museum, which suggests that he is interested in visiting a museum for the weekend.10.Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student about a school project. Answer the following question:What is the main issue the student is facing with the project?A. The topic is too broad.B. The deadline is too soon.C. The student is not sure where to start.Answer: CExplanation: The student expresses uncertainty about where to start the project, indicating that the main issue is the lack of a starting point rather than the topic or deadline.11.Listen to the following dialogue and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A. The man is planning a vacation.B. The woman is asking for directions.C. They are discussing the weather.Answer: BExplanation: In the dialogue, the woman is asking the man for directions to the nearest coffee shop. The conversation revolves around giving directions, making option B the correct answer.12.Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.Qu estion: What is the woman’s profession?A. A teacherB. A doctorC. A lawyerAnswer: CExplanation: In the conversation, the man mentions that he has heard about the woman’s legal expertise. The woman confirms this, indicating that she isa lawyer. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.13.Listen to the following conversation between two friends, and answer the question.A: Hey, did you hear about the new movie that just came out?B: Yeah, I did! It looks amazing. What do you think it’s about?A: Well, from the trailers, it seems to be about a time-travel adventure.B: Oh, that sounds interesting. I can’t wait to see it!Question: What are the two friends discussing?Answer: The new movie that just came out.14.Listen to the following short dialogue and answer the question.M: I can’t believe it’s already time for the final exam. I’ve been so busy with my projects.W: Yeah, it’s true. But I think you’ve done well, so don’t worry too much.M: Thanks, I apprecia te that. I just hope I’ve studied enough.W: You have. You’ve put in a lot of effort, and that’s what counts.Question: What is the main topic of the conversation?Answer: The upcoming final exam.15.You will hear a short conversation between two friends. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question that follows.Question: What is the woman’s main concern about the movie?A. The movie is too long.B. The movie is not suitable for children.C. The movie is too expensive.D. The movie is not playing in her area.Answer: BExplanation: The woman expresses her concern about the movie not being appropriate for children, suggesting that she is worried about the content or themes.16.You will hear a short interview with a local chef. Listen carefully and answer the question that follows.Question: What is the chef’s favorite type of cuisine to cook?A. ItalianB. MexicanC. JapaneseD. AmericanAnswer: CExplanation: The chef explicitly mentions that their favorite type of cuisine to cook is Japanese, which is the correct answer.17.Listen to the conversation between two friends, and answer the question.What are they discussing?A)The weatherB) A new movieC) A recent sports eventAnswer: C)Explanation: The conversation starts with the first speaker mentioning the recent World Cup, which indicates they are discussing a sports event.18.Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct response for the question.Who is making the suggestion?A)The manB)The womanC)BothAnswer: A)Explanation: The man is the one making the suggestion. He says, “Let’s go to that new Italian restaurant on Main Street tonight,” which clearly indicates he is the one proposing an idea.19.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their weekend plans. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.A. What are they planning to do on Saturday?1.Go to the movies.2.Visit a museum.3.Have a picnic.Answer: 2. Visit a museum.Explanation: The man mentions that he wants to visit the new art museum in town, so the correct answer is option 2.20.Listen to a short interview with a famous author. Answer the following question based on what you hear.A. What is the author’s favorite book?1.”To Kill a Mockingbird.”2.”Pride and Prejudice.”3.”1984.”Answer: 3. “1984.”Explanation: In the interview, the author expresses her love for George Orwell’s “1984,” making option 3 the correct answer.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: The Great MigrationRead the following passage:The Great Migration was a mass movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West during the early 20th century. This migration was primarily driven by the desire for better job opportunities, improved living conditions, and the chance to escape the harsh realities of racial segregation and violence in the South.The migration began in the 1910s and reached its peak in the 1940s and 1950s. Many African Americans left their homes in the rural South, traveling by train, car, and on foot to seek a new life in the North. The journey was often difficult and dangerous, with many facing discrimination and violence along the way.Once in the North, many African Americans found that the living conditions were not as ideal as they had hoped. They often worked in low-paying jobs andfaced discrimination in housing, education, and public services. Despite these challenges, the Great Migration had a profound impact on American society, leading to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United States.Questions:1.What was the main reason for the Great Migration during the early 20th century?A) To improve agricultural practices in the SouthB) To seek better job opportunities and escape racial segregationC) To follow family members who had already moved NorthD) To participate in the World War I2.Which of the following best describes the living conditions of African Americans in the North after the Great Migration?A) They lived in luxurious apartments and enjoyed high-paying jobsB) They faced discrimination and worked in low-paying jobsC) They lived in segregated neighborhoods and had access to the same public services as whitesD) They returned to the South due to the harsh living conditions in the North3.What was the overall impact of the Great Migration on American society?A) It led to the collapse of the Southern economyB) It resulted in the complete racial integration of the United StatesC) It contributed to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United StatesD) It had no long-term effects on American societyAnswers:1.B) To seek better job opportunities and escape racial segregation2.B) They faced discrimination and worked in low-paying jobs3.C) It contributed to significant changes in the cultural, social, and political landscapes of the United States三、完型填空（15分）Complete the passage by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase from the options below for each blank.Three years ago, when I first moved to London, I found myself in a situation that was both exciting and challenging. The city was [1], with its towering skyscrapers and bustling streets. I had [2] a language course to improve my English, but the [3] of finding an apartment was not as easy as I had thought.I spent hours [4] through online listings, but many of the apartments were either too expensive or in locations that were too [5]. Finally, after much searching, I found a cozy flat in a quieter neighborhood. It was not perfect, but it was home.1.A. quietB. livelyC. boringD. deserted2.A. enrollingB. decliningC. hesitatingD. postponing3.A. processB. challengeC. opportunityD. experience4.A. skimmingB. ignoringC. rushingD. rejecting5.A. expensiveB. crowdedC. isolatedD. unappealing Answers:1.B. lively2.A. enrolling3.A. process4.A. skimming5.D. unappealing四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、In the past, many families used to______(go) to the cinema every weekend.答案：go解析：本题考查动词的时态。

Journal of Life Sciences 9 (2015) 526-529doi: 10.17265/1934-7391/2015.11.003Microsculpture Exact Description of the Isolation of Some Types of Beetles Weevils Family (Curculionidae) in IraqSadoon Ibrahim IsmailUniversity Al, Mustansiryiah Faculty of Basic Education/Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqAbstract: It was isolated eleven species of weevils family (Curculionidae) back to Subfamiles are Brachyderinae, Cleoninae, depending on the exact Microsculpture of the pits on elytra of these types, namely, Bothynoderes memosae, Tanymecus sp., Cleonus orratus, Larinus maculosus, Lixus sp., Hypera sp., Amnocleonus hiroglyphicus, Bangasternus planifrons, Phacephorus nubeculosus, Coniocleonus puseudooldiquus, Tanymecus insipidus.Key words: Elatron of coleoptera, microsculpture, curculionidae, isolation types.1. IntroductionBeetles weevils Family is one of the largest families Imms [1] Prevalent in the world and the first to launch the term beetles weevils family Curculionidae is the Leach 1817, Essig [2]. And its importance is clear that the economic impact on the plants Shafik [3]. Most of these insects have day activity (Dieurnal). And mostly when its sense of danger has legs and Antennae detection to her body and herself fall to the ground and remain static. It also takes color where you live Borrore and Delong [4].2. Materials and MethodsThe specimen put it in a glass (Beaker) loo ml containing water and half of it floating cork and proved them covered petri dish beaker. Then put the beaker on the heat source to heat the water 50-60 c. to soften parts of the body and easily separated [5]. To soften parts of the body and easily separated, elytra were separated to put it on a slide under compound microscope that contains the ocularCorresponding author: Sadoon Ibrahim Ismail, Ph.D., assistant professor, research field: zoology and entomology.E-mail:***********************.micrometer kind for the purpose of examining the microsculpture of the species. Keys were used to isolate the species Shafik [6, 7]. Models and compared species preserved in the natural history museum of the University of Baghdad.3. Results and DiscussionMicrosculpture is used to dscribe the exact species but not use the adjective from which to isolate the species. In this research it was used to isolate eleven species from family Curculionidae belonging to the Subfamily: Brachyderinae and cleoninae. Microsculpture has been taking from elytra of three regions of base, and central and Apex.It shows the presence of large variation among the same species and between species.3.1 Tanymecus Insipidus Fig. 1It features the Microsculpture at the base of the rectangle and from growths at the corners with cuticle focus at the center.The center is smaller than basal rectangular infinity when angle and concentration cuticle less. But at the apex, which shall be smaller than the last square shapewith few cuticle.All Rights Reserved.Microsculpture Exact Description of the Isolation of Some Types of Beetles Weevils Family(Curculionidae) in Iraq527Fig. 1 Tanymecus insipidus.3.2 Bothynoderes Memosae Fig. 2aThe microsculpture at the base in acircle shows thick aspects and center with a whole strips of cuticle. The middle shape irregularly concentrated in the center cuticle.But at the top that small circular shape almost edge wide holds most of the center cuticle.3.3 Tanymecus sp. Fig. 2bAt the top are large circular bar at the top of cuticle as well as from the bottom is also concentrated in the center. The middle her semi-circular strips extending from the inner edge and in the center there are few central cuticle either that at the top of the elytron shall be almost small circular and cuticle be in the form of strips and internal points and the biggest part at Middle.3.4 Cleonus Orratus Fig. 3aElaytron base in large semi-circular cuticle occupies most of the middle and the remaining points. But it is with a circular center and scattered around points cuticle. Fig. 2 a—Bothynoderes memosae, b—Tanymecussp.Fig. 3 a—Cleonus orratus, b—Larinus maculosus.The abex in the elytron is made up several departments and scattered inside points of cuticle.3.5 Larinus Maculosus Fig. 3bAt the base are large, overlapping circles adorned with cuticle, the middle circular shape occupy mostly cuticle. But at the apex, which are circle at margin there cuticle.(a)(b)0.01mm(b)0.01mm(a)0.01mm All Rights Reserved.Microsculpture Exact Description of the Isolation of Some Types of Beetles Weevils Family(Curculionidae) in Iraq5283.6 Lixus sp. Fig. 4aMicrosculpture at the exact elytron base largesquare shape almost and the cuticle stationed ataspects and the center. The microsculpture in themiddle of the elytron almost rectangular in shape andthere are aspects and cuticle at the center and spread inthe vacuum the rest in the form of filaments. The format the apex are smaller than the square Shape the restis spread almost cuticle at the edges and the center andthe space around the center and be less dense than themedian and basal.3.7 Hypera sp. Fig. 4bAt the base are large circular cuticle is concentratedat the center and some aspects of moderation and be semi-circular stands at cuticle. At the apex of the elytron be exact microsculpture small semi-circular cuticle stationed in the center and one of the aspects and spreads her free.3.8 Amnocleonus Hiroglyphicus Fig. 5aMicrosculpture to be exact when the elytron base consists of geometric forms adorned cuticle. The center of the elytron adorned cuticle be smaller than the last, and like them very much. But at the apex, which shall be in the form of small circles adorned cuticle.3.9 Bangasternus Planifrons Fig. 5bIt turns out that the exact Microsculpture at the base, middle and apex of the elytron almost the same size and shape of the first and second circulay and third almost rectangular include acircle and the cuticle few except the microsculpture at the apex there cuticle shaped bar at the edge.3.10 Phacephorus Nubeculosus Fig. 6aMicrosculpture note when a large elytron base and square shape and cuticle there at the edges and close to the center in the midst of the elytron be avoid Microsculpture and cuticle in the form of tapes and Fig. 4 a—Lixus sp. b—Hypera sp.Fig. 5 a—Amnocleonus hiroglyphicus b—Bangasterernus planifrons.sculpture in a small circular top and cuticle in the form of an average bar.3.11 Coniocleonus Pseudoobliquus Fig. 6bMicrosculpture in this species at the base is large circular shape and concentrated cuticle at its edge either Microsculpture in the center is almost rectangular in shape and there are cuticle at the edges and a little in the middle and the Microsculpture at the(b)(a)0.01mm(b)(a)0.01mmAll Rights Reserved.Microsculpture Exact Description of the Isolation of Some Types of Beetles Weevils Family(Curculionidae) in Iraq529Fig. 6 a—phacephorus nubeculosus b—Coniocleonus pseudobliquus.apex alittle Sculpture smallest in the center its borders are not connected and concentrated by cuticle.References[1]Imms, A. D. 1988. A General Textbook of Entomology.vol. 1, 2 classification and Biology. London. Methuenand Co, Ltd, New York.[2]Essig, E. O. 1947. College Entomology. New York. TheMacmillan, Co.[3]Shafik, I. H. 1988. Studies on the Curculionidae Insects(Coleoptera) Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria.[4]Borror, D. J., and Delong, D. M. 1976. An introduction tostudy of insects. New Yoyr, Rinehart and Co. fourthedition.[5]Ismail, S. I. 1983. Taxonomic study on the LonghornedBorer Beetles Cerambycidae coleoptera of Iraq. M.S.thesis. Faculty of Science university of Baghdad. 199. pp.[6]Shafik, I. H. 1977. Keys to genera and species of families.Curculionidae, Scolytidae of Iraq. Part III, Min Agr. Ref.Dir. Gen. Por. 10 p.[7]Salih, Israa Mahdi. 2007. Taxonoic study of Somespecies the two subfamilies: Brachyderinae and Cleoninae (Coleoptera :Curculionidae) in some region ofIraq M.S. thesis. Faculty of Basic Education University ofAl-Mustansiriayiah.(b)(a)0.01mmAll Rights Reserved.。

Market MicrostructureHans R. StollOwen Graduate School of ManagementVanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN 37203Hans.Stoll@Financial Markets Research CenterWorking paper Nr. 01- 16First draft: July 3, 2001This version: May 6, 2002For Handbook of the Economics of FinanceMarket MicrostructureHans R. StollAbstractThe field of market microstructure deals with the costs of providing transaction services and with the impact of such costs on the short run behavior of securities prices. Costs are reflected in the bid-ask spread (and related measures) and commissions. The focus of this chapter is on the determinants of the spread rather than on commissions. After an introduction to markets, traders and the trading process, I review the theory of the bid-ask spread in section II and examine the implications of the spread for the short run behavior of prices in section III. In section IV, the empirical evidence on the magnitude and nature of trading costs is summarized, and inferences are drawn about the importance of various sources of the spread. Price impacts of trading from block trades, from herding or from other sources, are considered in section V. Issues in the design of a trading market, such as the functioning of call versus continuous markets and of dealer versus auction markets, are examined in section VI. Even casual observers of markets have undoubtedly noted the surprising pace at which new trading markets are being established even as others merge. Section VII briefly surveys recent developments in U.S securities markets and considers the forces leading to centralization of trading in a single market versus the forces leading to multiple markets. Most of this chapter deals with the microstructure of equities markets. In section VIII, the microstructure of other markets is considered. Section IX provides a brief discussion of the implications of microstructure for asset pricing. Section X concludes.Market MicrostructureHans R. StollMarket microstructure deals with the purest form of financial intermediation -- the trading of a financial asset, such as a stock or a bond. In a trading market, assets are not transformed (as they are, for exam ple, by banks that transform deposits into loans) but are simply transferred from one investor to another. The financial intermediation service provided by a market, first described by Demsetz (1968) is immediacy. An investor who wishes to trade immediately – a demander of immediacy – does so by placing a market order to trade at the best available price – the bid price if selling or the ask price if buying. Bid and ask prices are established by suppliers of immediacy. Depending on the market design, suppliers of immediacy may be professional dealers that quote bid and ask prices or investors that place limit orders, or some combination.Investors are involved in three different markets – the market for information, the market for securities and the market for transaction services. Market microstructure deals primarily with the market for transaction services and with the price of those services as reflected in the bid-ask spread and commissions. The market for securities deals with the determination of securities prices. The literature on asset pricing often assumes that markets operate without cost and without friction whereas the essence of market microstructure research is the analysis of trading costs and market frictions. The market for information deals with the supply and demand of information, including the incentives of securities analysts and the adequacy of information. This market, while conceptually separate, is closely linked to the market for transaction services since the difficulty and cost of a trade depends on the information possessed by the participants in the trade.Elements in a market are the investors who are the ultimate demanders and suppliers of immediacy, the brokers and dealers who facilitate trading, and the market facility within which trading takes place. Investors include individual investors and institutional investors such as pension plans and mutual funds. Brokers are of two types: upstairs brokers, who deal with investors, and downstairs brokers, who help process transactions on a trading floor. Brokers are agents and are paid by a commission. Dealerstrade for their own accounts as principals and earn revenues from the difference between their buying and selling prices. Dealers are at the heart of most organized markets. The NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) specialist and the Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) market makers are dealers who maintain liquidity by trading with brokers representing public customers. Bond markets and currency m arkets rely heavily on dealers to post quotes and maintain liquidity.The basic function of a market – to bring buyers and sellers together -- has changed little over time, but the market facility within which trading takes place has been greatly influenced by technology. In 1792, when the New York Stock Exchange was founded by 24 brokers, the market facility was the buttonwood tree under which they stood. Today the market facility, be it the NYSE, Nasdaq or one of the new electronic markets, is a series of high-speed communications links and computers through which the large majority of trades are executed with little or no human intervention. Investors may enter orders on-line, have them routed automatically to a trading location and executed against standing orders entered earlier, and automatically sent for clearing and settlement. Technology is changing the relationship among investors, brokers and dealers and the facility through which they interact.Traditional exchanges are membership organizations for the participating brokers and dealers. New markets are computer communications and trading systems that have no members and that are for-profit businesses, capable in principal of operating without brokers and dealers. Thus while the function of markets – to provide liquidity to investors – will become increasingly important as markets around the world develop, the exact way in which markets operate will undoubtedly change.The field of market microstructure deals with the costs of providing transaction services and with the impact of such costs on the short run behavior of securities prices. Costs are reflected in the bid-ask spread (and related measures) and commissions. The focus of this chapter is on the determinants of the spread rather than on commissions. After an introduction to markets, traders and the trading process, I review the theory of the bid-ask spread in section II and examine the implications of the spread for the short run behavior of prices in section III. In section IV, the empirical evidence on the magnitude and nature of trading costs is summarized, and inferences are drawn about theimportance of various sources of the spread. Price impacts of trading from block trades, from herding or from other sources, are considered in section V. Issues in the design of a trading market, such as the functioning of call versus continuous markets and of dealer versus auction markets, are examined in section VI. Even casual observers of markets have undoubtedly noted the surprising pace at which new trading markets are being established even as others merge. Section VII briefly surveys recent developments in U.S securities markets and considers the forces leading to centralization of trading in a single market versus the forces leading to multiple markets. Most of this chapter deals with the microstructure of equities markets. In section VIII, the microstructure of other markets is considered. Section IX provides a brief discussion of the implications of microstructure for asset pricing. Section X concludes.1I.Markets, traders and the trading process.I.A. Types of markets.It is useful to distinguish major types of market structures, although most real-world markets are a mixture of market types. An important distinction is between auction and dealer markets. A pure auction market is one in which investors (usually represented by a broker) trade directly with each other without the intervention of dealers. A call auction market takes place at specific times when the security is called for trading. In a call auction, investors place orders – prices and quantities – which are traded at a specific time according to specific rules, usually at a single market clearing price. For example, the NYSE opens with a kind of call auction market in which the clearing price is set to maximize the volume of trade at the opening.While many markets, including the NYSE and the continental European markets, had their start as call auction markets, such markets have become continuous auction markets as volume has increased. In a continuous auction market, investors trade against resting orders placed earlier by other investors and against the “crowd” of floor brokers. Continuous auction markets have two-sides: Investors, who wish to sell, trade at the bid1 For other overviews of the field of market microstructure, see Madhavan (2000), the chapter in this volume by Easley and O’Hara, and O’Hara (1995).price established by resting buy orders or at prices in the “crowd,” and investors, who wish to buy, trade at the asking price established by resting sell orders or at prices in the “crowd.” The NYSE is said to be a continuous auction market with a “crowd”. Electronic markets are continuous auction markets without a “crowd.”A pure dealer market is one in which dealers post bids and offers at which public investors can trade. The investor cannot trade directly with another investor but must buy at the dealers ask and sell at the dealers bid. Bond markets and currency markets are dealer markets. The Nasdaq Stock Market started as a pure dealer market, although it now has many features of an auction market because investors can enter resting orders that are displayed to other investors.Dealer markets are physically dispersed and trading is conducted by telephone and computer. By contrast, auction markets have typically convened at a particular location such as the floor of an exchange. With improvements in communications technology, the distinction between auction and dealer markets has lessened. Physical centralization of trading on an exchange floor is no longer necessary. The purest auction market is not the NYSE, but an electronic market (such as Island or the Paris Bourse) that takes place in a computer. The NYSE, in fact is a mixed auction/dealer market because the NYSE specialist trades for his own account to maintain liquidity in his assigned stocks. The Nasdaq Stock market is in fact also a mixed dealer/auction market because public orders are displayed and may be executed against incoming orders.I.B. Types of ordersThe two principal types of orders are a market order and a limit order. A market order directs the broker to trade immediately at the best price available. A limit order to buy sets a maximum price that will be paid, and a limit order to sell sets a minimum price that will be accepted. In a centralized continuous auction market, the best limit order to buy and the best limit order to sell (the top of the book) establish the market, and the quantities at those prices represent the depth of the market. Trading takes place as incoming market orders trade with the best posted limit orders. In traditional markets, dealers and brokers on the floor may intervene in this process. In electronic markets the process is fully automated.In a pure dealer market, limit orders are not displayed but are held by the dealer to whom they are sent, and market orders trade at the dealers bid or ask, not with the limit orders. In some cases, such as Nasdaq before the reforms of the mid 1990s, a limit order to buy only executes if the dealer’s ask falls to the level of the limit price. For example suppose the dealer’s bid and ask are 20 to 20 ¼ , and suppose the dealer holds a limit order to buy at 20 1/8. Incoming sell market orders would trade at 20, the dealer bid, not at 20 1/8, the limit order. The limit order to buy would trade only when the ask price fell to 20 1/8. Nasdaq rules have been modified to require that the dealer trade customer limit orders at the same or better price before trading for his own account (Manning Rule), and to require the display of limit orders (the SEC’s order handling rules of 1997).Orders may also be distinguished by size. Small and medium orders usually follow the standard process for executing trades. Large orders, on the other hand, often require special handling. Large orders may be “worked” by a broker over the course of the day. The broker uses discretion when and how to trade segme nts of the order. Large orders may be traded in blocks. Block trades are often pre-negotiated “upstairs” by a broker who has identified both sides of the trade. The trade is brought to a trading floor, as required by exchange rules and executed at the pre-arranged prices. The exchange specifies the rules for executing resting limit orders.I.C. Types of tradersTraders in markets may be classified in a variety of ways.Active versus passiveSome traders are active (and normally employ market orders), while others are passive (and normally employ limit orders). Active traders demand immediacy and push prices in the direction of their trading, whereas passive traders supply immediacy and stabilize prices. Dealers are typically passive traders. Passive traders tend to earn profits from active traders.Liquidity versus informedLiquidity traders trade to smooth consumption or to adjust the risk-return profiles of their portfolios. They buy stocks if they have excess cash or have become more risk tolerant, and they sell stocks if the need cash or have become less risk tolerant. Informedtraders trade on private information about an asset’s value. Liquidity traders tend to trade portfolios, whereas informed traders tend to trade the specific asset in which they have private information. Liquidity traders lose if they trade with informed traders. Consequently they seek to identify the counterparty. Informed traders, on the other hand, seek to hide their identity. Many models of market microstructure involve the interaction of informed and liquidity traders.Individual versus institutionalInstitutional investors – pension funds, mutual funds, foundations and endowments – are the dominant actors in stock and bond markets. They hold and manage the majority of assets and account for the bulk of share volume. They tend to trade in larger quantities and face special problems in minimizing trading costs and in benefiting from any private information. Individual investors trade in smaller amounts and account for the bulk of trades. The structure of markets must accommodate these very different players. Institutions may wish to cross a block of 100,000 shares into a market where the typical trade is for 3,000 shares. Markets must develop efficient ways to handle the large flow of relatively small orders while at the same time accommodating the needs of large investors to negotiate large transactions.Public versus professionalPublic traders trade by placing an order with a broker. Professional traders trade for their own accounts as market makers or floor traders and in that process provide liquidity. Computers and high speed communications technology have changed the relative position of public and professional traders. Public traders can often trade as quickly from upstairs terminals (supplied to them by brokers) as professional traders can trade from their terminals located in offices or on an exchange floor. Regulators have drawn a distinction between professional and public traders and have imposed obligations on professional traders. Market makers have an affirmative obligation to maintain fair and orderly markets, and they are obligated to post firm quotes. However, as the distinction between a day trader trading from an upstairs terminal and a floor trader becomes less clear, the appropriate regulatory policy becomes more difficult.I.D. Rules of precedenceMarkets specify the order in which resting limit orders and/or dealer quotes execute against incoming market orders. A typical rule is to give first priority to orders with the best price and secondary priority to the order posted first at a given price. Most markets adhere to price priority, but many modify secondary priority rules to accommodate large transactions. Suppose there are two resting orders at a bid price of $40. Order one is for 2,000 shares and has time priority over order two, which is for 10,000 shares. A market may choose to allow an incoming market order for 10,000 shares to trade with resting order two rather than break up the order into multiple trades. Even price priority is sometimes difficult to maintain, particularly when different markets are involved. Suppose the seller of the 10,000 shares can only find a buyer for the entire amount at $39.90, and trades at that price. Such a trade would “trade-through” the $40 price of order one for 2,000 shares. Within a given market, such trade-throughs are normally prohibited – the resting limit order at $40 must trade before the trade at $39.90. In a dealer market, like Nasdaq, where each dealer can be viewed as a separate market, a dealer may not trade through the price of any limit order he holds, but he may trade through the price of a limit order held by another dealer. When there are many competing markets each with its own rules of precedence, there is no requirement that rules of precedence apply across markets. Price priority will tend to rule because market orders will seek out the best price, but time priority at each price need not be satisfied across markets.The working of rules of precedence is closely tied to the tick size, the minimum allowable price variation. As Harris (1991) first pointed out, time priority is meaningless if the tick size is very small. Suppose an investor places a limit order to buy 1000 shares at $40. If the tick size is $0.01, a dealer or another trader can step in front with a bid of 40.01 – a total cost of only $10. On the other hand, the limit order faces the danger of being “picked off” should new information warrant a lower price. If the tick size were $0.10, the cost of stepping in front of the investor’s limit order would be greater ($100). The investor trades off the price of buying immediately at the current ask price, say $40.20, against giving up immediacy in the hope of getting a better price with the limit order at $40. By placing a limit order the investor supplies liquidity to the market. Thesmaller tick size reduces the incentive to place limit orders and hence adversely affects liquidity.Price matching and payment for order flow are other features of today’s markets related to rules of precedence. Price matching occurs when market makers in a satellite market promise to match the best price in the central market for orders sent to them rather than to the central market. The retail broker usually decides which market maker receives the order flow. Not only is the broker not charged a fee, he typically receives a payment (of one to two cents a share) from the market maker. Price matching and payment for order flow are usually bilateral arrangements between a market making firm and a retail brokerage firm. Price matching violates time priority: When orders are sent to a price matching dealer, they are not sent to the market that first posted the best price. Consequently the incentive to post limit orders is reduced because the limit order may be stranded. Similarly, the incentive of dealers to post good quotes is eliminated if price matching is pervasive: A dealer who quotes a better price is unable to attract additional orders because orders are preferenced to other dealers who match the price.I.E. The trading processThe elements of the trading process may be divided into four components – information, order routing, execution, and clearing. First, a market provides information about past prices and current quotes. Earlier in its history, the NYSE jealously guarded ownership of its prices, making data available only to its members or licensed recipients. But today transaction prices and quotes are disseminated in real-time over a consolidated trade system (CTS) and a consolidated quote system (CQS). Each exchange participating in these systems receives tape revenue for the prices and quotes it disseminates. The real-time dissemination of these prices makes all markets more transparent and allows investors to determine which markets have the best prices, thereby enhancing competition.Second, a mechanism for routing orders is required. Today brokers take orders and route them to an exchange or other market center. For example, the bulk of orders sent to the NYSE are sent via DOT (Designated Turnaround System), an electronic system that sends an order directly to the specialist. Retail brokers establish proceduresfor routing orders and may route orders in return for payments. Orders may not have the option of being routed to every trading center and may therefore have difficulty in trading at the best price. Central to discussions about a national market system, is the mechanism for routing orders among different market centers, and the rules, if any, that regulators should establish.The third phase of the trading process is execution. In today’s automated world this seems a simple matter of matching an incoming market order with a resting quote. However this step is surprisingly complex and contentious. Dealers are reluctant to execute orders automatically because they fear being “picked off” by speedy and informed traders, who have better information. Instead, they prefer to delay execution, if even for only 15 seconds, to determine if any information or additional trades arrive. Automated execution systems have been exploited by speedy customers to the disadvantage of dealers. Indeed, as trading becomes automated the distinction between dealers and customers decreases because customers can get nearly as close to “the action” as dealers.A less controversial but no less important phase of the trading process is clearing and settlement. Clearing involves the comparison of transactions between buying and selling brokers. These comparisons are made daily. Settlement in U.S. equities markets takes place on day t+3, and is done electronically by book entry transfer of ownership of securities and cash payment of net amounts to the clearing entity.II.Microstructure theory – determinants of the bid-ask spread.Continuous markets are characterized by the bid and ask prices at which trades can take place. The bid-ask spread reflects the difference between what active buyers must pay and what active sellers receive. It is an indicator of the cost of trading and the illiquidity of a market. Alternatively, illiquidity could be measured by the time it takes optimally to trade a given quantity of an asset [Lippman and McCall (1986)]. The two approaches converge because the bid-ask spread can be viewed as the amount paid to someone else (i.e. the dealer) to take on the unwanted position and dispose of it optimally. Our focus is on the bid-ask spread. Bid-ask spreads vary widely. In inactive markets – for example, the real estate market – the spread can be wide. A house could beoffered at $500,000 with the highest bid at $450,000. On the other hand the spread for an actively traded stock is today often less than 10 cents per share. A central issue in the field of microstructure is what determines the bid-ask spread and its variation across securities.Several factors determine the bid-ask spread in a security. First, suppliers of liquidity, such as the dealers who maintain continuity of markets, incur order handling costs for which they must be compensated. These costs include the costs of labor and capital needed to provide quote information, order routing, execution, and clearing. In a market without dealers, where limit orders make the spread, order handling costs are likely to be smaller than in a market where professional dealers earn a living. Second the spread may reflect non competitive pricing. For example, market makers may have agreements to raise spreads or may adopt rules, such as a minimum tick size, to increase spreads. Third, suppliers of immediacy, who buy at the bid or sell at the ask, assume inventory risk for which they must be compensated. Fourth, placing a bid or an ask grants an option to the rest of the market to trade on the basis of new information before the bid or ask can be changed to reflect the new information. Consequently the bid and ask must deviate from the consensus price to reflect the cost of such an option. A fifth factor has received the most attention in the microstructure literature; namely the effect of asymmetric information. If some investors are better informed than others, the person who places a firm quote (bid or ask) loses to investors with superior information.The factors determining spreads are not mutually exclusive. All may be present at the same time. The three factors related to uncertainty – inventory risk, option effect and asymmetric information – may be distinguished as follows. The inventory effect arises because of possible adverse public information after the trade in which inventory is acquired. The expected value of such information is zero, but uncertainty imposes inventory risk for which suppliers of immediacy must be compensated. The option effect arises because of adverse public information before the trade and the inability to adjust the quote. The option effect really results from an inability to monitor and immediately change resting quotes. The adverse selection effect arises because of the presence of private information before the trade, which is revealed sometime after the trade. The information effect arises because some traders have superior information.The sources of the bid-ask spread may also be compared in terms of the services provided and the resources used. One view of the spread is that it reflects the cost of the services provided by liquidity suppliers. Liquidity suppliers process orders, bear inventory risk, using up real resources. Another view of the spread is that it iscompensation for losses to informed traders. This informational view of the spread implies that informed investors gain from uninformed, but it does not imply that any services are provided or that any real resources are being used.Let us discuss in more detail the three factors that have received most attention in the microstructure literature – inventory risk, free trading option, and asymmetric information.II.A. Inventory risk Suppliers of immediacy that post bid and ask prices stand ready take on inventory and to assume the risk associated with holding inventory. If a dealer buys 5000 shares at the bid, she risks a drop in the price and a loss on the inventory position. An investor posting a limit order to sell 1000 shares at the ask faces the risk that the stock he is trying to sell with the limit order will fall in price before the limit order is executed. In order to take the risk associated with the limit order, the ask price must be above the bid price at which he could immediately sell by enough to offset the inventory risk. Inventory risk was first examined theoretically in Garman (1976), Stoll (1978a), Amihud andMendelson (1980), Ho and Stoll (1981, 1983). This discussion follows Stoll (1978a).To model the spread arising from inventory risk, consider the determination of a dealer’s bid price. The bid price must be set at a discount below the consensus value of the stock to compensate for inventory risk. Let P be the consensus price, let P b be the bid price, and let C be the dollar discount on a trade of Q dollars. The proportional discountof the bid price from the consensus stock price, P , is b P P C c P Q−=≡ . The problem is to derive C or equivalently, c . This can done by solving the dealer’s portfolio problem. Let the terminal wealth of the dealer’s optimal portfolio in the absence of making markets be °W. The dealer’s terminal wealth if he stands ready to buy Q dollars of stock at a discount of C dollars is °(1)(1)()f Wr Q r Q C ++−+−%, where r % is the return on the stock。

3M™ DF100L Uniformity TapeTechnical Data SheetRelease C, February 2014Replaces Release B, October 2013Product Description3M™ Uniformity Tape ("UT" or “Product”) is a clear, microstructured thin-film that mixes and diffuses light generated by LEDs in edge-lit lighting.UT is applied directly to the injection edge of a Light Guide Plate (LGP),which faces the LED light sources. The Product has adhesive on one side and a micro-replicated optical pattern on the other.UT’s microstructure reduces dark zones and improves brightness unifor-mity by inducing lateral light spreading in the plane of the light guide near the light source.Recommended End UsesLED solid light guides and wave guides for architectural and commercial lighting.Key Attributes•Improves brightness uniformity and light spreading near light source •Reduces head-lighting effect•Enables uniformity at increased LED spacing, potentially reducing LED costs •Potential for improved thermal management•Simple tape application to light injection edge(s) of LGP •Registration to LEDs not requiredProduct CharacteristicsValues in this section are typical values for UT, based on test data deemed reliable, but not warranted, except for the Warranted Characteristics iden-tified on Page 2.MaterialStructurePrism-shaped acrylic resin optical features formed on polyester film sub-Part DimensionOpticalSubstrate Polyester Film Prism Layer Acrylic Resin AdhesiveAcrylic PSAUT Tape Width Strips Per RollRoll Length2.8 mm (0.111 inch)1550 meters (54.68 yds)3.8 mm (0.150 inch)1150 meters (54.68 yds)4.8 mm (0.189 inch)950 meters (54.68 yds)5.8 mm (0.228 inch)750 meters (54.68 yds)7.8 mm (0.307 inch)550 meters (54.68 yds)Transmission Greater than 90%Color Shift 0°∆x: -0.003 to 0.003∆y: -0.003 to 0.003Color Shift 60°∆x: -0.003 to 0.003 ∆y: -0.003 to 0.003Lighting Panel Uniformity Greater than 80%Light Spread Angle± 70° from the normalAdhesionNo delamination.EnvironmentalCleaningDo not dust or clean the UT. The prisms are easily damaged.Recommended Storage and HandlingUT should be stored flat, in its original packaging, away from direct sunlight. If UT is dedicated to LEDs, there should be no UV damage. UT is stored at a temperature of 20 ±10 °C, relative humidity 45 ±15%. The recommended temperature range during application is 20 ±10°C, relative humidity 45±15%.To prevent marking, denting, or deforming of the UT surface:•Wear gloves to prevent fingerprints or nail marks.•Hold UT by the edges.•Do not rest objects on UT.•Do not slide UT.Warranted CharacteristicsItem (adhesion to acrylic light guide)Adhesion (g/ 0.5”)Initial adhesion1048 Adhesion after thermal shock(100 cycles)1740After 85° C1000 hours1630After 65° C at95%RH1000 hours1320Test ConditionHumidity resistance65°C, 95% relative humidityfor 1000 hoursHeat resistance 85°C for 1000 hoursCold resistance -40°C for 1000 hours Thermal shock85°C for 1 hr to -40°C for 1 hr,100 cyclesAppearance No significant appearancechange in application Spread angle No significant difference inspread angleChange of transmis-sionMinimum 80% vs. initial valueChange of color Maximum 2.0 in DE vs. initialvalue Characteristic Value Test Transmission> 90%ASTM D1003-00 Color change -Color shift 0°Color shift 60°∆x: -0.003 to 0.003∆y: -0.003 to 0.003∆x: -0.003 to 0.003∆y: -0.003 to 0.003ASTM E 1164 Light spread± 70° horizontally3M TestPage 2Installation Guide3M Architectural Markets 3M U.S.3M CenterBuilding 220­7W­07St. Paul, MN 55144­10001­888­650­34973M Architectural Markets 3M EuropeHermeslaan 71831 Diegem Belgiumwww.3M.eu/ArchitecturalMarkets3M India LimitedArchitectural Markets DepartmentConcorde Blook, UB City24 Vittal Mallya Road, Bangalore 560 001Tel:08022231414Fax**********************************/in/interiors 3M Canada1840 Oxford St E London, ON N5V 3R61-800-265-18403M Architectural Markets 3M Italia, S.p.A.Via Nortberto Bobbio, 2120096 Pioltello MI Tel. 02.7035.2517www.dubic.it3M Architectural Markets 3M GulfPO Box 20191, Dubai Internet City Building @ 11Dubai, United Arab Emirates Tel. 971 4 3670 777Fax 971 4 3670 9983M and Fasara are trademarks of 3M Company. © 3M 2014.All rights reserved. Please recycle.WARRANTY DOCUMENTLimited Warranty1. 3M warrants that the Product will have the Warranted Characteristics on the buyer's receipt of Product (the "3M Warranty"). EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT PROHIBITED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE 3M WARRANTY IS MADE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, RIGHTS OR CONDITIONS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND THOSE ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, CUSTOM OR USAGE OF TRADE. THE BUYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERMINING IF A PRODUCT IS SUIT-ABLE FOR ITS PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND APPLICATION METHODS.2. For a buyer’s convenience, 3M may provide engineering or technical information, recommendations, installation instructions, and other infor-mation or materials relating to Product (“Other Product Information”), but 3M makes only the 3M Warranty and does not warranty any Other Product Information.3. 3M has no obligation under the 3M Warranty as to Product that has been: (a) modified, altered, or processed in any manner; (b) stored,applied, installed, or used in a manner other than that 3M recommends in this Product Bulletin/Technical Data Sheet and in Other Product Informa-tion; (c) damaged through contact with a person or thing, misuse, acci-dent, neglect, or other action by anyone other than 3M; or (d) affected by environmental forces or stresses, such as excessive heat or water expo-sure.Limited RemedyIf any Product is proven not to have met the 3M Warranty on the buyer's receipt, then the buyer’s exclusive remedy, and 3M’s sole obligation, will be, at 3M’s option, to replace that Product quantity or refund the applicable purchase price.Limitation of Liability3M WILL NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES BE LIABLE TO A BUYER FOR DIRECT (other than the Limited Remedy stated above), SPECIAL, INCIDEN-TAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOSS OF PROFITS) IN ANY WAY RELATED TO A PRODUCT, THIS PRODUCT BULLETIN/TECHNICAL DATA SHEET, OR OTHER PRODUCT INFORMATION, REGARDLESS OF THE LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY ON WHICH SUCH DAMAGES ARE SOUGHT.。

Fabrication of micro-structure on glass surface using micro-indentationand wet etching processYasuhiro Saito a,*,Shinya Okamoto a,Atsushi Miki a,Hiroyuki Inomata a,Takeshi Hidaka b,Hiroaki Kasai ba Research and Development Group,Technical Research Laboratory,Nippon Sheet Glass Co.,Ltd.,2-3-12Konoike,Itami,Hyogo664-8520,Japanb Production Engineering Division,Olympus Co.,Ltd.,2951Ishikawa-cho,Hachioji-shi,Tokyo192-8507,Japan1.IntroductionGlass is one of the most attractive materials in a wide variety ofapplications,which include micro-optical element,display,storage device,micro-total analysis system and so on[1–4],because the glass offers good durability,smoothness,high-electrical isolation and high-optical transparency.In thesefields,micro-processing techniques such as fabricating a micro-patternon the glass surface play an important role in the properties[5–7].Until now many kinds of techniques have been proposed.One ofthe most commonly used techniques is lithography,which is theetching technique through an etching mask.It covers a wide rangeof pattern size with high-accuracy and has considerable success inmass production.However,the use of the patterned mask is notsometimes preferable forflexible production,because differentmasks are needed for different pattern,and the lithographyprocess is very complicated.Particularly in the front line of theR&D work on nanotechnology,more feasible method is desired.Therefore,direct patterning techniques without using photo maskhave attracted much attention.Regarding the etching process,there are also many kinds of techniques:dry,wet and mechanicalprocess.Each process has an inherent advantage depending onapplications.Among them wet etching process has a greatadvantage in control accuracy,cost effectiveness and smoothnessof the surface.Recently,a novel mask less patterning technique has beenproposed,which is a combination of micro-indentation and wetetching process[8–12].These researches indicated that the etchingrate of some glasses in HF acid drastically decreased withdensification.Therefore,when the stress was selectively appliedto the glass surface,micro-structure can be fabricated throughthe etching.The dominant factor of the etching rate in thealuminosilicate glass is considered to be the leaching of metal ionsincluding Al ion,while it was restricted at the indented area[11,12].And,by the combination of optimized glass compositionand etching condition,large etching rate change can be obtained.In this paper,the effect of the applying load on the etching ratechange was investigated,which is a very important parameter forthe development of micro-indentation process.It also describesthe method of fabricating micro-patterns on the glass surface usingthe technique(SMIL:Stress Masked Image Lithography).Muchattention was focused on clarifying the features of the technique.Applied Surface Science254(2008)7243–7249A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received27January2008Received in revised form2March2008Accepted16May2008Available online28May2008PACS:68.35.bj82.40.Àg81.65.CfKeywords:GlassEtchingMicro-fabricationPatterningA B S T R A C TIn order to improve the new micro-fabrication technology using micro-indentation and wet etching,inwhich the etching rate drastically decrease at the indented area and consequently micro-structure can beformed on the glass surface,the effect of the applying load on the etching rate change was investigated.The extent of the etching rate change was found to be almost constant irrespective of the amount of theapplying load.Therefore,the height of the structure could be controlled simply by the etching depth as faras the densified portion remains beneath the glass surface.And some example micro-patterns werefabricated in this process.Various kinds of indentation methods were employed,including scanning apointed tool under a load and wet abrasive blast.The patterns can be freely drawn by the use of numericalcontrol(NC)machine.Mold pattern can be also applied,which enables drawing many linessimultaneously.In every method,the heights of the patterns were confirmed to be very uniform.This new type of the micro-fabrication method was referred to as‘‘SMIL(Stress Masked ImageLithography)’’.ß2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+81727810081;fax:+81727796906.E-mail address:YasuhiroSaito@mail.nsg.co.jp(Y.Saito).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectApplied Surface Sciencej o ur n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l se v i e r.c om/l oc a t e/a p s us c0169-4332/$–see front matterß2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.05.3202.Experimental2.1.Basic procedure and key experimental factorFig.1shows the basic procedure of the fabrication process (The SEM image was quoted from reference [11]).Firstly,the stress is applied to the required area on the glass surface,until it becomes a permanent indent due to densification.Then,the glass was etched by HF based-solution.At that time,the etching rate of the densified area becomes much lower than that of around normal (not indented)area and therefore the indented area becomes a projection after the etching.In this process,the height of micro-structure must be determined by the etching rate difference and the depth of densified area.The glass compositions and the etching conditions such as concentration of HF acid,pH and etching temperature were determined considering the effect on etching rate change,thereby the etching rate decrease by a factor of 2to more than 5[12].And the accuracy of pattern size is simply determined by control of the position of an indenter.However,the effect of the degree of densification (applying load)on the etching rate has not been investigated in detail,which has a great effect on the degree of flexibility in the method of indentation,and the resultant feature of this technique.It seems to be worthwhile subject to investigate as one of the key factors of the process.2.2.MaterialsAluminosilicate glasses were mainly used as substrates.In the previous study,the amount of SiO 2–0.5Al 2O 3was demonstrated to be an important parameter for determining the etching rate change.In this study,two kinds of glass compositions were used:composition A (SiO 2:65mol%,Al 2O 3:10mol%,RO:7mol%,R 2O:18mol%and trace components,R indicate alkali earth metal or alkali metal)and composition B (SiO 2:63.5mol%,Al 2O 3:11.5mol%,RO:7mol%,R 2O:18mol%and trace components).These glasses were polished with CeO 2containing slurry in order to remove the initial surface layer and then cleaned with alkali solution prior to use.HF acid (Morita Chemical Industries Co.)was used for the glass etching.The concentration of HF acid was adjusted from 0.01%to 0.1%solution.To increase the etching rate change,0.1%sulfuric acid was added to HF acid in some cases.KOHaqueous solution was used for removing the leached layer formed through the HF etching at the top surface [11].2.3.Micro-indentation and etching processTwo kinds of methods were applied for micro-indentation.One is the method that the load was applied by using the indenter made of Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN),diamond material,hard metal and silicon mold.A scratch tester (CSR02,Rhesca Co.)was used for varying the applied load continuously,where the diamond of 5m m curvature radius was used as an indenter.The press machine was also used for the same purpose.Micro-patterns were drawn by NC machine equipped with the indenter,where it was scanned under a load.When the indenter has a rough surface,it was rotated to improve the uniformity of applying load.The applying load was adjusted in the range that cracks and glass cullets were not observed.The other is the blast method.The slurry including abrasive was sprayed on the glass surface using wet blast machine (Macoho Co.,Ltd.),which has an advantage in controllability.In this machine,the glass can be conveyed under the spray nozzle at given speeds in which spray time can be controlled.ThealuminumFig.1.Basic procedure of the fabricationprocess.Fig.2.Variation of the height at the indented area with applied load before and after the etching.The glass composition used in this process was composition A.Etching condition:temperature,508C;HF acid,0.1%;etching depth,750nm;etching rate ratio of indented area to normal area,2.4:1.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science 254(2008)7243–72497244particles,the average diameter of which were about 5m m,were used as abrasive.After the indentation,the glass substrate was immersed in the HF-based acid controlled at 50or 608C for a given period of time,and then the glass was rinsed with ion-exchanged water and immersed in 5%KOH aqueous solution at 508C for 3min.Finally,the glass was rinsed again and dried at room temperature.In some cases,slight polishing was carried out before and after the etching in order to improve the surface smoothness.2.4.EvaluationThe fabricated micro-structures were observed using optical-microscope,scanning electron microscope (SEM;VE7800,Keyence Co.,Ltd.)and atomic force microscope (AFM;Auto Probe M5:Thermo Microscope or SPI3700/SPA300,Seiko Instruments).Etching depth was evaluated by the height of the step formed at an etching mask pattern.The height was measured with contact profiler (Alpha-Step 500Tencor.co.)or non-contact three-directional measuring machine (NH-3SP Mitaka Kohki Co.,Ltd.).Fig.3.Optical microscopic image of the glass surface after indentation with scratchtester.Fig.5.Relation between the height and the etching depth,where the indentation was performed by a press machine and excess etching was performed.The glass composition used in this process was composition A.Etching condition:temperature,508C;HF acid,0.1%;etching rate ratio of indented area to normal area,2.4:1.Fig.4.Relation between the height at indented area and the etching depth.The glass composition used in this process was composition A.Etching condition:temperature,608C;HF acid,0.05%;etching rate ratio of indented area to normal area,3.7:1.Fig.6.Schematic diagram of the cross-section at the indented area during the etching process.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science 254(2008)7243–724972453.Results and discussion 3.1.Effect of applied loadFig.2shows the variation of the height at the indented area with applied load before and after the etching,where the indentation was carried out by the use of scratch tester.The height was measured with reference to the normal area.Before the etching,the height became lower with increasing the applied load,which indicates that the glass surface was densified by the stress.When the load went beyond about 10g,discontinuous decrease was observed.It was ascribable to the crack forming as shown in the optical microscopic image at the indented area in Fig.3.After the etching,the area became higher than the normal area at every measured point.This fact indicates that etching rate decreases by the densification.The amount of the change in height beforeandFig.7.Optical microscopic image of triangle lattice pattern on the glass composition A,which was drawn by NC machine equipped with pointedtool.Fig.8.SEM images of lattice pattern (a)and curved lines (b)on the glass composition B.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science 254(2008)7243–72497246after the etching(indicated by A-B in Fig.2)increased with increasing the applied load,and then reached a plateau region in the range of about7–10g applied load,where the etching rate ratio of the indented area to normal area was2.4:1.In this region,the high-density area is estimated to still remain.The presence of the plateau region indicates that the etching rate change is insensitive to the amount of the applied load.Beyond about11g,the height cannot be well defined because of cracks of the glass surface.Fig.4shows the relation between the heights at indented area and the etching depth,where the diamond point tool of1.5mm diameter,the surface of which was made offine diamond particles, was scanned under different loads by using NC machine.The etching condition(temperature:608C;concentration of HF acid: 0.05%)was altered from that of Fig.2[12].The heights showed a linear relation with the etching depth.The result indicates that the extent of the etching rate change at the indented area is almost constant in the direction of the depth from the glass surface,while the etching rate ratio changed from2.4:1in Fig.2to3.7:1because of the alteration of etching condition[12].The other noticeable point is that the heights do not depend on the applying load.This means that these can be solely controlled with the etching condition and the depth.It is well consistent with the above result.Fig.5shows the relation between the height and the etching depth when the excess etching was performed,where the stress was applied by press machine.Etching condition was the same as that of Fig.2.At the lower applying load,the height increased linearly with increasing the etching depth.In this area,the etching rate ratio was2.4:1,which was almost equal to that of Fig.2, although the indentation method was different.At the higher applying load,the height attained the maximum and then gradually decreases with increasing the etching depth.Maximum height became higher at higher load.These facts indicate that maximum height depends on the applying load,while the etching rate change was determined only by the etching condition as described above.Fig.6shows the schematic diagram of the variation of the indented portion with the etching,which is estimated from the above experimental results.Firstly,the high-density area is formed beneath the glass surface.It is gradually etched with HF acid,forming the projection due to the etching rate difference from the normal area.In this region,the etching rate difference is almost constant as shown in Figs.2and4.Therefore,the height can be controlled solely by etching depth.Under-etching,of course occurs due to the isotropic etching,but in most cases the high-density portion above the under-etched area disappears physically with etching,because the thickness is very thin,which is estimated to be less than several micrometers.If it partly remained,it could be removed with slight polishing.When the density area completely disappears with the etching,the height attains maximum value and then gradually decreases by the action of isotropic wet etching as shown in Fig.5.This result suggests that,in order to obtain a uniform height,the etching depth should be restricted in the range that the densified area remains beneath the glass surface.3.2.Examples of fabricated micro-patternsFig.7shows the optical microscopic image of triangle lattice pattern,which was drawn by NC machine equipped with pointed tool.The size of each line was found to be very uniform.In particular,the heights of the lines were almost the same.From the result,it was confirmed that the pattern size could be well controlled by the technique.Fig.8(a)shows the SEM image of lattice pattern,where the stress was applied over another at some part.Most noticing point of thisfigure is that the height is uniform, despite the overlapping of the micro-indentation.This feature is considered to offer theflexibility of the micro-indentation method. Fig.8(b)shows the SEM image of curved lines.It indicates that various patterns including curved line can be freely obtained by using NC machine.Fig.9shows the AFM images of a stripepattern, Fig.9.AFM images of a stripe pattern on the glass composition A,where the indentation was performed by scanning a silicon mold with25m m pitched pattern.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science254(2008)7243–72497247in which the indentation was performed by scanning a silicon mold with 25m m pitched pattern.The heights of the configuration increased uniformly with etching depth.It was confirmed that the pitch of the mold was precisely transferred to the glass surface,and simultaneous micro-indentation is relatively easy,which is ascribable to the fact that the extent of the etching rate change is insensitive to the applying load.Fig.10shows the AFM images of micro-projections on the glass surface in which slurry was sprayed on the glass surface by wet blast before the etching.A large number of projections are formed on the glass surface without forming a crack.The numbers of the projections can be increased by controlling the conveyed speed,i.e.,blast treatment time.Fig.11shows the height distributions of the projections.In both the conditions,the height was very uniform and more than 95%of the projections were in the range of 100–150nm,although the size and shape of the abrasive would not be uniform.The example also indicates that the height was controlled solely by the etching depth.So,the technique seems promising for precise roughness control of the glass surface.4.ConclusionThe effect of the applying load on the etching rate was investigated.The etching rate change is found to be insensitive tothe applying load.So,the height of micro-structure on the glass surface could be controlled simply by the etching depth as far as the densified portion remains beneath the glass surface.Some example micro-patterns were demonstrated using the technique.Various kinds of indentation methods were employed,including scanning a pointed tool under a load and wet abrasive blast.The patterns could be freely drawn by using a NC machine.Mold pattern can be also applied,which enables drawing many lines simultaneously.In every method,the heights of the patterns were confirmed to be very uniform.From the above experimental results,the features of this method can be summarized as follows:Various patterns can be freely obtained without using photo mask by using NC machine.The uniform height of the micro-structure can be obtained by various kinds of indenting methods,because the extent of the etching rate change is insensitive to the applied load.AcknowledgementThe authors are indebted to K.Ataka of Nippon Sheet Glass Co.,Ltd.,for performing the etchingexperiment.Fig.10.AFM images of micro-projections on the glass composition A.Etching depth was adjusted to 210nm in both treatments.Measured area was 20m m Â20m m and the full scale of the height was 500nm.Conditions A and B were different in conveyed speed,which were 13and 25mm/s,respectively.Fig.11.Height distributions of the projections as shown in Fig.10.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science 254(2008)7243–72497248References[1]D.J.Harrison,K.Fluri,K.Seiler,Z.Fan,C.S.Effenhauser,A.Manz,Science261(1993)895.[2]C.S.Lim,M.H.Hong,A.Senthil Kumar,M.Rahman,X.D.Liu,Int.J.Mach.ToolManuf.46(2006)552.[3]A.Hattori,H.Yamaguchi,J.Yamaguchi,Y.Matuoka,S.Kanki,T.Fukuzawa,T.Miwa,M.Toyama,M.Tokeshi,T.Kitamori,in:Proceedings of MicroTAS’03,2003,p.359.[4]I.Rodriguez,P.Spicar-Mihalic,C.L.Kuyper,G.S.Fiorini,D.T.Chiu,Anal.Chim.Acta496(2003)205.[5]H.Wensink,J.W.Berenschot,H.V.Jansen,M.Elwenspoek,in:Proceedings of the13th Annual International Conference on Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS2000),2000,p.769.[6]C.Iliescu,J.Jing,F.E.H.Tay,J.Miao,T.Sun,Surf.Coat.Technol.198(2005)314.[7]G.Voirin, B.Scheja,O.Parriaux,Proc.SPIE Int.Soc.Opt.Eng.1128(1989)140.[8]J.Kurachi,K.Mitani,H.Inomata,Y.Saito,US Patent6,913,702(2001).[9]J.Kurachi,S.Domi,H.Inomata,Y.Saito,in:Proceedings of the10th InternationalConference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids,Parma,Italy,July14–17,2003 (Abstract P1-023).[10]S.W.Youn,C.G.Kang,Scr.Mater.52(2005)117.[11]Y.Saito,S.Okamoto,H.Inomata,J.Kurachi,submitted for publication.[12]Y.Saito,S.Okamoto,H.Inomata,J.Kurachi,T.Hidaka,H.Kasai,submitted forpublication.Y.Saito et al./Applied Surface Science254(2008)7243–72497249。