2019年10月29日雅思阅读答案解析

篇一：九分达人阅读答案3摘要：九分达人阅读3电子版（pdf版）。

考生在复习雅思阅读考试时，要提前练习雅思阅读复习资料。

下面为大家整理了九分达人阅读3电子版， pdf版的，同学们可在复习雅思阅读考试时进行参考。

以下是九分达人阅读3电子版的部分内容，同学们可在复习考试阅读部分时，可多练习一些资料，这样能更好地运用雅思阅读考试复习技巧。

9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析3共分为三大部分：第一部分包括最新6套雅思阅读真题，每套题共有三篇阅读文章;考生应对所有文章精读细读，达到完全理解的水平，因为每篇文章都有可能在考试中再次出现。

第二部分包括词汇详解、题目详解和参考译文三个版块的内容。

词汇详解部分为文章及题目中出现的词汇提供了词性、准确的释义和其他拓展信息，既能帮助考生增加对真题的理解，又能扩充考生的词汇量。

题目详解部分则对本书收录的每套题目进行了详细解析，不仅帮助考生彻底弄懂每套试题，同时也教给考生相应的解题方法和技巧。

参考译文中的翻译准确流畅，考生对英语原文若有任何不理解之处，可利用参考译文帮助理解。

第三部分为6套雅思阅读真题的参考答案，可供考生进行自我检测。

内容截图以上就是九分达人阅读3的部分内容，同学们可在复习雅思阅读考试部分时，下载相关的雅思阅读考试资料进行训练。

相关推荐:篇二：九分达人阅读答案3第一次参加啊时间：23分钟（总是超时该怎么办？）错题：题号5 india 写成了bangalore。

原因：没有看清country 的要求问题：是非题有点心虚，尤其是10和11。

但居然都对了微凉发表于 2015-1-27 12:43 第一次参加啊时间：23分钟（总是超时该怎么办？）错题：题号5 india 写成了bangalore。

总超时是不是因为在某道题上花太多时间啦！不过只错了一题棒棒哒我前面已经出了两期啦，尽快赶上进度哦请教楼主，填空题总是少个the，还有就是有的文中没有原话可以摘抄，需要自己总结，请问这两种情况要怎么应对呢？queen 发表于 2015-1-28 20:47 请教楼主，填空题总是少个the，还有就是有的文中没有原话可以摘抄，需要自己总结，请问这两种情况要怎么应 ...能给出具体的题目吗？这样比较好解答643时间 21min。

雅思（听力）历年真题试卷汇编29(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Listening ModuleListening Module (30 minutes & 10 minutes transfer time)听力原文：JANET: Hello?AGENT: Yes, I’d like to speak with Janet Evans, please.JANET: Speaking.AGENT: Hi Ms. Evans, this is Jim Rodriguez calling from Farrelly Mutual about your recent homeowner’s insurance inquiry. JANET: Yes, hi. Thanks for returning my call. AGENT: My pleasure. I understand you are potentially interested in insurance for a bungalow located a bit out of town. Could you give me the address? JANET: Sure, it’s [1]49 Greenway Court. Greenway is one word. AGENT: Thank you. Alright, and would you prefer to be contacted via email or phone? JANET: Either one is fine - maybe try emailing me first and as an alternative I can give you my phone number. AGENT: Great - and what is your email address? JANET: [2]pk2@.AGENT: Hm, did you say “cat,” as in the animal? JANET: Yes. It is the acronym for the construction company I work for - I’m sure you’ve seen them around. AGENT: Yes, I have. And could you give me your primary phone number, and the best time to reach you? JANET: Sure - the number is (020) 4251-9443. I am generally unable to answer my phone at work, but anytime after [3]5.30 p.m. is fine. AGENT: I will make a note of that here. Now I’m going to ask you a little bit about the property itself so we can make an accurate estimate of the cost of insuring your home. Could you tell me the size of your house? JANET: Um, well, I don’t have the exact measurements, but I’m pretty sure it’s right [4]around 80 square metres. ShouldI measure it and call you back later? AGENT: No, that’s completely alright. I’ll write80 square metres for now to get the estimate and then an agent will come get the exact measurements later on if you decide to purchase our insurance. JANET: Okay, great.AGENT: And what material is your house made of? For example, wood, brick, stucco... JANET: It’s mainly [5]brick. AGENT: Great - that will give you a lower rate than most other materials since it is so strong. JANET: Wonderful!AGENT: And do you have any sort of home security, Ms. Evans? JANET: Um, we don’t have a fence or anything yet, but [6]we have an alarm system that we use regularly. AGENT: Good.AGENT: Now I’ll go through a number of things we offer coverage for, and I’d like you to tell me which items you want your policy to cover. JANET: Okay. AGENT: We’ll start with the building itself first - would you like us to cover incidental damage to the structure to your house? JANET: Absolutely. AGENT: Splendid. And the contents inside your house - we usually cover all items with an appraised value above ￡200. Would you like us to cover theft and damage beyond natural wear-and-tear? I will let you know that the second option here will come with a considerable increase in your rates. JANET: I think I’d just like the contents of the house to be covered against theft then. AGENT: Alright - and would you like any other insurance - fire, flood, etc? JANET: Yes - [7]I definitely want flood coverage. It rains a lot here, and the drainage system in the area is not the greatest. AGENT: Okay. I am calculatingyour quotation now. It will just take a second. (Two seconds pause) It looks like your annual insurance rate will be ￡148.30. JANET: Thanks, that seems somewhat reasonable. I would like to take some time to think about it. How long does it take to begin receiving coverage after signing up? AGENT: It depends on the time of year - it can take anywhere from two to six weeks. I would say if you sign up by July 1st, you could start your coverage by [9]August 1st.JANET: I see. Okay, thanks for your help. Should I call you back at this number when I have made my decision? AGENT: Yes, please. And so that we can look up your account faster, I’ll give you a reference number that you should provide when calling. Ready? JANET: Yep! AGENT: It’s [10]TR278Q. JANET: Got it. Thanks! AGENT: Thank you, and have a nice day!Complete the form below.Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Home Insurance Quotation FormExample AnswerName: Janet EvansAddress: 49【L1】______CourtEmail: 【L2】______Telephone number: (020) 4251 -9443Best time to contact: 【L3】______pmProperty InformationProperty size: 【L4】______m2Material(s): 【L5】______Security measures(if any): 【L6】______CoverageItems to cover: buildingcontents【L7】______Quotation: 【L8】￡______Coverage start date: 【L9】______Reference number: 【L10】______ 1．【L1】正确答案：Greenway解析：本题需补充完整的住址。

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编10(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Going Nowhere FastTHIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. We can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler.In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California—that home of car culture—to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows.So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. There’s certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit(PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s.The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldn’t have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than any inner city road.It’s a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular—and after governments started earning revenue from them—that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first—and that would cost megabucks. What’s more, any transport system that threatened the car’s dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesn’t always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed.But “dual-mode”systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle—the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to “go fast”—would become an electric car.Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to parkthemselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles.Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensen’s could transform cities.And it’s not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century—three times the number killed in the First World War—and the annual death toll is rising. And what’s more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around?Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1．City transport developed slower than other means of communication.A．真B．假C．Not Given正确答案：A解析：利用顺序性原则很容易定位到原文开头第一段。

10月29日雅思阅读真题回忆（3）2016年10月29日雅思阅读真题回忆Hauser cited the work of another scientist, Tim Caro, who found that cheetah mothers that take their cubs along on hunts gradually allow their cubs to do more of the hunting ~ going, for example, from killing a gazelle and allowing young cubs to eat to merely tripping the gazelle and letting the cubs finish it off. At one level, Hauser said，such behavior might be called teaching — except the mother was not really teaching the cubs to hunt but merely facilitating various stages of learning. Psychologists study animal behavior in part to understand the evolutionary roots of human behavior, Hauser said. The challenge in understanding whether other animals truly teach one another, he added, is that human teaching involves a "theory of mind" —teachers are aware that students don't know something. He questioned whether Franks's leader ants really knew that the follower ants were ignorant.Could they simply have been following an instinctive rule to proceed when the followers tapped them on the legs or abdomen? And did leaders that led the way to food — only to find that it had been removed by the experimenter — incur the wrath of followers? That, Hauser said, would suggest that the follower ant actually knew the leader was more knowledgeable and not merely following an instinctive routine itself.Franks responded by saying that the two-way communication between the ants was quite different than merely sounding an alarm about a predator. And, he added, the follower ant often did not use the same direct route on its return trip. Once led to food, ants found new paths back to the nest，Franksand Richardson found, and those paths were sometimes more direct than the route that leaders had shown them.In other words, Franks said, the teaching appeared to give follower ants more than just information; it generally increased their knowledge of the foraging environment.Bennett G. Galef Jr., a psychologist who studies animal behavior and social learning at McMaster University in Canada, sided with Franks. He said ants were unlikely to have a "theory of mind" — meaning that leaders and followers may well have been following instinctive routines that were not based on an understanding of what was happening in another ant's brain.Passage 3 ：题材：社会科学题型：选择+填空+配对题号：旧题参考文章：The Accidental ScientistA A paradox lies close to the heart of scientific discovery. If you know just what you are looking for, finding it can hardly count as a discovery, since it was fully anticipated. But if, on the other hand, you have no notion of what you are looking for, you cannot know when you have found it, and discovery, as such, is out of the question. In the philosophy of science, these extremes map onto the purist forms of deductivism and inductivism: In the former, the outcome is supposed to be logically contained in the premises you start with; in the latter, you are recommended to start with no expectations whatsoever and see what turns up.B As in so many things, the ideal position is widely supposed to reside somewhere in between these two impossible-to-realize extremes. You want to have a good enough idea of what you arelooking for to be surprised when you find something else of value, and you want to be ignorant enough of your end point that you can entertain alternative outcomes. Scientific discovery should, therefore, have an accidental aspect，but not too much of one. Serendipity is a word that expresses a position something like that. It’s a fascinating word, and the late Robert King Merton —"the father of the sociology of science” 一 liked it well enough to compose its biography, assisted by the French cultural historian Elinor Barber.C The word did not appear in the published literature until the early 19th century and did not become well enough known to use without explanation until sometime in the first third of the 20th century. Antiquarians, following Walpole, found use for it, as they were always rummaging about for curiosities，and unexpected but pleasant surprises were not unknown to them. Some people just seemed to have a knack for that sort of thing, and serendipity was used to express that special capacity.D The other community that came to dwell on serendipity to say something important about their practice was that of scientists, and here usages cut to the heart of the matter and were often vigorously contested. Many scientists, including the Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon and, later, the British immunologist Peter Medawar，liked to emphasize how much of scientific discovery was unplanned and even accidental. One of Cannon's favorite examples of such serendipity is Luigi Galvanic observation of the twitching of dissected frogs' legs, hanging from a copper wire, when they accidentally touched an iron railing, leading to the discovery of "galvanism”; another is Hans Christian 0rsted's discovery of electromagnetism when he unintentionally brought a current-carrying wire parallel to amagnetic needle. Rhetoric about the sufficiency of rational method was so much hot air. Indeed, as Medawar insisted in The Art of the Soluble, "There is no such thing as The Scientific Method,w no way at all of systematizing the process of discovery. Really important discoveries had a way of showing up when they had a mind to do so and not when you were looking for them. Maybe some scientists, like some book collectors, had a happy knack; maybe serendipity described the situation rather than a personal skill or capacity.下载文档。

2019年12月17日雅思阅读真题预测>>>免费试听：【超值特惠】雅思临考预测四科联报核心考点大放送The Triumph of UnreasonA.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidencethat decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when itis deciding what to buy.D.In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and thenits price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain regionlinked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.G.Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed tocorrelate with a volunteer‘s reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medialprefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.H.People‘s shopping behaviour therefore seems to havepiggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipationof reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balancethe immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such asfatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.Questions 1-6Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximum utility from any situation.3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.4. The more active the nucleus accumens was, the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain, people tended to purchase coffee.Questions 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.8. The word “miserliness” in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.A. people’s beha vior of buying luxurious goodsB. people’s behavior of buying very special itemsC. people’s behavior of being very mean in shoppingD. people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which testA. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.。

2019年雅思阅读理解精选试题及答案卷面总分：100分答题时间：50分钟试卷题量：10题一、问答题（共10题，共100分）1.Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warne d of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key:抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman:开展览会的人, 出风头的人物3. unassuming:谦逊的, 不夸耀的, 不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off pe rson’s back:不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate:受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed:不再担忧，不被打扰Questions 1-7Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.正确答案：1. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A “… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunesmusic-store.”2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Parag raph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers.”5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it l ead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”2.new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses findthem a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s i mmune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to puta polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. Forsafety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminatingside-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.Questions 10-13Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic thanthe ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers正确答案：1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。

2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案雅思的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage1：蝴蝶保护色Copy your neighbour参考答案：A THERE’S no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance？Until recently， this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists，armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity，battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the butterflies’ bright colours are there to attract a mate， others are warning signals. They send out a message to any predators：“Keep off，we’re poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection， other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.B But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area，” explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum，London. The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. “The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicryresearch，” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance， Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity， the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It’s exceptionally rich，but comparatively well collected，so I pretty much knew what was there，says Beccaloni.” The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organised and how this related to mimicry.”C Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on the banks of the Rio Napo， Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Cen tral and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours， toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies， but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs，” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.D Even though all ithomiines are poisonous，it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic， but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is： an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. “Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic， with varying degrees of verisimilitude， a focal or model species，” says John Turner from the University of Leeds.“The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science.” In addition to colour，many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.E But why are there so many different mimicry rings？ One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height，” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy，providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing pat terns don’t match very well，” he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still， according to DeVries， this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.F “When I first went out to Ecuador，I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it，” says Beccaloni.”A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really flew that way.” What he didn’t accept，however，was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought，if this idea really is true， and I can work out why， it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings，there were also 69 other insect species，including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly，all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him，Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers， he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.G The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were flying at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive，” he recalls. “For example，most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor， while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.H However， this being practice rather than theory， things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights，” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t stacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land， but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far，so good，but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.I Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy，” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I got them back to the field station’s lab， it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”1-5. E、B、G 、F 、D6-E、TRUE、NOT GIVEN、FALSE、NOT GIVEN、TRUE12-13. D、BPassage2： CRS企业社会责任感参考答案：The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing” ---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility，the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States.A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments，communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally， reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grou nds that they will improve a company’s image， strengthen its brand，enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock.B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education，health care，and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its endsat the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time，a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs，wealth，and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.C A company’s impact on society also changes over time，as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos，now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow，firms may risk their very survival.D No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources，expertise，and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it canhave a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. Facilities. The company contributes between $250，000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other importan t constituencies. What’s more，GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is，it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE’s recrui ting and retention is modest.F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth，currently，there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges，representing 45% of all U.S. Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes，however，that community colleges face special challenges：IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated，and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money andproducts，Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs，contribute to curriculum development，and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case，volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition：a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural，and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently，the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short，nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its valueproposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.V、 viii、 iv、 vii、 i、iii、 iiequal opportunity、internal costC、C、 A、 BPassage3：沙漠造雨参考答案：A. Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case，out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert，” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot， wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke， the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet？”B. The answer， of course， was condensation. Back home in London，a physicist friend，Philip Davies，explained that the glass，chilled by the rain outside，had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point， causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued， Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert，simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”C. Today， a decade on， his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenh ouse”. Local scientists，working with Paton under a license from hiscompany Light Works， are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine thatproduces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago，Marco Goldschmied，president of the Royal Institute of British Architects，called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”seawater greenhouse as developed by Paton has three main both air-condition the greenhouse and provide water for front of the greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot dry air blows in through a front wall is made of perforated cardboard kept moist by a constant trickle of seawater pumped up from purpose is to cool and moisten the incoming desert cool moist air allows the plants to grow faster. And，crucially， because much less water evaporates from the leaves，the plants need much less moisture to grow than if they were being irrigated in the hot dry desert air outside the greenhouse.air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse is completed by the second feature：the roof. It has two layers：an outer layer of clear polyethylene and an inner coated layer that reflects infrared radiation. This combination ensures that visible light can steam through to the plants， maximizing the rate of plant growth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer， sand kept away keep the air around the plants cool.F. At the lack of the greenhouse sits the third elements. This is the main water production ，the air hits a second moist cardboard wall that increases its humidity as it reaches the condenser，which finally collects from the hot humid air the moisture for irrigating the condenser is metal surface kept cool by still more seawater. It is the equivalent of the window onPaton’s Morcoccan s of pure distilled water form on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.Abu Dhai greenhouse more or less runs ors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature，humidity， and windless days，fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. “Once it is tuned to the local environment，you don’t need anyone there for it to work” says Paton. “We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug， and in the future we could make it entirely independent of the grid，powered from a few solar panels.”ics point out that construction costs of around $4 a square foot are quite illustration， however， Paton presents that it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. Thus the plants need only an eighth of the Volume of water used by those grown conventionally. And so the effective cost of desalinated water in the greenhouse is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator， which is good economics. Beside it really suggests an environmentally - friendly way of providing air conditioning on a scale large enough to cool large greenhouses where crops can be grown despite the high outside temperatures.27-31：YES、NO、YES、NOT GIVEN、 NO32-36：hot dry air、moist、heat、condenser、pure distill water37-40：fans、solar panels、construction costs、environmentally-friendly。

2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案昨天刚刚结束了最新一期的雅思考试，大家有没有被难倒呢？接下来就跟着来看一看2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage1：希腊硬币Greek coinage参考答案：1. 希腊coin早在3000年就出现了=F2. T3. Sparta地区侵略Athens并强制Athens用他们的货币=F4. Great coins在整个欧洲流传=F5. Persian 入侵了Lydia并且使用人家的硬币=T6. 用硬币上的头像来奖励做出杰出贡献的人=NG7. mint8. stamps9. anvil10. reserve dies11. 希腊硬币的重量至少=0.15g12. 硬币的图案=the king的头像13. 希腊被波斯征服之前的花纹是lion and doil14. coin 在雅典被称为 owlPassage2：悉尼交通标识Street markers in SydneyPassage3： Musical Maladies参考答案：A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects，and as a neuroscientist specializing in auditory learning and memory， I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia，the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him>C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work>complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.＂He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation＂ and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology，” he says，and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks，who has been practicing neurology for 40 years，is torn between the old-fashioned path of observation and the new-fangled， high-tech approach： He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter，but his heart lies with the former.D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases，most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I，Haunted by Music，＂begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria， a nonmusical，middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music， which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music， which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen？Was I the cause psychological？（He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.） Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex？Electro-encephalography （EEG） showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s，just after his trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests，but Cicoria has declined to undergo them；he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame！E. Part II，“A Range of Musicality，” covers a wider variety of topics，but unfortunately， some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example， chapter 13， which is five pages long，merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Cha pter 8 is about “ amusia，” an inability to hear sounds as music，and “dysharmonia，”a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony， with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.F. To Sacks＇s credit， part III，＂Memory， Movement and Music，＂brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how ＂melodic intonation therapy＂is being used to help expressive aphasic patients （those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident）>G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior，Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For>appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.H. It＇s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However， Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observationsthat he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example， he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension， such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody， indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localization of all mental functions， this was a missed educational opportunity.I. Another conclusion>patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications，which ＂damp down＂the excitability of the brain in general；their effectiveness varies widely.J. Finally， in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have ＂normal＂ EEG results. Although Sacks recognizes the existence of new technologies， among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test， he does not call for their use. In fact， although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients， he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book＇s preface，in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost＂ if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches， though， and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.27-30：B C A A31-36：YES NG NO NG YES NO37-40：F B A D。

2019-雅思学术类阅读考试总结-实用word文档本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思学术类阅读考试总结201X年全国共计47场雅思考试，截止至201X年12月17日，总共考察141篇阅读文章。

考试场次和考察文章的数量与09年和10年持平，由此可知，现在的雅思考试已经趋于稳定，并且呈现一种变化趋缓，题型考察侧重分明的趋势。

下面笔者将分别通过文章背景及题型两方面来对201X年的雅思阅读考试进行详细分析。

文章背景：纵观全年的考试，不难发现雅思阅读考试仍然维持着新旧文章搭配出题的规律。

在过去的47场共141篇文章中，新文章有44篇，占文章总量的31%，远远低于文章总量的一半，并且低于过去两年的新文章量(09年新文章为69篇，10年则为62篇，见 Chart 1)。

不难想象，在今后的阅读考试中新文章的数量将逐渐下降。

除此之外，在11年和10年各分别有1场考试是以3篇文章全部为新文章的布局出现的(11年为4月28日，10年为11月20日)，而同样的考试布局在09年则出现了4场。

由此可以猜测下，在201X年的考试，这种3篇文章全部为新文章的考试应该是不会在年初的考试出现的。

Chart 1. 201X、201X、201X年雅思阅读考试新旧文章数量图11年的考试中新文章的数量骤降，势必会导致旧文章井喷式的出现。

在全年47场的考试中，旧文章的数量为97篇，占文章总量的69%，高于09年和10年的旧文章量。

这97篇旧文章可以分为三类：旧文旧题、旧文新题和疑似文章。

旧文旧题，顾名思义就是从前考过的文章被原封不动的再次利用;旧文新题指的是旧话题新文章新题，即文章所讲的话题以前考过，而文章的用词、结构以及附带的题是新的;疑似文章则指的是文章的话题、用词、题跟以前考过的某篇文章大致相似，但又不完全一样。

11年的考试中，旧文旧题共计73篇，旧文新题为18篇，疑似文章则为6篇，数量远远超过09、10年的同类文章(见 Chart 2)。

2019 年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology ： solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they havenot needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea-- draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras.An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply anappropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect isAlex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enoughto change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cyclesa second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80 ℃. At 85 ℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curiousphysical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source.Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in NorthCarolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by10 ℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A.AppleB.IBMC.IntelD.Alex MischenkoE.Ali ShakouriF.Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to makesure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6.Paraelectric materials can generate a currentwhen electrodes are attached to them.7.Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8.Doubling the frequency of logical operations insidea microprocessor doubles the heat output.9.IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10.Which method of disposing heat in computersmay have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor 抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systemsof subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3 ： ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5 ：The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8 ： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃ .4. ESee Paragraph 8：Ali Shakouri, of the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller 梥 o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9 ： To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchangetakes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2：...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what thoseapplications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5 ： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9 ： In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6：Tweaking the processor's heatsinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shiftingfrom single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1 ：Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3 ： Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7 ： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9 ： The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。