Semantic Analysis for Automatic Spoken Language Translation and

自整英语语言学一.名词解释Chapter 1 Introduction引言1.linguistic语言Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.语言学一般被定义为语言的科学研究。

2.general linguistics一般语言学The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.作为整体而言的语言研究经常被成为一般语言学。

3.phonetics语音学The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.语言交际中语音的研究导致了语音学的建立。

4.morphology形态学The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.对这些符号的排列方式和组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的分支形态学。

5.syntax句法The study of the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is called syntax.句子的组合形式的研究称之为句法。

6.semantics语义学The study of meaning is known as semantics.意义的研究被称为语义学。

7.pragmatics语用学When the study of meaning is conducted，not in isolation，but in the context of language use，it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.当意义的研究是进行的，不是孤立的，而是在语言运用的语境中，它就称为语言学的另一个分支，语用学。

编译原理英文版课后答案Chapter 1: Introduction to Compilation1. What is compilation?Compilation is the process of translating a high-level programming language code into a low-level machine language code that can be directly executed by a computer.2. What are the main components of a compiler?The main components of a compiler are:•Lexer: also known as a tokenizer, it breaks the source code into a sequence of tokens.•Parser: it verifies the syntax of the source code and builds an intermediate representation such as an abstract syntax tree (AST).•Semantic Analyzer: it checks for semantic correctness and assigns meaning to the program.•Intermediate Code Generator: it generates a representation of the program that can be easily translated into machine code.•Optimizer: it improves the efficiency of the program by performing various optimizations.•Code Generator: it translates the intermediate code into the target machine code.3. What are the advantages of compilation over interpretation?•Performance: Compiled code runs faster than interpreted code as the compilation process optimizes the code for a specific target machine.•Portability: Once a program is compiled, it can be executed on any machine that supports the target machine code, eliminating the need for aruntime environment.•Security: The source code is not distributed with the compiled program, making it harder for others to access and modify the code.4. What are the disadvantages of compilation?•Longer development cycle: Compilation requires additional time and effort compared to interpretation, as it involves multiple stages such as code generation and optimization.•Platform dependency: Compiled code is specific to the target machine, so it may not run on different architectures or operating systems withoutrecompilation.•Lack of flexibility: Changes made to the source code may require recompilation of the entire program.5. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?A compiler translates the entire source code into machine code before execution, while an interpreter translates and executes the source code line by line.Chapter 2: Lexical Analysis1. What is lexical analysis?Lexical analysis, also known as tokenization, is the process of dividing the source code into a sequence of tokens.2. What are tokens?Tokens represent the basic building blocks of a programming language. They can be keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, or punctuation symbols.3. What is a regular expression?A regular expression is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern. It is used in lexical analysis to describe the patterns of tokens.4. What are regular languages?Regular languages are a class of formal languages that can be described by regular expressions. They can be recognized by finite automata.5. What is a finite automaton?A finite automaton is a mathematical model of a computation process. It consists of a finite set of states and transitions between those states based on input.Chapter 3: Parsing1. What is parsing?Parsing is the process of analyzing the structure of a program according to the rules of a formal grammar. It involves constructing an abstract syntax tree (AST) from the given source code.2. What is an abstract syntax tree (AST)?An abstract syntax tree is a hierarchical representation of the syntactic structure of a program. It captures the relationships between different elements of the code, such as expressions and statements.3. What is a context-free grammar (CFG)?A context-free grammar is a formal way to describe the syntax of a programming language. It consists of a set of production rules that define how valid program statements can be constructed.4. What is the difference between a parse tree and an abstract syntax tree (AST)?A parse tree represents the complete syntactic structure of a program, including all the intermediate steps taken during parsing. An abstract syntax tree (AST) is a simplified version of the parse tree, where redundant information is removed, and only the essential structure of the program is retained.5. What is ambiguous grammar?An ambiguous grammar is a grammar that allows for multiple parse trees for a single input string. It can lead to parsing conflicts and difficulties in determining the correct interpretation of a program.Chapter 4: Semantic Analysis1. What is semantic analysis?Semantic analysis is the phase of the compilation process that checks the semantic correctness of a program. It assigns meaning to the code and ensures that it adheres to the rules and constraints of the programming language.2. What are static semantics?Static semantics are the properties of a program that can be determined at compile-time. These include type checking, scope rules, and variable declarations.3. What are dynamic semantics?Dynamic semantics are the properties of a program that can only be determined at runtime. These include program behavior, control flow, and runtime errors.4. What is type checking?Type checking is the process of verifying that the types of expressions and variables in a program are compatible according to the rules of the programming language. It prevents type-related errors during execution.5. What is symbol table?A symbol table is a data structure used by the compiler to store information about variables, functions, and other symbols in a program. It enables efficient semantic analysis and name resolution.Note: These answers are for reference purposes only and may vary depending on the specific context and requirements of the course or textbook.。

词典学术语abbreviation 缩略语abbreviative notation 缩略标记abridged 删节的，未足本的abridged dictionary节本词典abridgement 删节，节本absolute equivalent 绝对对应词absolute synonym 绝对同义词abusage 滥用abusive language 辱骂语academic dictionary 学术词典academic lexicography 学术词典学academy dictionary 学院词典accent mark 重音号acceptability 接受性acceptability rating 接受等级access alphabet 检索字母表access point 检索项access structure 检索结构acknowledges 致谢项acrolect 上层方言acronym 首字母缩略词active dictionary 积极词典，主动性词典active vocabulary 积极词汇adjectival noun 形容词性名词adjective complement 形容词性补语adjective compound 复合形容词adjunct 附加性副词adnominal 名词修饰语advanced searches 高级搜索affix 词缀affixation 词缀法，词缀词agglutinative language 黏着型语言alien word 外来词allomorph 语素变体allophone 音位变体allusion 典故alphabetic arrangement 字母顺序排列alphabetic order 字母顺序alphabetic sequence 字母顺序alphabetic writing 字母文字，拼音文字alphabetization 按字母顺序排列alphanumeric combination字母数字组合词alphapedia 字顺百科alternative lexicography 另类词典学ambiguity 歧义ambilogy 双关语amelioration of meaning 词义的扬升Americanism 美国词语，美式英语Ampersand &号（=and）analogical dictionary 类义词典analytic definition 分析式释义analytic language 分析型语言analytical ordering 分析排列angle brackets 尖括号animate noun 生物名词，动物名词anisomorphism 语言差异性antedating 早于已摘录文献的引语anthroponymy 人名学antidictionary 反动词典appendix 附录appreciative 赞赏的，褒义的appropriateness 得体性，适切性approximative equivalent 近义对等词arch 弓形符（即︵）archaic word 古词archaism 古体，古语archaizing dictionary 仿古词典archeography 古文献学archive 引语档案areal linguistics 区域语言学argot 黑话arrow 箭号article 词条，条目artificial language 人工语言asserted meaning 陈述意义association 联想association by contiguity 相邻联想association by contrast 对比联想association by similarity 类似联想association group 联想词群associational word 联想词associative meaning 联想意义asterisk 星号（*）at 单价号（@）attestation isolee 个别使用attributive adjective 修饰性形容词authentic example 真确性例证authentication 求证authenticity 真实性author dictionary 独编词典author’s dictionary 作家词典automatic lemmatization 自动归目automatic lexicography 自动词典学autosemantic word 自义词auxiliary verb 助动词back clipping 截尾缩略back matter 附录部分，后文back matter structure 附录结构back page material 后页材料back-formation 逆构词法backward dictionary 逆序词典，倒排词典barbarism 不纯正的词语，粗野语base 词基，词根base structure 基础结构base word 词目base-repeating 词根重叠释义法basic searches 基本搜索basic sense 基本义项basic vocabulary基本词汇basic word stock 基本词汇bias word 倾向性词语bias-free vocabulary 无偏见词汇biblical expression 圣经词语bibliography书目；目录学bidirectional dictionary 双向双语词典bifunctional dictionary 双功能词典big dictionary 大型词典bilingual dictionary 双语词典bilingual edition双解本，双解版bilingual learner’s dictionary双语学习词典bilingual lexicography双语词典学bilingual thesaurus 双语分类词典bilingualized dictionary双解词典biographical dictionary人名词典biographical entry人名条目biographical lexicography 人名词典学biographical sources传记资料blend 混成词，拼缀词blending 混成法，拼缀法；拼缀词bogey怪字bold-faced type 黑体字borrowed word 外借词borrowing 借词bound equivalent局限对应词bound form 黏附形式bound morpheme黏着词素bound root 黏着词根braces大括号brackets 方括号breve 短音符bridge dictionary桥接词典British National Corpus 英国国家语料库broad notation 宽式标音法broad transcription 宽式音标，宽式记音法browser 浏览器buying guide 购买指南cacography拼写错误cacology 用词不当calque仿照词canonical form 标准形式cant 隐语，黑话capital letter 大写字母caret 脱字号（^）casual style 随便语体，随意文本catachresis 词语误用catchword眉词，导词categorical diversity 范畴的差异性categorical equivalence范畴对应关系categorical identity 范畴一致性categorization 划分范畴，归类caution 提醒号CD-ROM dictionary光盘词典censorship 审查制度census 普查，调查centered period 分节点，音节号，中黑点（·）character dictionary 字典character set 字集check mark 核对号（√）children’s dictionary 儿童词典chronological dictionary 序时词典circular definition 循环释义circularity 循环释义，互训circumflex音调符号，长音符号circumlocution 迂回曲折表达法，遁词citation 引语，书证，例证citation file引例档案classificatory label 分类标注，类别标记clause idiom 成语性分句cliché陈词滥调clipped form 截短形式clipped word 截短词clipping 截短法close construction 封闭结构closed combination 封闭型组合closed corpus 封闭式语料库closed-class words 封闭性词类code 代码codification 编码coding代码化cognate 同源词cognitive meaning 认知意义coherence 连贯性co-hyponym 共下义词，共同受支配词coinage 新造词语coined term 新造术语coined word 新造词，新创词college dictionary大学词典collegiate dictionary 大学词典collocation 搭配（关系）collocational information 搭配信息collocative meaning 搭配意义colloquial language 口语colloquial standard 口语标准语colloquial word 口语词colloquialism 口语词colorpedia 彩图百科comb effect 梳子效应combinatory possibility 组合可能性combinatory variant 组合变体combining form 组合形式commercial dictionary 商业词典common core vocabulary 基本词汇，共有核心词汇common usage 普通用法common word 普通词compact dictionary 缩印词典compact edition 缩印版comparative lexicography 比较词典学compilation （词典）编纂compiler 编纂者compiler perspective编篡者视角complementaries互补反义词complete antonym完全反义词complete synonym完全同义词complex word复杂词componential analysis成分分析，义素分析composition合词法compound复合词compound word复合词，合成词compounding复合构词法comprehensive dictionary详解词典computational lexicography计算词典学computer lexicography计算机词典学conceptual connection概念联系conceptual dictionary概念词典conceptual meaning概念意义concise dictionary简明词典concordance语词索引confrontationist linguistics对照语言学conjunct 连接性副词connotation隐含意义；附加意义；内涵connotative meaning内涵意义connotative style咨询文体content word实义词context语境context definition语境释义法context of situation言语环境，情景语境contextual definition语境释义contextual function语境功能contextual meaning语境意义contextual theory语境理论contract word缩写词contracted form,contraction缩写contradictory term 对立性反义词contrast对称词contrastive analysis 对比分析contrastive linguistics 对比语言学conversion词类转化法conversive换位反义词cooccurrence 同现cooccurrence relation同现关系cooccurrence restriction同现限制cooccurrence-range搭配cooccurrent meaning共现意义copying in dictionaries词典抄借copyright版权core group核心词群core sense核心义项core vocabulary核心词汇core word核心词co-reference互见corpus语料库corpus composition语料库的组成corpus correction语料库矫正corpus-orient lexicography语料库技术词典学correction矫正correctness正确性count noun可数名词countable noun可数名词coverage覆盖度creole混合语creolized language混合语cross reference互参，互见，交互参照cross-classification交叉结构cross-reference structure参见结构cryptogram密码cryptology隐语cultivated spoken language有教养的口头语言cultivated usage优雅用法cultural borrowing文化借用cultural context文化环境cultural dictionary文化词典cultural guide文化向导cultural lexicography文化词典学cultural-bound lexical item文化局限词汇项cultural-bound term(word) 文化局限词cultural-loaded expression文化含义词cultural-specific vocabulary文化局限词汇culture- specific vocabulary文化局限词汇cuneiform,cuneiform writing楔形文字curtailed word缩短词cyclopedia百科全书cynicism挖苦语dagger剑号（┼）data bank数据库database数据库，资料库databases & audio-visual materials数据库与声像资料data-processing资料加工，数据处理dead affix废弃的词缀，废缀dead conjugation已经不用的词形变化形式dead language死语言dead metaphor死隐语dead word废词deadjective suffix附加于形容词的后缀deadjective verb来自形容词的动词declension（静词）词尾变化decode解码decoding dictionary解码词典decoding function 解码功能de-etymologization词源中断definiendum被下定义的词语，被释词目definiens(pl.definientia)下定义用的词语，释义defining dictionary释义词典defining vocabulary(DV)定义用词汇，定义用词汇总表definition释义，定义deflexion词尾消失degeneration of meaning词义的降格deictic field指示范围denominal adjective 来自名词的形容词denominal noun 来自名词的名词denominal suffix 附加于名词的后缀denominal verb来自名词的动词denotation所指意义，字面意义denotational meaning指称意义，所指意义denotative meaning外延意义denotatum(pl.denotata)所指客观对象density of entries词条密度derivation派生词；派生法derivation by zero suffix零位后缀派生法derivational affix派生词缀derivational antonym派生反义词derivational compound派生复合词derivational morpheme派生形素derivational suffix派生后缀derivative派生词derived form源出（<）derived sense派生义项derived stem派生词干deriving form派生形式derogatory贬损的，贬义的description描写descriptive dictionary描写性词典descriptive equivalent描写性对应词descriptive function描写功能descriptive trend描写性倾向descriptivism描写主义descriptor系索词，标志词designate定义，所指内容的组成designation指称意义designative word指称词designatum(pl.designata)所指内容desk dictionary案头词典desktop e-dictionary桌面电子词典desktop electronic-dictionary桌面电子词典deterioration of meaning词义降格，词义贬降determiner 限定词deverbal adjective来自于动词的形容词deverbal noun来自于动词的名词deverbal suffix附加于动词的后缀diachronic approach历时角度diachronic dictionary历时词典diacritic变音符，附加符号diacritic sign附加符号diacritical mark变音符，附加符号diacritical marking符号标音法dialect dictionary方言词典dialect lexicography方言词典学dialectism方言词语diction措词dictionary词典，字典dictionary awareness词典意识dictionary criticism词典批评dictionary culture词典文化dictionary family词典家族dictionary for comprehension理解型词典dictionary for production生成型词典dictionary for speakers of the source language源语用户词典dictionary for speakers of the target language目的语用户词典dictionary for translation翻译词典dictionary form词典形式dictionary history词典史dictionary lookup词典查检dictionary maker词典编篡者dictionary making词典编篡dictionary meaning词典意义dictionary of proverbs谚语词典dictionary of the literary language书面语词典dictionary of the spoken language口语词典dictionary proper正文部分dictionary research词典研究dictionary review词典评论dictionary structure词典结构dictionary text词典语篇dictionary typology词典类型学dictionary use词典使用dictionary user词典使用者dictionary with bilingual双解词典dictionary word词典词didactic function教导功能differentia specifica属差differentia (pl. differentiae)种差differential dictionary区别性词典differential linguistics区别语言学diglossia双语现象diglottic level双语现象的变体diminutive指小（词）diminutive suffix指小后缀directories of agencies机构指南disambiguation消除歧义discourse meaning话语意义discrimination辨异，词义辨析disjunct分离性副词distinctive feature区别性特征distributional analysis分布分析法ditransitive verb双宾语动词ditto“同上”号（″）division into syllables分音节DJ丹尼尔▪琼斯标音法domesticated word归化词dominant sense主要意义double brackets双方括号double check双核对号（√）double dagger 双剑号（╪）double scale组成一对的同义词double virgules双斜线号（//）doublet同源异体字echoic word拟声词edition版本editor编辑EFL lexicography英语作为外语的学习词典学electronic bilingual dictionary电子双语词典electronic dictionary电子词典electronic lexicography电子词典学elevation of meaning词义的扬升ellipsis省略号（…）ELT lexicography英语教学词典学emotive meaning 情感意义emotive overtone感情色彩empirical ordering经验排列enclitic后接词encode编码，组码encoding dictionary编码词典encoding function编码功能encyclopedia百科全书encyclopedia definition百科释义encyclopedic dictionary百科词典encyclopedic entry百科条目encyclopedic matter百科信息English Philological Society英语语文协会entailed meaning蕴含意义entry条目，词条entry pane条目窗entry word词目ephemeral word瞬息新词equivalent对应词equivalent analogue等值的对应体ESL(English as second language)作为第二语言的英语ethnolinguistic bilingual dictionary人类语言学双语词典etymological dictionary词源词典etymology词源（学）euphemism委婉语everyday expression日常用语example,example-sentence例句exclamation mark感叹号exegetic dictionary注释词典exemplification括注法explanatory definition解说式释义explanatory equivanlent解释对等词explanatory gloss解释性说明explicit cross-reference明示互参extended sense引申意义extension外延extension of meaning语义扩大extinct language 死语，死亡语extralinguistic context 语言外语境familiar style非正式文体family of languages 语系field场field theory 词场理论field label学科标注figurative meaning比喻意义figurative speech比喻语figurative-metaphorical比喻隐喻的figure of speech修辞格file资料档案files of citation引例档案filler-in填空词fist参见号fixed accent固定重音fixed collocation固定搭配fixed phrase 固定短语fixed stress固定重音fixed word-combination固定词组fixed word-order固定词序folk definition通俗释义folk etymology民俗词源，俗词源学folk speech民间语folk usage通俗用法folk-etymological民俗词源的forcing example强迫性例证foreign affix外来词缀foreign learner’s dictionary外国学习者词典foreign word外来词，外语词foreignism外来词语form of address称呼形式form speech正式言语form style正式文体form word 形式词format板式，开本formative构词成分formulaic definition程式释义four-letter word四字母语，粗俗词语frame(structure)框架（结构）free combination自由组合free morpheme自由语素free root自由词根free translation意译free variant自由变体free variation自由变异free word order自由词序French quotes法文引号，书名号frequency词频frequency word-book频率词表front and back clipping对词的首部与尾部的缩略front clipping对词的首部的缩略front matter前页部分front matter ,front page material前页，前页材料，（正文前的）材料frozen expression定型短语frozen style拘谨文体full homonym实足同形同音异义词full word实词，完全词function word功能词，虚词functional equivalent功能等值functional label功能标注functional language功能语言functional marker功能标记functional typology功能分类法functional varieties功能变体functional word功能词，虚词fuzzy terms模糊词语gazetteer地名索引，地名词典gem dictionary珍宝词典，精选词典general concordance普通词表general dictionary通用词典；普通词典generalization of meaning词的普遍化general-purpose bilingual dictionary综合性双语词典，通用双语词典general-purpose dictionary综合性（语文）词典general-purpose English dictionary综合性英语词典generative dictionary生成词典generic term类属词genus总属genus proximum近种geographical dictionary地理词典geographical entry地理条目geographical sources地理资料ghostword鬼词，别字giving synonyms同义词释义gleaning补遗gloss夹注，注释glossary注释词表，术语汇编glueword连接词gobbledygook官样文章Gothic writing哥特体字，黑体字governed word受支配词governing word支配词government publications政府出版物gradable adjective等级形容词grammar语法grammatical bound meaning受语法限制的意义grammatical coding语法代码grammatical collocation语法搭配grammatical context语法语境grammatical function语法功能grammatical information语法信息grammatical labeling语法代码grammatical marker语法标记grammatical motivation语法理据grammatical pattern语法模式grammatical sequence语法序列grammatically-partial word虚词graphic illustration插图，图解graphic substance形的实体graphic symbol书写符号guide word眉题，向导词habitual collocation习惯性搭配habitual co-occurrence习惯性同现handheld electronic dictionary掌上电子词典haplography掉字，漏写hard word难词head phrase词条headword词目heavy-duty word重负荷词hesitation-form犹豫形式hierarchical structure层级结构hierarchical system层级系统hieroglyphic writing象形文字high word 高位词historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical dictionary（按历史原则编写的）历史词典historical lexicography历史词典学historical ordering 历史排列historical principle历史性原则historism历史词语homograph同形异义词homography同形异义homonym同音异义词，同形异义词homonymy同音异义，同形异义homophone mark同音号humorous幽默的hybrid混合词hybrid language 混杂词hybrid word混合词，杂交词hyperonym总义词hypersemanticized discourse超语义化的说法hyphen连字符；隔音号hyphenated name连号hyphenation断词hyphenation routine连字法规则hypocoristic form爱称形式hypocoristic word爱称词hyponym下义词hyponymy下义关系identifying indication识别性说明ideogram表意文字ideographic symble表意符号ideographic writing表意文字ideography表意文字研究ideographical dictionary概念词典，义类词典ideographical function意识功能idiom习语，成语idiomatic expression习惯性词语idiomatic usage习惯用法idiomatics习语学，成语学illiterate language 文盲用语illustration插图，例证illustrative citation例证，引证illustrative example说明性例句；例证illustrative quotation例证imitation binding仿古装帧imitative semantic change语义变化模仿immediate postpositive直接后置形容词implicative method隐含法implicit cross-reference暗示互参impolite word不礼貌用语imposition强加inappropriate不得体的indention缩格index索引index verborum词语出处索引indexation索引检索indexes & abstracts索引与摘要indexing language索引语言infix中缀inflected language屈折语inflection屈折变化inflectional affix屈折词缀inflectional language屈折语inflectional morpheme屈折词素inflectional variant屈折变体inflective language屈折语inflexion 屈折变化inflexional ending词尾屈折inflexional language屈折语inflexional series屈折序列inflexional suffix屈折后缀informal style非正式文体informant语言调查合作人information card背景资料卡information category信息范畴information retrieval language情报检索语言informative dictionary知识性词典initial inflexion开首屈折initial part词首部分initialism首字母连写词inkhorn term学究气的用语innovation新造词insertible equivalent可插入对应词instruction manual说明手册instrument language古今语言instrumental case工具格intensifier强调成分interactive dictionary交互词典interface language接口语言interjection感叹词interlingual dictionary语际词典interlingual interference语际障碍interlingual purism语际语言纯正主义International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)国际音标，国际音标注音法internationalism国际词intimate style亲昵语体intralingual purism内部语言纯正主义introspective example自省性例证invented example自造词irregular inflection不规则屈折形式italic斜体字italic bold-face type斜黑体jargon行话KK KK音标koine共通语，共同语language for specific purposes专门用途语言language notes语言说明language transfer语言迁移language typology语言类型学langue 语言，语言系统latent word潜在词Latinism拉丁词语learned word文言词learner’s dictionary学生词典lemma词目lemma unit词目单位letter-by-letter arrangement纯字母排列法lexeme词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical词汇的，语词的lexical ambiguity词汇歧义；词汇模糊性lexical collocation词汇搭配lexical context词汇语境lexical density词汇密度lexical entry词项，语词条目lexical equivalent词义对应词lexical expression词汇表达方式lexical field词汇场lexical gap词汇空缺lexical grammar词汇语法lexical item词汇单位；词位，词素，词项lexical meaning词汇意义lexical set 词群，词集lexical stock词汇总库lexical unit词汇单位lexical word词汇词lexicographer词典学家，词典编篡者lexicographese词典用语lexicographic context词典语境lexicography词典学，词典编篡，词典编篡学lexicology词汇学lexicon词典（尤指古代语言的词典）；词库ligature连音符lingua franca混合语，通用语，交际语linguistic context语言语境linguistic dictionary语文词典linguistic matter语言信息linguistic typology硬译分类学linguistics across culture跨文化语言学literal error排字错误，印刷错误literal meaning字面意义literal translation直译，硬译literary书面语literary language文学语言literary standard文学标准语literary word书面词语live suffix活后缀living affix现在通用的词缀living conjugation“活”的（词形）变化living language现用语言，活语言living word现在通用的词汇loan blend借词混成词，借词拼缀词loan shift转用借词loan translation翻译借词，仿译词loan word借词，外来词local dialect地方方言locution措词logical definition逻辑式定义logical ordering逻辑排列logographic lexicon字典logography速记符long vowel长元音lower-case letter小写字母（印刷用语）LSP lexicography专业英语词典学machine-readable dictionary机读词典machine-aided lexicography机助词典学macro-lexicography宏观词典学macron长音符（加在元音上的“-”）macrostructure宏观结构made-up example自造例main word主导词majuscule大写字母makeshift language代用语言malformation构词错误，误构manual手册maps & atlases地图与地图集marginal meaning外延意义mark,marker标记master index总索引meaning意义meaning discrimination词义辨析meaning-oriented principle意义中心原则means of access检索途径measure adjective度量形容词measure noun度量名词mechanical dictionary电脑词典mediostructure中间结构medium dictionary中型词典megastruture整体结构metalanguage元语言metalexicography元词典学metaphor隐喻metaphoric meaning比喻意义，喻义metaplasm词形变异methodology方法论metonymy换喻，转喻microcontext微观语境microglossary微词典microlexicography微观词典学microstructure微观结构middle matter正文部分midline dot分节点mixed language混合语modal verb情态动词mode式momentary event verb瞬间动作动词monolingual dictionary单语词典monolingual lexicography单语词典学monosemic word单义词monosemy单义性moribund language垂死语言morpheme语素morpheme word语素词morphemic arrangement语素顺序排列morphemic dictionary词素词典morphemical mark形态符号morphology词法morphology label词法标注mother tongue negative transfer母语负迁移motional verb动作动词motivated word有理据的词motivation of word词的理据multi-lingual dictionary多语词典multilingual lexicography多语词典学multi-media dictionary多媒体词典multiword lexical unit多单词词位，复词词汇单位narrow Romic严式罗密克音标narrow transcription严式音标，窄式记音法narrowed meaning狭义narrowing词义缩小native affix本族词缀native language本族语native speaker说本族语的人native speaker’s dictionary本族语词典native word本族词natural language自然语言near-synonym近义词negative transfer负迁移neoclassic formation新古典词的构词法neoclassic word新古典词neologism新词nest(ing)派生词群nest-alphabetic method词集字母排列法nil-equivalent零对应词，无对应词noetics义位学nomenclature术语集nominal definition名目定义nonce-word临时词non-designative非指称词non-echoic word非拟声词non-gradable adjective非等级形容词non-historical dictionary非历史词典non-insertible equivalent非插入对应词non-productive无构词能力的non-restrictive collocation非限制性搭配nonstandard非标准（用语）normal dictionary传统词典normative dictionary规范词典normative lexicography规范性词典学notional passive意义上被动notional system概念系统notional word实义词noun名词noun adjunct附加名词noun cluster名词词组noun compound复合名词noun of multitude群体名词noun-drivative派生名词now rare目前少用nuance细微差别numbered clause分节号（§）numeral数词object宾语object language目的语，对象语言obsolescent陈旧的obsolete已废的obsolete affix废缀obsolete word 旧词obsoletism 已废弃的词语one-phrase definition单一短语释义法one-to-one correspondence一一对应one-to-one equivalent一一对等on-line dictionary在线词典，网络词典onomasiological gap词汇空缺；名称空缺onomasiology定名学onomasticon专名词典onomatopoeic word拟声词open combination开放型组合open corpus开放式语料库open-class words开放性词类opposite meaning对立意义optional variant随意变体oratorical style演说文体ordinal number序数词ordinals序数词orthographic criterion书写标准orthographic syllable拼法音节orthography正字法，拼写法ostensive definition直观定义ostensive definition直观释义法output language输出语outside matter正文外部分overall-descriptive dictionary全面描写词典over-defining过度释义P marker短语标记pagination页码检索paper dictionary纸质词典paradigm（名词、动词等的）词形变化表paragraph分节号（§）；段落；段落号（▪）parallel bars平行号（║）parent language 母语，源语parentheses圆括号parole言语paronym形似词partial conversion部分词类转化partial equivalent部分对应词partial homonym部分同音同形异义词participle分词particle小品词，语助词parts of speech词类parts-of-speech label词性标注passive dictionary被动型词典，消极词典patois土话pedagogical dictionary教学词典pedagogical lexicography教学词典学pejorative轻蔑词pejorative epithet表贬损的修饰语pejorative suffix贬义后缀perfect antonym完全反义词perfect equivalence完全对等perfect equivalent完全对等词perfect homonym完全同音同形异义词period句号period dictionary断代词典period lexicography断代词典学peripheral kinds of vocabulary边缘性词汇peripheral language外围语periphrastic definition迂回定义peroration of meaning词义的降格personal suffix人称后缀phantom word幻象词phenomenological typology现象分类法philological bilingual dictionary语文学双语词典philological dictionary语文词典philology语文学phoneme音位，音素phonemic notation音标，音位标音法phonemic transcription音位标音phonemic word音位词phonemics音位学，音素学phonetic acronym语音缩写词phonetic alphabet音标，语音字母phonetic change语音演变phonetic convergence音变的汇合phonetic hyphen隔音号（-）phonetic motivation拟声理据phonetic pattern语音模式phonetic spelling表音拼写法phonetic syllable语音音节phonetic symbol音标，音符phonetic transcription注音，标音法phonetic writing拼音文字phoneticism音标拼词法phonographic alphabet表音字母phonology音系学，音位学phrasal verb短语动词phrase短语，词组phrase clipping短语略写phrase idiom惯用短语phrase marker短语标记phraseological dictionary熟语词典phraseological lexicography熟语词典学phraseology熟语，熟语集phrasing措词pictograph象形文字pictographic writing图画文字pictorial arrangement图式顺序排列pictorial dictionary图画词典pictorial illustration插图pidgin混杂语pidgin English洋泾浜英语plurality复数性，多重性plurilingual多语种的plurilingualism多语制pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket electronic dictionary掌上电子词典poetic word诗歌用语poetical archaic word诗用古词poetry诗体poetism诗体词语polite formulas礼貌套语polylingual多语种的polylingual dictionary多语种对照词典polylingualism多语制polyseme,polysemous word多义词（现象）polysemy多义现象，一词多义polysyllable多音节词polytechnic dictionary科技词典popular etymology俗词源学popular language俗语popular word俗语词portmanteau word紧缩词post-modifier后置修饰语postpositive后置形容词pragmalinguistics语用语言学pragmatic analysis语用分析pragmatic equivalent语用对应词pragmatic failure语用失误pragmatics语用学predeterminer前置限定词predicative表语preface序言prefix前缀prefixation加前缀premodifier前置修饰语prescriptive规范性的prescriptive dictionary规范词典prescriptive grammar规定语法prescriptive lexicography规定性词典学prescriptive trend规定性倾向prescriptivism规定主义present participle现在分词presentational affix表义词缀presentational or tectonic typology表述（或构造）分类法primary accent主重音primary linguistic data第一手语言资料primary meaning本义primitive原始词principal language主体语言print dictionary印刷型词典printing印刷proclitic后接发音词productive activity（说、写等）产出性活动productive affix有派生能力的词缀，派生词缀productive bilingual dictionary能产性双语词典productive dictionary产出型词典productive function产出功能productivity能产性pronominal adjective代词性形容词pronouncing dictionary发音词典pronunciation key发音表prototype原型proverb谚语provincial standard地方标准punctuation mark标点符号punning双关语purism语言纯正主义purrword褒词quadrilingual dictionary四语词典quasi-normative bilingual dictionary准规范化双语词典quasi-synonym准同义词quasi-synoymous word准同义词questionnaire问卷，调查表quotation书证quotation mark引号radiation（词义的）辐射radical词根，部首radical flexion词根屈折radical language词根语radical sense原始义range of application使用范围range of collocation搭配范围rare罕用reading programme阅读项目real definition真实定义realization体现关系Received Pronunciation (RP)标准发音receptive activity接收活动receptive function接收功能receptor language接收语reciprocal dictionary互补词典reciprocal relation相互关系reduced entry减缩词条reduplication重叠reduplicative word重叠词reference 参见reference book工具书reference dictionary查考型词典reference matter检索信息reference mark检索符号reference need检索目的reference skill检索技巧reference unit检索单位referent所指事物，词目所指的对象referential definition所指释义referential meaning information所指意义referential pragmatics指代语用学referential symbolism所指符号refinement修饰reflected meaning发射意义regional word地区性词regionalism区域词语register域register label语域标注relational word关系词relative synonym相对同义词，近义词reroute重新查找respelling schemes重拼法respelling system重拼发音符号系统restricted language限制性语言restriction of meaning词义的限制restrictive collocation限制性搭配reverse dictionary逆序词典rheme述位rhyming dictionary音韵词典Roman type正体字root词根root antonym词根反义词root inflexion词根屈折root form词根形式，根式round brackets圆括号runic writing北欧古代文字running head向导词run-on (entry)副词目，内词条sandhi连读变音scholarly dictionary学术词典schoolboy slang学生俚语scientific terminology科技术语search检索，搜索searching window检索窗secondary accent次重音，次重音号secondary compound二次复合词secondary derivative次派生词secondary language第二语言secondary meaning次要意义secondary morpheme-word次语素词secondary phoneme次音位secondary stress次重音segmental dictionary部分语词词典，特种语词词典selection of entries (articles)选条selection of head characters选字selection of headwords选词selection preference选择倾向selection restriction选择限制sell-aware form自觉形式semantic affinity语义一致semantic arrangement语义顺序排列semantic coincidence语义重合semantic component语义成分semantic condensation语义缩合semantic contradiction语义矛盾semantic contrast语义对比semantic criterion语义标准semantic dictionary主题词典semantic divergence词义分化semantic extension语义扩展semantic factor语义因素semantic field语义场semantic function语义功能semantic glosses语义注释semantic inclusion语义包容semantic intersection语义交叉semantic marker语义标记semantic motivation语义理据semantic properties语义特征semantic prototype model语义原型模式semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学sememe义素semi-bilingual半双解semicolon分号semiology,semiotics符号学semi-unabridged dictionary半足本词典sense义项sense discrimination义项区分sense relation义项关系sentence connector连接词sentence idiom成语性句子sentence pattern句型sentence substitute替代词。

语义分析在自然语言处理中的应用一、引言随着人工智能的发展，自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing，简称NLP）技术逐渐成熟，得到了广泛的应用。

语义分析作为NLP中的一项重要技术，对于机器能够理解人类语言，从而实现对话、分类、推荐等功能起着关键作用。

本文将从语义分析的定义、技术原理、应用场景等方面进行探讨。

二、语义分析的定义语义分析（Semantic Analysis）又称语义理解（Semantic Interpretation），是指对于自然语言文本进行分析，并从中抽象出文本内容、语义和意图等信息的过程。

语义分析是NLP中的一个重要环节，可以让计算机对人类语言有更深层次的理解和解释，从而可以为用户提供更准确的回答、更高效的服务等。

三、语义分析的技术原理1、词法分析词法分析（Lexical Analysis）是指对于自然语言文本进行分词，将文本拆分成一个个词汇的过程。

通过词法分析，机器可以识别文本的语言、词性和词义等信息，为后续的语义分析提供基础支持。

2、句法分析句法分析（Parsing）是指对于一句话进行分析，并从中抽象出其所遵循的语法规则的过程。

通过句法分析，机器可以识别出语言的结构和联系，进一步理解文本的含义和作用。

3、语义分析语义分析（Semantic Analysis）是指对于自然语言文本进行深层次的分析，把文本中的语义元素抽象为有意义的概念和关系，并进行语义的归纳、分类和推理等操作。

通过语义分析，机器可以更深入地理解文本的意义和目的，从而为应用系统提供更多的信息和服务。

四、语义分析的应用场景1、情感分析情感分析（Sentiment Analysis）是指对于一段自然语言文本进行分析，判断文本中所包含的情感倾向和强弱的技术。

通过情感分析，可以准确判断用户对于某一产品、服务或事件的态度和看法，为企业及相关机构提供市场分析和决策支持。

2、知识图谱知识图谱（Knowledge Graph）是指通过语义分析和数据挖掘等技术，构建起一层层联通的、完整的知识库，并通过人机交互的方式展示出来。

语义分析与双语词典南京大学钱厚生语义分析(semantic analysis)是双语词典编纂过程中最主要的语言分析。

它不仅与释义的科学性和准确性有着直接的关系，而且与双语词典结构设计有着密切的联系。

积极吸收语义学研究成果，应用新的语义分析方法，对双语词典编纂很有益处。

一、词典语义分析对象语义分析, 笼统地讲是对语言单位的意义进行分析。

对于词典编纂工作来说, 语义分析就是对词语的意义作出科学的分析。

广义上讲，词语的意义包括词汇意义(lexical meaning)、语法意义(syntactic meaning)、语体意义(stylistic meaning)、语用意义(pragmatic meaning)、文化意义(cultural meaning)等。

狭义上讲，词语的意义主要指词汇意义。

在词典编纂过程中, 语义分析的首要对象是词汇意义。

语义分析的本质就是词义分析(lexical semantic analysis)。

至于语法意义、语体意义、语用意义和文化意义, 则是语法分析、语体分析、语用分析和文化分析的对象。

所有这些语言分析项目既有联系，又有区别，应当分别探讨，不要混淆。

一般认为，词汇意义包括外延(denotation)和内涵(connotation)两项内容。

严格地讲，内涵属于文化意义范畴，应当通过语言文化分析来解决。

因此，双语词典语义分析要先集中在与词汇外延相关的意义成分。

外延意义(denotative meaning)又称指称意义(referential meaning)、认知意义(cognitive meaning)或概念意义(conceptual meaning)，是词汇意义的核心部分。

外延意义的把握直接关系到双语词典释义的准确性，而准确性恰恰是双语词典的生命线。

对被释词语外延的界定过宽或过窄都会造成词典释义方面的失误。

因此，在双语词典编写过程中，编者必须对源语词目和对应词的外延进行反复对比分析，选择最佳匹配。

摘要摘要随着社交网络的快速发展，人们在社交平台上随时随地分享自己的所见所闻所想。

许多研究者认为社交网络是一种反映真实世界的传感网络。

社交媒体数据的分析具有广泛的应用，例如侦测犯罪活动，预测公众行为等。

由于文本数据在社交媒体数据中所占比例高并且含有丰富信息，文本语义分析对社交媒体数据分析至关重要。

过去的文本语义分析工作主要针对的是规范语言的文本数据，如新闻文本，维基百科等。

然而，社交媒体文本长度有限，包含大量的错误拼写，俚语，语法错误等非规范语言应用。

因此，传统的文本语义分析技术在社交媒体文本上的直接应用取得的效果并不理想。

针对推文中语义信息量和准确度有限的特点，本文在现有的文本语义分析技术的基础上，研究了一种语义和情感信息结合的推文特征学习方法，并将该推文特征应用于推特事件检测。

本文的主要工作可概括为以下两个部分：1. 构建语义和情感结合的词语表示。

词语的语义向量是文本语义分析的基础。

本文重点分析了目前最先进的神经网络语言模型word2vec。

针对word2vec 词向量近反义区分能力弱的缺点，本文提出了一种同时使用词语语境的语义和情感信息构建词向量的方法，提升词向量的近反义区分能力。

具体地，本文使用远程监督方法，利用推文中的表情符号作为弱情感标签，扩展word2vec神经网络模型，将语境的语义和情感信息编码到词向量中。

本文称这种语义和情感结合的词向量为senti-word2vec词向量。

2. 融合语义和情感信息的推特事件检测。

传统的推特事件检测把语义相似的推文组织起来表征事件。

然而，许多语义特征提取方法的近反义区分能力有限，因此同一事件簇中的推文对事件可能表达不同的情感态度。

在情感信息的约束条件下，本文提出将推特事件簇进一步划分为事件支持簇，事件反对簇和事件中立簇。

具体地，本文使用senti-word2vec词向量生成语义和情感结合的推文特征，分析该推文特征对推文语义相似性判断和情感分析的影响，最后运用该推文特征进行情感细分的事件检测。

自然语言处理的语义分析自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing, NLP）是一种以计算机为工具，研究人类语言的科学。

语义分析（Semantics Analysis）是NLP的一个重要领域，其主要任务是从文本中识别出意义相似的单词、短语、句子和文章，并把它们归类、聚集起来，作为这些文本的语义摘要。

语义分析的核心在于让计算机“理解”句子背后的意思。

一、语义分析的现状语义分析的发展史可以追溯到上世纪40年代，当时研究人员开始探索如何让计算机理解自然语言。

随着语料库、自然语言处理技术和机器学习算法的不断改进，语义分析的质量和效率得到了显著提高，能够应用于自动问答、智能搜索、垃圾邮件过滤、情感分析、自动文本分类、机器翻译等多个领域。

二、语义分析的方法语义分析的方法有很多种，下面就为大家介绍几种常用的方法。

1. 词袋模型（Bag of Words, BoW）词袋模型是一种基于向量空间模型（Vector Space Model, VSM）的语义分析方法，它将文本中出现的单词作为一个集合，每个单词在集合中的出现频率作为一个特征维度。

这样，如果有两个文本，它们使用的单词集合和单词出现频率相似，那么它们就被认为有相似的语义。

词袋模型的局限在于，它没有考虑单词之间的关联性和上下文信息。

2. 词嵌入模型（Word Embedding）词嵌入模型是一种基于神经网络的语义分析方法，它通过学习将每个单词表示为一个低维向量，使得具有相似语义的单词在这个向量空间中距离更近。

词嵌入模型不仅考虑了单词之间的关联性，还可以捕捉到句子中的上下文信息。

常见的词嵌入模型有Word2Vec、GloVe、FastText等，它们在NLP领域中有着广泛的应用。

3. 语法分析（Syntactic Parsing）语法分析是一种将文本结构化的语义分析方法，它通过分析文本中各个单词之间的语法关系，建立语法树。

语法树可以为后续的语义分析提供重要的依据，例如命名实体识别、实体关系抽取等。

Information extraction system: design and itscommercial useAfter more than 30 years of development of the Information Extraction?(IE) system, it comes to be the focus of the attention of the researchers of information retrieval, database system and natural language processing. The reason is very simple. Because the traditional information search engine can only give the result of relevant pieces of documents and information users must read them by themself to check if the documents match their requirements or not, but the IE system give the facts directly to the users. The pressure of the information explosion makes it impossible to read all the documents, news or Internet pages to locate their interested facts. But all the facts are important for the information usersto make any decision. IE system can help them to archive the goal, which is to know all the things that happened in the domain which they are interesting. The Information Extraction system filters the great amounts of documents that were written in nature human language or formatted in semi-structured to get the useful description ofthe facts which are interested by the information users. The shallow parsing technology in sentence semantic analysis is the most popular method in the IE system. Most of IE systems use such technology to catch the information points in the text. Then, after post processing, such as co-reference analysis or repeated-facts clearing, all the filtered information points were put into slots of a well-structured template. All the filled templates combine the database which will be outputted. The output data can be read by human being or transfer to an automatic analysis program to process. During the research of the IE system, we know it is veryimportant to have the enough technology backup. The ability of nature language processing, large-scale programming system development and some very serious knowledge base, such as syntactic and semantic dictionary and tree-bank corpus are the necessary parts of the backup. Today,a practically large-scale Information Extraction system with the ability of easydomain-transformation is the main target of the research of IE. In this thesis, firstly, the development of a prototype of universal Information Extraction system is described. The main features of this system are: 1) using shallow parsing technology with sentence semantic template to extract the information in the text; 2) Easy modular-expansion or exchange；3) multi-thread programming mechanics are used to improve the processing speed; 4) Chinese language is its working language.Secondly, the research of how the IE system to improve the enterprise information utilizing are also discussed. Today, many large Chinese enterprises use MIS, MRP-II or ERP system to improve their business management. The knowledge management technology is a very important aid to help the development of the enterprise. IE system can become the main part of the knowledge management system. Last part of this thesis is about how to build a proper business model for a practical IE system. Because of the fast development of the Internet, the basic information management technology, such as search engine, has become the base of a business empire. Yahoo is the most famous one. Does the IE technology can? I put forward my opinion that the IE system is avery useful and important information management tool in business but it can not be served as a search engine for public information user on the Internet recently. It can only run behind the scene and be controlled by human experts to collect information from the Internet. The collected information must take a post-process before it can be provided to the end user.企业信息化背景下的信息提取系统信息提取系统从诞生到现在已经大约30多年了，最近10年得到特别重视，并且成为信息检索系统、数据库系统以及自然语言处理系统发展的热门领域。