History of Translation in__ China

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中国翻译简史

林语堂
• 中国现代著名作家，学者、翻译家、语言学家、新道家代表人物，1895年生于福建漳州平和县坂仔镇一个基督教牧师家庭，原名和乐，后改名玉堂，又改名为语堂，早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士，莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后分别在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。林语堂于1940年和1950年先后两度获得诺贝尔文学奖提名。
中国译历史简介
A general introduction to the history of translation in China
•
中国的翻译史有史籍记载的已长达三千余年，早在史前三皇五帝时代就存在翻译活动，一般认为“五四"以前，中国翻译史上出现过三次翻译高潮。
三次翻译高峰（three translation peaks）
• 1）东汉--唐宋时期 • 2）隋唐--明末清初 • 3）鸦片战争--五四运动
第一次翻译高峰期
• 佛经翻译（sutra translation）
• 释道安首创译场制度，提出著名"五失本，三不易"理论，他主张严格的直译 • 天竺人鸠摩罗什创立了一整套译场制度，开集体翻译，倾向于意译，注重文质结合，既忠实与原文的神情，能 “以实出华”，他反对译经时用“格义”。 • 玄奘(唐朝佛经翻译达到顶峰)，他不但把佛经翻译成汉文，而且把老子著作的一部分译成了梵文，成为了第一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人，制定了“五不翻”的原则，即：秘密故、含多义故、无此故、顺古故以及生善故。译文中运用的种种技巧：补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法。
第二次翻译高峰期
• 科技翻译（science and technology translation） • 代表人物：中国科学家徐光启和意大利人利玛窦，合作翻译《几何原本》前六卷。 • 这一阶段主要是外国人口译，中国人笔述，国人选择译品的余地不大，译者对翻译理论技巧知之不多，所以译作大都有“文义难精”之弊。

中西方翻译发展简史

Part 2 History of Translation有文字记载的翻译实践活动，远在公元前三千年就存在了。

（亚述王国Assyria国王萨尔贡Sargon）；中国的起始时期：周朝（春秋战国时期）⏹“五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲” ——《礼记》“东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译” ——《礼记》⏹西方翻译史上，第一位重要的翻译理论家——西塞罗（古罗马著名学者106-43BC）I.History of Translation in the WestSix tides in five periods五个时期六个高潮●Ancient translation古代翻译：4th C BC —5th C AD翻译介绍希腊文化，促进罗马文学的诞生和发展●Medieval translation中世纪翻译；A. 罗马帝国后期——中世纪初期宗教翻译《圣经》的拉丁文译本与世俗文学翻译分庭抗礼B. 11、12世纪希腊典籍回归故里西班牙托莱多（成为欧洲学术中心）阿拉伯语译回拉丁语●Translation in Renaissance periods文艺复兴时期翻译：翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰，涉及到思想、政治、哲学、文学和宗教等，产生了大批杰出的翻译家和一系列优秀的翻译作品●Modern translation近代翻译17世纪下半叶——20世纪上半叶,继续古典著作的翻译，关注近当代的作品，如莎士比亚、巴尔扎克、东方文学●Contemporary translation当代翻译：二战以后，翻译翻译范围翻译规模扩大2. Tr anslators and translation theorists西塞罗，贺拉斯，哲罗姆，德莱顿，泰特勒，奈达，卡特福德，纽马克，巴斯内特，勒菲弗尔，图瑞II.History of Translation in China文字翻译始于汉代的佛经翻译⏹佛经翻译——中国文化的深层迁移⏹明清时期的翻译——中国近代科学和国人的科学素养与科学精神⏹五四及民国时期的翻译——中国近代思想的历史演进⏹建国后的翻译活动——对中国文化及其知识、学术、思想具有类似的模筑作用三国时期佛经翻译家支谦、维祗之间的争论，是首次对翻译问题进行的探讨，信、达、雅均以涉及。

The history of translation in China,中国翻译史介绍

中国翻译简史
我国的翻译有着数千年的历史。打开这一翻译史册，我们可以看到翻译高潮迭起，翻译家难以计数，翻译理论博大精深。了解这一历史不仅有助于我们继承我们的先人的优秀文化遗产，而且也有助于我们今天更加深入认识和发展我们的翻译事业。简单说来，中国的翻译史大致可以分为以下几个阶段：一、汉代-秦符时期；二、隋 -唐-宋时期；三、明清时期；四、五四时期；五、新中过成立至今。
二、隋-唐-宋时代
从隋代（公元五九0年）到唐代，这段时间是我国翻译事业高度发达时期。隋代历史较短，译者和译作都很少。比较有名的翻译家有释彦琮（俗姓李，赵郡柏人）。他是译经史上第一位中国僧人。一生翻译了佛经23部100余卷。彦琮在他撰写的《辨证论》中总结翻译经验，提出了作好佛经翻译的八项条件：1）诚心受法，志愿益人，不惮久时（诚心热爱佛法，立志帮助别人，不怕费时长久）；2）将践觉场，先牢戒足，不染讥恶（品行端正，忠实可信，不惹旁人讥疑）；3）荃晓三藏，义贯两乘，不苦闇滞（博览经典，通达义旨。不存在暗昧疑难的问题）；4）旁涉坟史，工缀典词，不过鲁拙（涉猎中国经史，兼擅文学，不要过于疏拙）；5）襟抱平恕。器量虚融，不好专执（度量宽和，虚心求益，不可武断固执）；6）耽于道术，淡于名利，不欲高炫（深爱道术，淡于名利，不想出风头）；7）要识梵言，乃闲正译，不坠彼学（精通梵文，熟悉正确的翻译方法，不失梵文所载的义理）；8）薄阅苍雅，粗谙篆隶。不昧此文（兼通中训诂之学，不使译本文字欠准确）。
彦琮还说，"八者备矣，方是得人".这八条说的是译者的修养问题，至今仍有参考价值。在彦琮以后，出现了我国古代翻译界的巨星玄奘（俗称三藏法师）。他和上述鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称华夏三大翻译家。玄奘在唐太宗贞观二年（公元六二八年）从长安出发去印度取经，十七年后才回国。他带回佛经六百五十七部，主持了中国古代史上规模最大、组织最为健全的译场，在十九年间译出了七十五部佛经，共一三三五卷。玄奘不仅将梵文译成汉语，而且还将老子著作的一部分译成梵文，是第一个将汉语著作向外国人介绍的中国人。玄奘所主持的译场在组织方面更为健全。据《宋高僧传》记载，唐代的翻译职司多至11种：1）译主，为全场主脑，精通梵文，深广佛理。遇有疑难，能判断解决；2）证义，为译主的助手，凡已译的意义与梵文有和差殊，均由他和译主商讨；3）证文，或称证梵本，译主诵梵文时，由他注意原文有无讹误；4）度语，根据梵文文字音改记成汉字，又称书字；5）笔受，把录下来的梵文字音译成汉文；6）缀文，整理译文，使之符合汉语习惯；7）参译，既校勘原文是否有误，又用译文回证原文有无歧异；8）刊定，因中外文体不同，故每行每节须去其芜冗重复；9）润文，从修辞上对译文加以润饰； 10）梵呗，译文完成后，用梵文读音的法子来念唱，看音调是否协调，便于僧侣诵读；11）监护大使，钦命大臣监阅译经。

许渊冲《声声慢》翻译的研究

许渊冲《声声慢》翻译的研究Abstract The history of five thousand years of Chinese culture is broad and profound.Translation, as a practical activity, has played an important role in the process of culture inheritance and communication. Recent years, in China, there spring up a number of translators. However, Majority of them pay too much attention to the translation practice but ignore the research of translation theory.Their translation style are very similar to each other. Xu Yuanchong is a famous translator and translation theorist in China.His years of work has made a great contribution to the spread and inheritance of Chinese classical culture .When it comes to translation theory, we all know that Xu put forward a variety of translation theories which are combined with translation practice, It’s of great importance for China translation career. In translation practice, Xu’s translation of Chinese ancient literature especially the classical poetry is unique.He makes it known to the world about the rich Chinese culture. 29364 This paper makes a research on Xu’s translationof Sheng Shengman . And then, I will give a elaboration and meticulous analysis of Xu’s translation thoughts to explore his unique translation style. In addition to the abstract and conclusion, the first chapter of this paper briefly introduces the structure , research purpose, significance etc. And to grasp the works’background, emotion etc.. The second chapter is literature review. I will study the present explore situation of the research and lead you to the original text and Mr Xu to grasp the work background and emotion. The third chapter is theoretical framework. I will study Mr. Xu Yuanchong's translation style according to a certain translation. I will also study his translation thoughts, his theory etc. I will elaborate the theory of Beauty in Three Aspect , the Subjectivity of the translator and the Theory of Teleology that reflected in the translation works. The forth chapter will discuss the translation from the three aspects and look at Xu from the perspective of other people and himself. Then, I will give my own objective evaluation.源自【Key word】：Xu Yuan Chong Sheng Sheng Mantranslation style摘要中华上下五千年历史，文化博大精深。

中国翻译简史(英语专业版)

10
3. Modern introduction of western thoughts through translation (19th~mid-20th)
11
see its word file*
It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature”. Except, it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, such as those which still, here and there, break the following contours of the downs, man’s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broadbacked heights and the shelving sides of the tombs was unaffected by his industry. The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse, contended with one another for the possession of the scanty surface soil; they fought against the droughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales which swept, with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from the North Sea, at all times of the year; they filled up, as they might, the gaps made in their ranks by all sorts of underground animal ravagers. One year after another, with an average population, the floating balance of the unceasing struggle for existence among the indigenous plants, maintained itself.

总论：翻译简史和性质

Translation is a craft: examples
• University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. • 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取
段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院
translation is an art: some examples
• He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face. • 他留下一封短信，对我表示欢迎，那信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。
段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院
段自力嘉兴学院外国语学院
Specific works translated: examples
• 2nd period: 徐光启: 《几何原本》；严复: 《天演论》 (Evolution and Ethics) ; 林纾: 《巴黎茶花女遗事》(La Dame aux Camelia by Alexander Dumas fils.) Lin Shu (translated 156/185 literary works). • 3rd period:张谷若: 《还乡》(The Return of the Natives), 《苔丝》Tess of the D’urbervilles • 朱生豪: 31 Plays by Shakespeare • 傅东华: Gone with the Wind • 傅雷: 《高老头》,《追忆逝水年华》(A La Cherche du Temps Perdu) • 4th period: many foreign literary works into Chinese. Chinese literary works into English. • 杨宪益，戴乃迭，Chinese classics translation e.g. A Dream of Red Mansion, 许渊冲, Chinese poetry translation. 张培基, modern Chinese prose translation.

翻译理论基础

3. 泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814）：英国人，著名翻译家。于1790年在英国爱丁堡皇家学会宣读论文，题目是“论翻译的原则”，随后出版单行本。他在文中提出了著名的翻译三原则： a．译文应完全复写出原作的思想。(That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.) b．译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。(That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.) c．译文与原作同样流畅。(That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)
Some Questions on Translation
1. Have you done any translation before? What’s your understanding about translation? 2. Do you know the history of translation in China or the West? 3. Do you know some famous translators in China? 4. How about translators in the West?
钱钟书：他是中国当代最令人骄傲的社会科学家之一。他在“林纾的翻译”一文中提出了“化境”(reaching the acme of perfection) 这一说。他说：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于 ‘化境’”。

翻译理论

I. Definition of translation II. Basic concepts of translation III. Brief history of translation in China IV. Criteria of translation V. Literal translation and free translation （直译和意译） VI. Domestication and foreignization （归化和异化）Comprehension and expression 理解与表达Literal translation vs Free translation （直译意译） “动态对等” (dynamic equivalence) 及“功能对等” (functional equivalence)学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。 The Theory and Practice of Translation, Eugene A. Nida“案本求信神似化境” 中国的传统翻译理论，从释道安的“案本”（意为按照原文的本意），严复的“求信”，傅雷的“神似”，到钱钟书的“化境”，都离不开“忠实”这个总原则。忠实 Faithfulness 通顺 Smoothness 严复参照古代佛经翻译的经验,结合自己的翻译实践, 于1898年在《天演论》（Evolution and Ethics）卷首的《译例言》中提出了著名的“信、达、雅” 翻译标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance) 。 1951年, 翻译家傅雷从文艺学--美学角度提出翻译的最高艺术境界是“神似” (similarity in spirit；spiritual resemblance). 傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit) ：在《高老头重译序》中提出：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似”。 “神似”即要传达原文的意蕴和韵味，“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。许渊冲提出的“意美、音美、形美”之“三美论” (beauty in meaning, beauty in sound and beauty in form); 刘重德提出的“信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness); 英国历史学教授泰特勒（A. F. Tytler）在18世纪提出的翻译三原则：1. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 2. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 3. That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。一般来说,可分成两种对立的意见,即： “异化” (alienation；foreignization) “归化” (adaptation；domestication)。前者主张译文应以源语或原文作者为归宿,后者则认为译文应以目的语或译文读者为归宿。就文化转换而言,我们可分为以源语文化为归宿(source language culture-oriented, or SL culture-oriented)和以目的语文化为归宿(target language culture-oriented, or TL culture-oriented)这两种原则和方法。韦努蒂(Venuti)可以说是异化的代表人物。他提出了“反翻译”的概念。这种翻译刻意在目的语的文本中,在风格和其他方面突出原文之“异”。奈达(Nida)可以说是归化的代表人物。他提出了“最切近的自然对等”的概念。对Nida来说,动态对等(或功能对等)的目的是,译文的表达方式应是完全自然的,并尽可能地把源语行为模式纳入译文读者的文化范畴。因此,英语成语“to grow like mushrooms”在译成中文时,可用汉语成语“雨后春笋”来表达目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习Байду номын сангаас必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实 (Faithfulness) 和流畅 (Smoothness)。

英汉翻译教程(00001)

❖ 改译：跨国公司是当前发达国家从经济上支配发展中国家的手段。
Ex. Improve the following translation
• 2. She is a valuable acquisition of the company.
• 原译：她是这家公司有价值的收获。
Ex. Improve the following translation:
• 原译：当前北方对南方的经济统治的工具就是跨国公司。
Ex. Improve the following translation:
❖ 1. The present vehicle of this economic domination by the North of the South is the multinational corporation.
英汉翻译教程
WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF TRANSLATION!
1. The history of
translation
1.1 the story in the Bible
王国维（1877年— 1927年）
1.2 the earliest translation in Egypt
2. the nature of translation
Translation is a science/ an art/ a craft/ a skill/ an operation/ a cross-linguistic communication/ a cross-cultural communication/
“I don’t have to tell you anything. NORMAN PAGE. Not a single thing” .

中西翻译简史

鲁迅是翻译工作上理论与实践相结合的典范。林语堂 “忠实、通顺、美”的标准郭沫若 “处女与媒婆说 ”(创作是处女，翻译是媒婆)、“动机与效果说”、 “形意神互备说”；茅盾 “神韵至上说” 朱生豪将莎士比亚剧作译介到中国

中国历史上的五次翻译高潮(五)
第五次翻译高潮：新中国成立以后，翻译工作迅速发展，成绩辉煌。大量译者和译品涌现。无论在翻译的规模和译作的数量上都远远超过了以前任何时期。代表人物有：傅雷，杨宪益、钱钟书、杨绛、张健、季羡林、王佐良、许渊冲等等。傅雷神似
A Brief History of Translation
In China and the West
Translation in China

中国历史上的五次翻译高潮(一) 两汉-(-秦符时代-隋代-)- 唐宋（佛经翻译）（1-13世纪）佛经翻译的第一阶段我国的佛经翻译,从东汉桓帝末年安世高译经开始. 安清,字世高,安息(即波斯)人,偏于直译. 支娄迦谶,月支国人,简名支谶.译笔生硬,多用音译. 支亮, 支谦,字恭明,本月支人.用意译取代音译. 竺法护和“三支”一道被人称作月支派. 佛经翻译的第二阶段释道安,俗姓卫,常山扶柳(今河北省衡水县西南)人,出身士族.主张直译. 鸠摩罗什,主张意译.是中国翻译史上主张全面意译第一人. 真谛,西印度人. 佛经翻译的第三个阶段玄奘，通称“三藏法师”，姓陈，名（示韦），洛州缑氏(今河南省偃师县)人，世家出身． “既须求真，又须喻俗．” 我国佛教三大翻译家/华夏三大翻译家
杨宪益与其夫人戴乃迭将《红楼梦》译成英文。
钱钟书 “化境说” 张健译《格利佛游记》，风行数十年季羡林把大量印度文学和佛学作品译介到中国王佐良译的培根的《论读书》许渊冲 “三之”（知之、乐之、好之）、“三化”（等化、深化、浅化）“两论”（优势论、竞赛论）

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1) The introduction of Karl Marx’s (1818-1883) and Lenin’s (1870-1924) classical works on socialist and communist theories. April, 1919: Chen Wangdao (陈望道，1890-1977): the full text of the Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels, 1848) 1922: Lenin’s Nations and Revolution (1917) was translated; 1930: The translation of Marx’s monumental work Capital (1859) was published. The translations and publications of the classical works of Marxism –Leninism provided an ideological preparation for the birth of new China.
History of Translation in China

The earliest historical documents recording (the Rites of Zhou 《周记》 and the Books of Rites《礼记》) sporadic (分散的，个别的)translation activities in China can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (c. 11th century-221 BC) ， when officials entitled xiangxu (象胥) or sheren (舌人) carried out translation activities so as to make communication possible between different nations. “ The Song of Yue Nationality”(越人歌) appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period (722BC -481BC), which might be considered as the first poem translated in ancient China.
Zheng Zhenduo (郑振铎)
At a time when China had been forcibly opened to the outside world for about half a century, Chinese people still knew little about the rest of the world. In this sense, Lin’s translation served as an eye-opener.
III. The Translation of Western Classics Opium War (1840-1842) and the signing of the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing ushered in (迎接) the third peak of translation activity in China’s history, lasting from the mid 19th century to the eve of the May 4th Movement, with emphasis on Western works of social sciences, military sciences and literature.
1. Zhi Qian (支谦) (Three Kingdoms periods )

He put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should “follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery” (因循本旨，不加文饰)

4.Yan Fu (严复) （1853-1921）

The 1898 translation of Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evolution and ethics (《天演论》 ) established his reputation throughout the country, in which he rendered “natural selection and survival of the fittest” into “物竞天泽，适者生存”.a widely quoted saying coming down to this day. In the preface to the translated Evolution and ethics, Yan Fu set down the triple translation criteria, namely, “faithfulness (信)， expressiveness (达) and elegance (雅)， with which he opened a new chapter in the translation history of China.
Three Peaks of Translation in History Before the May 4th Movement (1919):
1. The Translation of Buddhist Classics: The First Peak

Zhi Qian (支谦) Dao An (道安) Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什) Xuan Zang (玄奘)
3. Lin Shu (林纾) (1852-1924)

He made available to Chinese readers 184 works of Western literature, even though he himself had no first-hand knowledge of any foreign language. Ivanhoe 《撒克劫后英雄略》 La Dame aux Camelias 《巴黎茶花女遗事》 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《黑奴吁天录》 Old Curiosity Shop 《孝女耐儿传》） David Copperfield 《块肉余生述》 Oliver Twist 《贼史》
2. Li Shanlan (李善兰) （18111882）

A leading mathematician during this period, took up the job of translating the remaining volumes of Eucilid’s Elements of Geometry from 1852 to 1856, with the help of the British missionary Alexander Wylie. Some others of his translation include: 《代数学》，《代微积拾级》《重学》
Translation in Contemporary China

1. Translation in China between 1919-1949 1919: The May 4th Movement 1921: the founding of the Communist Party of China
II. The Translation of Books on Science and Technology: The Second Peak
1. Xu Guangqi (徐光启) （1562-1633） He cooperated with the Italian Jesuit （传教士）利玛窦in translating the 13 volumes of Euclid’s Elements of Geometry (《几何原本》)， though only 6 volumes was actually translated. Water Conservation and Irrigation Methods in the West (《泰西水法》).
2. Li Zhizao 李之藻 (1569-1630)

Li is an eminent scientist as well as a famous translator. 1) In 1607, he translated Geomatrica Practica by the German Jesuit and mathematician Chiristophorus Clavius 《浑盖通宪图说》（Being the first work to reveal the foundations of western astronomy in Chinese, this book served as a milestone in the development of Chinese astronomy in the seventeenth century. 2) A 1613 translation entitled Tong Wen Suan Zhi 《同文算指》by Li and Ricci illustrated how to perform written arithmetic operations.

In his work he applied a free translation approach to transfer the essence of the Sanskrit sutras. It is he who first suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva’s translations, generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years of assiduous effort and study.