下载文档原格式
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
会计英语叶建芳第四版课后题Section 1: Introduction to Accounting1.1 What is accounting?Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, summarizing, and communicating financial information to interested users.It involves recording transactions, preparing financial statements, and providing financial analysis.1.2 Why is accounting important?Accounting is important because it provides essential information for decision-making by management, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders.It helps in evaluating the financial performance and position of a business, and ensures transparency and accountability.1.3 Types of accounting.There are several types of accounting, including financial accounting, cost accounting, and management accounting.Financial accounting focuses on preparing financial statements for external users, while cost accounting is used for internal decision-making.Management accounting provides information for planning, controlling, and decision-making by management.Section 2: Financial Statements2.1 What are financial statements?Financial statements are written records prepared by a company that convey its financial performance and financial position.They include the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and statement of changes in equity.2.2 What is the balance sheet?The balance sheet is a financial statement that shows the company"s assets, liabilities, and shareholders" equity at a specific point in time.It provides a snapshot of the company"s financial position.2.3 What is the income statement?The income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, shows the company"s revenues, expenses, and net income or loss for a specific period of time.It demonstrates the company"s ability to generate profit.2.4 What is the statement of cash flows?The statement of cash flows shows the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing, and financing activities during a specific period of time.It provides information about the company"s cash flow position and its ability to meet short-term obligations.Section 3: Accounting Principles and Concepts3.1 What are accounting principles?Accounting principles are rules and guidelines that govern the preparation of financial statements.They provide a framework forconsistent and comparable financial reporting.Some common accounting principles include the accrual basis of accounting, the going concern concept, and the monetary unit assumption.3.2 What is the accrual basis of accounting?The accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.This provides a more accurate representation of the company"s financial performance.3.3 What is the going concern concept?The going concern concept assumes that the company will continue its operations in the foreseeable future.This allows for the valuation of assets and liabilities on a long-term basis.3.4 What is the monetary unit assumption?The monetary unit assumption assumes that the value of money is stable over time and that financial information can be measured in a common unit of currency.This simplifies the accounting process and allows for meaningful comparison of financial data.Section 4: Accounting Records and Journal Entries4.1 What are accounting records?Accounting records are detailed records of all financial transactions of a company.They provide a chronological record of transactions and serve as the basis for preparing financial statements.4.2 What are journal entries?Journal entries are the means by which accounting transactions are recorded in the accounting records.They involve debiting one account and crediting another account to maintain the balance of the accounting equation.4.3 What is the accounting equation?The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders" Equity, serves as the foundation of the double-entry bookkeeping system.It ensures that every transaction has equal and opposite effects on the accounting equation.Section 5: Financial Analysis5.1 What is financial analysis?Financial analysis is the process of evaluating the financial performance and position of a company.It involves interpreting financial statements and using ratios, trends, and other financial indicators to assess the company"s liquidity, solvency, and profitability.5.2 What are financial ratios?Financial ratios are calculations used to analyze the relationships between different financial values.They provide insights into the company"s performance and financial mon financial ratios include the current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and return on assets.5.3 What is the current ratio?The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that compares a company"s current assets to its current liabilities.It indicates the company"s ability to cover its short-term obligations.5.4 What is the debt-to-equity ratio?The debt-to-equity ratio is a leverage ratio that compares a company"s total debt to its shareholders" equity.It indicates the company"s level of financial risk and its。
Suggested SolutionChapter 13.4.5.(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.a.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ................................................... 1,800 b.Revenue ................................................................... 4,500Accounts receivable ...................................... 4,500c.Owner’s withdrawals ................................................ 1,500Salaries Expense ............................................ 1,500 d.Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue 2,100Service revenue 2,100Consultant expense 900Prepaid consultant 900Unearned revenue 3,000Service revenue 3,000 4.1. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31. Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202. April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73. (a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b) applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254. The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost of goods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c) first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2. (a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000(b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 –60,000) * 10% =49,5003. (1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004. Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005. a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000 December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Investment in K 42,500Investment in K 146,000Investment revenue 146,000 c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory 198,000Cr: Accounts Payable 198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable 198,000Cr: Notes Payable 198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash 300,000Cr: Notes Payable 300,000b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100Cr: Interest Payable 12,100Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175Cr: Interest Payable 8,175c. Balance sheet presentation:Notes Payable 498,000 Accrued Interest on Notes Payable 20,275d. For Green:Dr: Notes Payable 198,000 Interest Payable 12,100Interest Expense 7,700Cr: Cash 217,800For Western:Dr: Notes Payable 300,000Interest Payable 8,175Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 20⨯8 Deferred income tax is a liability 2,400Income tax payable 21,600 20⨯9 Deferred income tax is an asset 600Income tax payable 26,100(2) 20⨯8: Dr: Tax expense 24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax 2,400 20⨯9: Dr: Tax expense 25,500Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 20⨯8: Income statement: tax expense 24,000Balance sheet: income tax payable 21,600 20⨯9: Income statement: tax expense 25,500 Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,000 (20000000*12 %* (1-35%))b. 7.8% (20000000*12 %* (1-35%)/20000000)5.Notes Payable 14,400 Interest Payable 1,296 Accounts Payable 60,000 +Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200 Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61. Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2. July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3. a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d. Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of declaration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is $350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25).g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ....................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory ....................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ...................................................................... 310,000 Sales revenue ......................................................................... 310,000 To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold ........................................................................ 220,000 Inventory ................................................................................. 220,000 To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) ......................................................................... 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S) ........................................... 15,500 To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ......................................................................... 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S) ................................................. 31,000 To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns .......................................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................... 12,400 To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) ....................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 18,600 To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash .............................................................................................. 297,600*Accounts receivable ............................................................... 297,600 To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) ....................................................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 8,400 To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ....................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory ....................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ...................................................................... 310,000 Inventory ................................................................................. 220,000 Deferred gross margin ............................................................ 90,000 To record sale of goods on accountDeferred gross margin .................................................................. 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................... 12,400 To record return of goods within the 30-day return period. It is assumed the goods haveno value and are disposed of.Deferred warranty costs (B/S) ...................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 18,600 To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash .............................................................................................. 297,600* Accounts receivable ............................................................... 297,600 To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs ................................................................ 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 8,400 To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin .................................................................. **77,600Cost of goods sold ........................................................................ 220,000 Sales revenue ......................................................................... 297,600* To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ......................................................................... 27,000* Deferred warranty costs ......................................................... 27,000 To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after the warranty periodhas expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that will be required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale. The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that itwill eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here.The performance criterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is not substantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on the assumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, and make a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated total costs to determine the percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentage of completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in the following table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800 % completed 30% 70% 100%Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculated as above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue to each year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recorded in revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30% $ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70% $ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100% $ 20,000 Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction project would be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under thepercentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress .................. 5,400 7,550 5,850 Cash, payables, etc. ..... 5,400 7,550 5,850 2. Progress billings:Accounts receivable ............ 3,100 4,900 12,000 Progress billings ............ 3,100 4,900 12,000 3. Collections on billings:Cash .................................... 2,400 4,000 12,400 Accounts receivable ...... 2,400 4,000 12,400 4. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress ..... 600 450 150Construction expense.......... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Revenue from long-termcontract ...................... 6,000 8,000 6,000 5. To close construction in progress:Progress billings .................. 20,000 Construction in progress .20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000 Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a. The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability, andcollectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed the work.Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance may mean quitedifferent points of revenue recognition. For example, for the sale of products, IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller of the goods has transferred therisks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. Normally, this means that performance is done at the time of sale. Although the seller may have performed much of the work prior to the sale (production, selling efforts, etc.), there is still significant risk to theseller that a buyer may not be found. Therefore, from a reliability point of view,revenue recognition is delayed until the point of sale. Also, there may be significant risks remaining with the seller of the product even after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a risk that remains with the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimated at the time of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale.Performance is quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here,performance really is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue isrecognized over the production period as the work is performed. It is intended toreflect the amount of effort expended by the seller (contractor). Although legal titlewon’t transfer to the buyer until the project is completed, revenue can be recognized because there is a known and committed buyer. If the contractor is not able toestimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’treliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not berecognized until the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able to reliablyestimate the amount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set). However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able to recognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account.This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment. As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it is appropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection ofamounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenuerecognition.b. Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to bemost appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider performs the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example,that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because,in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able to sell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowingthe selling price) that exist prior to the sale. The percentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser tobuy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100) $ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30) 48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130) 20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15 + $3)) 3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3)) 4,800Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30) 4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000) 36,000Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 2,100,000 Enterprise net profit $ 3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effect Payment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effect Accrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a) Cash received from customers = 816,000(b) Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c) Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d) Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales …………………………………………... $9,000 Payment of accounts payable ……………………….-48,000 Payment of income tax ………………………………-13,000 Payment of interest ……………………………..…..-16,000 Collection of accounts receivable ……………………93,000 Payment of salaries and wages ……………………….. -34,000 Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000Net cash flows from operating -200,000Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing -1,550,000Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000Payment of cash dividend -50,000Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000Net cash flows from financing 1,350,000 Net changes in cash -400,000 5.。
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
为满足上述需求，国际会计准则委员会（IASC）于1973年成立，并致力于国际公认的会计准则的制定。
学习目标：1．2．3．编制多步式利润表4．5．编制特种日记账6．本章购货折扣和运输成本。
◇服务企业◇商品流通企业批发商和零售商是商品还会因商品存货的购买和销售而存在其他会计问题。
销售商品带来的收益叫销售收入，为出售而购买和准备商品存货的费用叫做销售成本。
在商品流通活动中使用的两个常见的等式是：净销售收入－销售成本=毛利毛利－经营费用=净利润（或净损失）商品存货是商品流通企业在正常商业过程中为出售而持有的货物。
◇定期盘存制和永续盘存制定期盘存制只在存货（通常年末）盘点时提供存货和销售成本数据。
永续盘存制持续地，不断更新存货和销售成本数据。
因此，定期盘存制和永续盘存制的区别在于如何记录商品存货的采购和销售。
比如定期盘存制使用一个暂时账户---采购账户记录购买商品的成本。
在定期盘存制下，企业根据对存货的盘点确定销售成本和和期末存货成本，进而编制财务报表。
永续盘存制企业在每次采购和商品销售时都及时更新销售成本和商品存货记录。
以前，销售量大且商品单价较低的企业多采用定期盘存制。
随着科技发展，目前这些企业也多采用永续盘存制。
实际盘点也必须在一个永续的制度下完成来使实际手头商品数目与会计记录的余额相一致。
4.2 采购、销售收入和销售成本◇商品采购——永续盘存制在永续盘存制下，所有的商品存货的赊购都要在购买时借记入商品存货账户中，例如：商品存货 xxx应付账款 xxx注意购货净额和总购买额不同。
要计算购货净额，我们需要用总采购额减去供应商提供的购货折扣，购货退回以及对供货商提供的不满意的商品的购货折让。
◇购货退回和折让在日记账中对购货退回和折让的处理如下：应付账款 xxx 商品存货 xxx◇商业折扣商业折扣是买卖双方在确定商品销售价格的谈判中达成的对价目表中所列价格的减让。
实际价格（发票价格）是用价目表中的价格减去商业折扣后得到的。
价目表中的原价和商业折扣均不出现在购销双方的账簿上，以发票价格记录交易。
商业折扣的使用使批发商和零售商节省了频繁更改价目表的成本。
第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】第一章会计总论学习目标：1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求，介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式：资产＝负债＋所有者权益，并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素，举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时，本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统，会计计量经济活动，将信息编制成财务报表，并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括：确认经济事项，进行计量、记录、汇总，并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1－1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录，只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述，以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人，政府，工会，普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式：个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体，但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任，这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体；公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同，各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同，所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准：用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
为满足上述需求，国际会计准则委员会（IASC）于1973年成立，并致力于国际公认的会计准则的制定。
2001年4月1日，根据题为《关于重塑国际会计准则委员会未来的建议》的报告中的提议，国际会计准则委员会（IASC）改组为国际会计准则理事会（IASB）。
除了1989年发布的国际会计准则外，国际会计准则委员会还发布了财务报表编报的框架，并将其作为建立会计准则的概念基础。
框架主要包括以下内容：1.财务报表的目的及基础假设；2.财务报表的质量特征；3.财务报表的要素；4.资本和资本保全概念。
图表1－2概括地介绍了一些重要的会计原则。
图表1－22006年2月16日，中国的财政部宣布实行一项新的基本准则和38项新的具体会计准则，虽然这些准则和国际会计准则相比有一些例外，但很大程度上已经和国际会计准则一致。
新的基本准则类似于国际会计准则委员会发布的概念框架，并且这新的38项会计准则覆盖了国际财务报告准则下的所有问题。
1.4了解财务报表会计信息必须满足使用者的需求。
主要使用者利用财务报表信息评价企业的盈利能力和偿债能力。
财务报表是会计程序的最终产品。
财务报表应按一定的格式编制，并提供与决策相关的信息。
个人独资企业编制的四种财务报表有：－利润表（又称为损益表）；－所有者权益变动表（又称为资本变动表，以及以后章节介绍的留存收益表）；－资产负债表；－现金流量表。
◇资产负债表（财务状况报告）资产负债表反映一个企业在某一特定日期的所有资产，负债和所有者权益。
资产负债表中资产等于负债加所有者权益。
IASB框架对资产的定义如下：资产是指由过去的交易或事项形成的、由企业拥有或者控制、预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源。
资产分为有形资产和无形资产。
有形资产包括现金，应收账款，商品存货，物料用品，设备，建筑物和机器等。
无形资产包括专利权，商标权和版权等。
资产的来源有两种，一种是负债，另一种是所有者权益。
IASB 框架对负债的定义如下：负债是由过去的交易或事项形成的，预期会导致经济利益流出企业的，通过转移资产或向其他企业提供服务等实现的义务。
负债包括应付账款，应付票据，应付工资，应付税款，应付利息和应付债券。
权益（独资企业的所有者权益，合伙企业的合伙人权益，及公司的股东权益）是剩余权益。
IASB对所有者权益的定义如下：所有者权益是资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益。
在企业中，权益是指所有者的利益。
所有者权益代表所有者对总资产中扣除债权人要求权后的资产的要求权。
所有者权益有时又被称为净资产。
◇利润表利润表是反映企业一定会计期间，如一个月或一年的收入、费用和净利润或净损失的会计报表。
净利润或净损失的计算公式如下：净利润（净损失）＝收入－费用IASB框架对利润的定义如下：收益是会计期间内经济利益的增加，其表现形式是资产的流入增加或负债减少而导致的所有者权益的增加，但是不包括所有者的投入而导致的所有者权益的增加。
收益包括收入和利得，收入是企业正常生产经营活动产生的，包括销售收入，服务费收入，利息收入，股利收入，版权收入和租金收入等。
国际会计准则第18号详细介绍了有关收入的会计处理。
概括来讲，收入是指企业正常经营活动中向客户提供服务或交换商品所产生的现金流入。
例如收入通常包括销售收入，租金收入，鼓励收入和利息收入。
注意不要将收益与净收益混淆。
净收益是收益扣除费用后的余额。
IASB框架对费用的定义如下：费用是某一会计期间内经济利益的减少，通过现金流出，资产折旧或负债增加等最终导致所有者权益减少，但不包括分配给所有者的股利或所有者提存。
◇所有者权益变动表/留存收益表所有者权益变动表反映一个会计期间内所有者权益的变化情况，包括净利润或净损失，所有者提存和投资。
企业有三种组织形式——独资企业，合伙企业和公司。
公司编制留存收益表，反映企业留存收益的变化。
留存收益表与独资企业编制的所有者权益变动表类似。
在留存收益表中，将本期净利润加入期初留存收益，最终得到期末留存收益。
期末留存收益的金额列入资产负债表中股东权益部分。
尽管在三种组织形式（个人独资，合伙和公司）中，企业的财务报表非常相似，但也存在着一些区别。
图表1－3总结了这些区别。
图表1－3例题1－1 编制利润表，所有者权益变动表和资产负债表Amy Schneider是Schneider’s会计师事务所的所有者，利润表如下：Amy Schneider会计师事务所利润表接下来，利用利润表中的数据编制所有者权益变动表。
Amy Schneider会计师事务所所有者权益变动表20××年12月31日Amy Schneider，资本20××年12月$ 0 本月投资$30,000加：净利润2,400 32,400 减：提存$600 Amy Schneider，资本20××年12月31最后，根据企业记录编制12月31日的资产负债表。
12月31日的资产负债表中的资本金额来自于所有者权益变动表。
Amy Schneider会计师事务所资产负债表20××年12月31日资产负债现金$8,400 应付账款$200 物料用品3,600 应付票据6,000 家具26,000 负债总额$6,200所有者权益Amy Schneider，资31,800 Total assets $38,000 负债和所有者权$38,000◇现金流量表现金流量表反映企业当期的现金收入和支出，一般将现金流的来源分为以下三类：经营活动，投资活动和融资活动。
我们将在第10章详细介绍现金流量表。
1.5会计及其职业会计有着悠久的历史。
中国，古巴比伦，希腊和埃及都有证据证明古代时会计的存在。
在十五世纪，意大利人卢卡·帕乔利创立了复式记账系统。
复式记账系统是现代会计的基础。
十八世纪的工业革命带来了许多社会上和经济上的变革。
成本会计的出现得以满足成本分析及记录技术的需要。
十九世纪公司的增长加速了会计的发展。
越来越多的个人和机构关注会计提供的关于公司的信息。
同时，公司的发展引起了社会一项新的需求，即需要独立审计针对企业管理部门所呈报的财务报表是否可靠提供相应的鉴证。
在美国，美国注册会计师协会是美国最大的会计职业组织，与中国注册会计师协会性质相同。
最近，计算机改革了会计工作，我们可以使用外面销售的软件快速并很容易地做好会计工作。
总的来讲，会计正在不断创造新的概念和技术以满足社会对财务报表日益增加的需要。
实务中会计主要分为三类——财务会计，管理会计和税务会计。
请注意下表并没有包括非盈利组织会计，如医院，学校和其他非盈利机构中使用的会计。
图表1－4对每类会计的责任进行了汇总。
图表1—4 会计责任1.6 会计要素和会计等式使用◇什么是会计等式会计要素是会计实务的基本分类。
会计要素是反映企业财务状况和经营结果的基本元素。
我们已经介绍了资产负债表。
资产和对资产的要求权之间的关系可以用如下等式表示：资产＝负债＋所有者权益经济交易是指影响该等式的商品或服务的交换。
理解交易给会计等式带来的影响对理解会计的作用很关键。
根据利润表，我们知道收入和费用等的关系如下：净利润（净损失）＝收入－费用净利润或净损失在期末结清，记入所有者权益。
所以我们可以将会计等式变换成如下形式。
资产＝负债＋[所有者权益＋（收入－费用）] 交易对会计等式的影响所有的经济交易，无论是最简单的还是最复杂的，都可以用会计等式中三类基本要素的变化来表示。
会计等式应用于所有经济和法律实体——即用于个人独资企业，也用于大公司。
我们必须理解以下几个要点：每笔交易至少影响会计等式中的两个要素（复式记账2.每笔交易发生后，会计等式仍然成立。
3.收入和所有者投资增加所有者权益。
费用和所有者提存减少所有者权益。
因此，所有者权益直接受收入，费用，投资和所有者提存的影响。
例题1－2举例说明了各类交易对会计等式的影响，并介绍了如何汇总这些交易，编制利润表，所有者权益变化表和资产负债表。
例题1－2 交易对会计等式的影响及财务报表的编制Hilary Clapton, 一个独立执业者，在其个人独资企业开业的第一个月发生如下交易：A. Hilary 投入现金$50,000，并投入设备一台，设备的公允价值为$10,000。
B. 用现金支付五月份租金，$1,600。
C. 赊购设备，$12,000。
D. 赚得收入$2,000，且收到现金。
E. 赚得收入$7,000，尚未收到现金。
F. 购买设备，支付现金$8,000。
G. 用现金支付工资$2,400。
H. 从客户处收到现金$5,000（见交易E）。
I. 用现金$12,000支付应付账款（见交易C）。
