Intermediate Accounting (New Mexico State University)ch19

■ 会计基础——权责发生制
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中 级财务会计 1 总论 Intermediate Accounting
1 总论
（三）财务会计的目标
■ 财务会计的目标要解决的问题： ■ 向谁提供财务信息 ■ 提供什么样的财务信息 ■ 提供信息的目的是什么 ■ 如何提供信息
■ 两大流派：受托责任学派和决策有用学派
取消——配比、支出划分原则
合并——可比性、一贯性
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1 总论
中 级财务会计 1 总论 Intermediate Accounting
可靠性
涵义：基本准则第12条 企业应当以实际发生的交易或者事项为依据进行会计确 认、计量和报告，如实反映符合确认和计量要求的各项 会计要素及其他相关信息，保证会计信息真实可靠、内 容完整
管理活动论学派将会计视为一 种管理活动，并且使用了“会计 管理”的概念。会计管理活动论 认为会计不仅是管理经济的工 具，而且它本身就具有管理职 能，是人们从事的一种管理活 动，会计管理是经济管理活的 重要组成部份。
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中 级财务会计 1 总论 Intermediate Accounting
1 总论
会计学科基本结构
盈利性组织（企业）
提供财务报告
财务会计
外
（对外报告会计)
部
审
信
财成
计
息
务本
使
管管 理理
会计师事务所和CPA
用 者
会
计
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1 总论
中 级财务会计 1 总论 Intermediate Accounting
（二）会计基本假设与会计基础

Liquidity Solvency Financial flexibility
Balance Sheet: Limitations
• • •
•
Most assets and liabilities are stated at historical cost. Judgments and estimates are used in determining many of the items. The balance sheet does not report items that can not be objectively determined. It does not report information regarding off-balance sheet financing.
Chapter 5: Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows Systems
5. Identify major disclosure techniques for the balance sheet. 6. Indicate the purpose of the statement of cash flows. 7. Identify the content of the statement of cash flows. 8. Prepare a statement of cash flows. 9. Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.
Intermediate Accounting, 11th ed. Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
Chapter 5: Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows Systems

Valuation Basis: Relative Sales Values
• Relative sales values are an appropriate basis, when basket purchases are made. • Basket purchases involve a group of varying units. • The purchase price is paid as a lump sum amount. • The lump sum price is allocated to units on the basis of their relative sales values.
Recording the Decline in Market Value
Under the direct method:
COGS
Inventory
Under the indirect (allowance) method:
Loss Allowance (contrainventory acct.)
B,000 $425,000
$ 44,118
$ 58,824 $125,000 (rd.)
Purchase Commitments
• Formal, non-cancelable purchase contracts are not recognized in the accounts but should be disclosed. • If it is expected that execution of the contract will result in a loss, then recognition of the loss is appropriate.

Inventory Control
Inventory control is important for:
1. Ensuring availability of inventory items 2. Preventing excessive accumulation of inventory items
Intermediate Accounting, 11th ed. Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
Chapter 8: Valuation of Inventories: A Cost Basis Approach
Prepared by Jep Robertson and Renae Clark New Mexico State University
Items to be Included in Inventory
Legal title to goods typically determines inclusion.
The following goods are included in “seller’s” inventory:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Perpetual Method
• Purchases are debited to Inventory account • Freight-in, Purch. R & A and Purch. Disc. are recorded in Inventory account. • Debit COGS and credit Inventory account for each sale.
Cost of goods available
Cost of goods sold Ending inventory