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Translation-Strategies知识讲解

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Translation StrategiesOf English Business Contract英语三班1112013005 杨娇娇摘要在国际经济贸易活动中，商务合同是一种重要的法律文件依据,商贸英语已成为必不可少的语言交际工具,它也是英文经济贸易合同的基点。

越来越多的英语和法律的爱好者也希望能尽快熟悉合同英语，从而准确理解，翻译、制作英语合同。

这种需求随着中国加入WTO（世界贸易组织）而剧增，用英语解决商务合同问题的愿望也会随之越来越迫切。

国际商务合同的种类繁多，涉及面广，内容复杂。

这类合同都是涉外交易性质，需要英汉两种版本，因此大多需要翻译。

商务合同有其自身的特点，即条理性、规范性和专业性。

商务合同对翻译的质量提出很高的要求，也增加了其难度。

本文用大量的例句，对商务合同英语的准确性、严谨性、规范性及翻译技巧与内容的完善还有翻译中常见错误、成因及其对策等作了全面分析和论述，并分析其翻译方面所应注意的问题。

AbstractBusiness contract is on important legal document during the International trade which makes business English as an essential language tool to the English economic trade. More and more people, who like English and law, hope to know about English business contact in order to accurately understand, translate and make theses contracts. International business contact has the features of varied categories, vast coverage, and complex content which special translation skills to translate. In this term paper, it will discuss and illustrate the translation skills and principles as well as the common mistakes and its reasons based on the features of contract. It will also give solutions to the problems that come into contract translation.1. IntroductionWith the constant deep development of the policy of Market Economy and the Reform and Open policy to the outside world of our country, the market competitivesystem of China has made a further progress. The business trade with the foreign country has become so much frequent that we have got more and more opportunity to cooperate with the foreign company with the widen of the scale of the enterprises concerning foreign affairs. So, it has become an imperative part to draft, negotiate and sign a contract. In this paper, brief analysis will be given to several aspects on translation skills and strategies of the English business contract.2. Translation Strategies of English ContractA best translation strategy means that how can make a word or a sentence read like the native language both in its style and meaning. Literal translation, free translation, domesticating translation and foreignzing translation are translation strategies. In this part, brief introduction will be given to the application of translation methods in English contract translation. What is more, more attention will be given to basic translation methods in the translation of English business contract.2.1 Principles of English Business Contract TranslationAlong with different principles put forward by different scholars, translators usually hold the view that the principles proposed by Professor Liu Fagong in his Exploring into the Principles of Chinese-English Business English Contract. Professor Liu puts forward the view that the major principles of business translation should be “faithfulness and exactness”.2.1.1 Faithfulness“Faithfulness”means that the information must be equivalent with the information in source language, Information transmitting is the core of business contract, and the information should be equivalent. For example:(14) A partial average loss under 3%of the insured amount will not be recoverable but one amounting to or exceeding 3% will be paid. (Translation: 单独平均损失低于所保金额的3%时，不赔偿，达到或超过3%时则赔偿。

) Here, translator mi sunderstood the term “partial average loss”. The term “partial average term” should be translated into Chinese “单独海损”. Translator’s misunderstanding leads to the failure of information transmitting.2.1.2 ExactnessExactness demands translators to choose the accurate words in translation, which can transmit the equivalent information with the one in source language. Accuracy in both understanding and choosing word is the first condition to guarantee the high quality of translation. For example:(15) Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever Party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group. (Translation: 乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之任何集团股份，甲方一律拥有优先拒绝权。

)This translation completely deviates from the “exactness” spirit. The false resort impute to the misunderstanding of the phrase “right of first refusal”(优先购买权).2.2 The Mistakes in Translation English Business ContractA lot of mistakes are found in the English business contract translation due to the special features of the business contract; there are a lot of difficulties in the translation of it, such as the difficulties in the translation of the jargons, the difficulties in the translation of Abbreviations and the obstacles in dealing with the complex sentence structures. Only when the difficulties mentioned above are solved properly, can an excellent translation version be gained. In the following parts, some detailed information.For example:…the subcontractor… shall make available to the contractor all relevant planning and reporting documents(daily, weekly, and monthly progress reports, accident and security reports, payrolls, list of labor staff and expatriates.The “payroll” in this sentence cannot be translated as “工资单”. However, the “payroll” should be translated as “计算报告” . (Translation：“……分包商……应向承包商提供所有相关的计划和报告文件（每日、每周和每月的进度报告、事故及安全报告、计算报告和劳务职员及外籍人员名单”。

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4）翻译技巧（英语）

4）翻译技巧（英语）

4）翻译技巧（英语）Translation strategies:1. foreignization / alienization (foreignizing method)异化/洋化and domestication/ adaptation (domesticating method)归化Foreignization: If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization, or alienization.Domestication: It refers the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating, or domestication, or adaptation.For example,C-E谋事在⼈，成事在天。

Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90)Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)注：杨宪益利⽤了⼀个英语谚语，但把其中的“God”改成了“Heaven”，从⽽保留了原有的宗教⾊彩。

⽽Hawkes直接引⽤了英语谚语，未作任何改动，这样，他把原⽂的佛教⾊彩变成了基督教⾊彩。

这样英美读者更为⾃然、更容易接受。

当然，这样⼀来，Hawkes（霍⾦斯）把⼀个信佛的⼈变成了⼀个信耶稣的⼈了。

Translation strategy翻译策略

Translation strategy翻译策略

Translation strategy1. Translation1.1 Definition: Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent(等值) text in a second language.(Meetam and Hudson, 1972, 713)1.2 Translation; process and product (it is this distinction which we wish to take up now. In the definition we have just seen, the term 'translation' is given two meanings. We would suggest that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings for the word. It can refer to:)(1) translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object);(2) a translation: the product of the process of translation (i.e. the translated text);(3) translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.2. Translator2.1 Definition: The translator has been defined as a bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities. (House,1977,1)(i.e. The traslator decodes messages transmitted in one language and re-encodes them in another.)3. The translation process(when we know the definition of translation, the question which immediately arises is: how dose this happen? The answer is in the figure: a much simplified outline of a more comprehensive model of the translation process which will be presented.)翻译中的分析：主要指对原语的层次组合进行结构分析，进行这种分析的目的就是为了从结构上把握意义。

Translation Strategies

Translation Strategies

spirit
Content Smoothness
Formation
1To kill two birds with one stone 异化：一石二鸟 归化：一箭双雕，一举两得 2Great leap forward 归化：大跃进 3keep pace with the times 归化：与时俱进
Foreignizing translation
Translation Strategies
Group 1
Warming-up
• You are too successful as a failed modal • Translation:作为失败的典型，你实在是太成功了
• I can’t take it anymore • Translation:我受不了了
• cultural Translation
famous translator: 王文炯 plus 林语堂
Strategies
• Inexperienced people get stars in their eyes when they think of improving the world.
strategies
Translation method
Translation standard
Literal
Into individual
Word-for-word
words
Content Formation Smoothness
Free
Sense-forsense
Transfer the meaning or
• I am all my ears • Translation:我在洗耳恭听
• It’s all my eye • Translation:我根本不相信，胡说八道
unit 2 basic translation strategies 翻译方法

unit 2 basic translation strategies 翻译方法

AdvertisingAdvertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. In the business world of today, supply is usually greater than demand. There is great competition between different manufacturers of the same kind of product to persuade customers to buy their own particular brand. They always have to remind the customer of the name and the qualities of their produce. They do this by advertising.The manufacturer advertises in the newspaper and on posters. He sometimes pays for songs about his product in commercial radio programmes. He employs attractive salesgirls to distribute samples of it. He organizes competitions, with prizes for the winners. He often advertises on the screens of local cinemas. Most important of all, in countries that have television he has advertisements put into programmes that will accept them. Manufacturers often spend large sums of money on advertisements. We buy a particular product because we think that it is the best. We usually think so because of the advertisements that say so. Some people never pause to ask themselves if the advertisements are telling the truth.My Version:在现代，广告已经成为一种非常专业的活动。