中国应对气候变化的政策与行动(中英)

关于中国对抗气候变化的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1China's Fight Against Climate ChangeHi everyone! Today, I want to tell you about something really important – how China is fighting against climate change. Climate change is a big problem that affects our planet, and it's up to all of us to make a difference.China is a country that takes climate change seriously. The government, along with the people, is working together to protect our environment and make our planet a better place to live. Let me tell you about some of the things China is doing to combat climate change.First of all, China is investing a lot in renewable energy. Renewable energy comes from sources that won't run out, like the sun and the wind. China is building lots of solar and wind farms to generate clean and sustainable energy. This helps reduce our reliance on fossil fuels like coal and oil, which release harmful greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.China is also taking steps to reduce pollution. Pollution not only harms our health but also contributes to climate change. The government is implementing strict regulations to control industrial emissions and improve air and water quality. People are encouraged to use public transportation, ride bicycles, and walk instead of driving cars, which helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions.Another important thing China is doing is protecting our forests. Trees are like the lungs of our planet – they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. China has implemented programs to increase forest coverage and prevent deforestation. By planting more trees, we can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and fight climate change.Education is also a key part of China's fight against climate change. Schools across the country are teaching students about the importance of environmental protection and how we can all contribute to a greener future. We learn about recycling, conserving energy, and taking care of our planet. By educating the younger generation, China篇2China's Fight Against Climate ChangeHi everyone! My name is Li Ming, and I want to tell you about how China is fighting against climate change. Climate change is a big problem that affects our planet. It makes the Earth hotter, causes extreme weather, and harms plants and animals. But China is taking action to protect our environment and make the world a better place!One of the things China is doing is reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. They trap heat in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer. China is building more clean energy sources like solar and wind power. These sources don't produce greenhouse gases, so they are better for the environment. China is also using more electric cars and buses, which don't release harmful gases into the air.Another important step China is taking is protecting forests. Trees are like the lungs of the Earth because they absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. China has implemented projects to increase forest coverage and prevent deforestation. They are planting millions of trees every year to create new forests. Trees not only help fight climate change, but they also provide homes for many animals and make our cities greener and more beautiful.China is also promoting energy conservation and recycling. They are encouraging people to save energy by turning off lights when they are not needed and using energy-efficient appliances. China is also reducing waste by promoting recycling. Recycling means turning old things into new things instead of throwing them away. It helps to save resources and reduce pollution.Education and awareness are also important aspects of China's fight against climate change. China is teaching students like us about the importance of protecting the environment. We learn about recycling, saving energy, and taking care of nature. By educating the young generation, China is ensuring that everyone understands the need to protect our planet and篇3China's Efforts in Combating Climate ChangeHello everyone! Today, I want to tell you about something very important - how China is working hard to fight climate change. Climate change is a big problem that affects our planet, and it's important for all of us to do our part to help.China is a country that has recognized the seriousness of climate change and is taking many steps to reduce its impact on the environment. One of the ways China is doing this is bypromoting the use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy comes from natural resources like the sun, wind, and water, which are always available and won't run out. China is investing in solar and wind power, and you can see many wind turbines and solar panels being built all around the country. By using more renewable energy, China can reduce the amount of pollution and greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere.Another important step China is taking is to reduce its carbon emissions. Carbon emissions come from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, which release harmful gases into the air. China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, but the government is working hard to change that. They have set targets to reduce carbon emissions and are encouraging industries to use cleaner technologies. People in China are also being encouraged to use public transportation, walk, or ride bicycles instead of driving cars, which helps to reduce pollution.China is also taking steps to protect its forests and plant more trees. Trees are like superheroes when it comes to fighting climate change because they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. China has implemented programs to increase forest coverage and has been successful in reducing desertification. Byplanting more trees, China is not only helping to combat climate change but also creating a greener and healthier environment for everyone.Education is also an important part of China's efforts to combat climate change. Schools are teaching students about the importance of taking care of the environment and how they can contribute. Students are learning about recycling, conserving energy, and reducing waste. They are also encouraged to share their knowledge with their families and friends, so everyone can work together to protect our planet.China is also working with other countries to address climate change. They participate in international conferences and agreements to find solutions and share knowledge. By working together with other countries, we can have a bigger impact and make a difference on a global scale.In conclusion, China is taking many important steps to combat climate change. By promoting renewable energy, reducing carbon emissions, protecting forests, educating its citizens, and working with other countries, China is showing great leadership in protecting our planet. As young students, we can also do our part by conserving energy, recycling, andspreading awareness about the importance of taking care of the environment. Together, we can create a better篇4China's Efforts in Combating Climate ChangeHello, everyone! Today, I want to tell you about how China is working hard to fight against climate change. Climate change is a big problem that affects our planet, and it's important for all of us to do our part to protect the Earth.China, as a responsible country, understands the importance of taking action to tackle climate change. The Chinese government has implemented various strategies and initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote green development.One of the key steps China has taken is to increase the use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy comes from natural resources that can be replenished, such as the sun and the wind. China has been investing a lot in solar and wind power, and it has become one of the world's leaders in renewable energy production. By using more renewable energy, we can reduce the amount of harmful gases released into the atmosphere.China is also working on improving energy efficiency. This means finding ways to use less energy while still getting the same results. For example, we can use energy-saving light bulbs and appliances, turn off lights when we leave a room, and use public transportation instead of cars. These small actions may seem simple, but when everyone does them, they can make a big difference in reducing energy consumption and lowering carbon emissions.To protect our forests, China has implemented afforestation programs. Afforestation means planting more trees and creating new forests. Trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. By planting more trees, we can help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and make the air cleaner. China has been working hard to increase its forest coverage and protect its natural resources.In addition, the Chinese government has been encouraging people to recycle and reduce waste. Recycling means turning used materials into new products instead of throwing them away. By recycling, we can save energy and reduce pollution. China has set up recycling programs and educated people about the importance of recycling. We can all contribute by sorting our waste and recycling paper, plastic, and glass.Education is also a crucial part of China's efforts. Schools teach students about climate change, its impact on the environment, and the actions we can take to address it. By educating the younger generation, we can create a future where everyone understands the importance of protecting our planet.In conclusion, China is making great efforts to combat climate change. Through the use of renewable energy, energy efficiency, afforestation, recycling, and education, we can all contribute to a greener and healthier Earth. Let's follow China's example and take action to protect our planet for future generations. Remember, every small step counts!I hope you enjoyed reading this essay. Let's join hands and work together to make a difference in fighting climate change!篇5Fighting Climate Change in ChinaHi there! My name is Xiaoming, and I am a 10-year-old student from Beijing, China. Today, I want to talk to you about an important issue that affects all of us – climate change. It's a big challenge, but I'm glad to see that my country, China, is taking steps to fight it.What is climate change, you ask? Well, it's a long-term change in the Earth's climate patterns, caused by things like burning too many fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas), cutting down forests, and other human activities. These actions release a lot of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and make the Earth warmer. This warming can lead to all sorts of problems, like rising sea levels, more extreme weather events (like hurricanes and droughts), and even the extinction of some plant and animal species.Climate change is a global problem, but China is one of the countries that is working hard to address it. You see, China is the world's most populous country, with over 1.4 billion people. That's a lot of people who need energy, transportation, and other resources that can contribute to climate change. But the Chinese government knows that climate change is a serious issue, and they are taking steps to reduce their country's carbon footprint (that's the amount of greenhouse gases they release).One of the things China is doing is investing in renewable energy sources, like solar and wind power. Have you ever seen those big wind turbines spinning in the breeze? Those are used to generate electricity without burning fossil fuels. China is nowthe world's largest producer of wind and solar energy, which is pretty amazing!They are also promoting energy efficiency in homes, factories, and transportation. For example, many new buildings in China have to meet strict energy-saving standards, and people are encouraged to use public transportation or electric vehicles instead of gas-powered cars.Another important effort is reforestation, which means planting new trees and forests. Trees are excellent at absorbing carbon dioxide (one of the main greenhouse gases) from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen. China has been planting millions of trees every year to help offset their carbon emissions.But that's not all! China is also investing in research and development of new, clean technologies that can help fight climate change. Things like carbon capture and storage (where carbon dioxide is captured and stored underground instead of being released into the atmosphere), and hydrogen fuel cells (which can power vehicles without producing any emissions).As a student, I'm learning about climate change in school, and we are encouraged to do our part too. Simple things like turning off lights when we leave a room, recycling, and plantingtrees can make a difference. I also try to walk or bike instead of taking the car whenever possible.Climate change is a big challenge, but if we all work together – individuals, communities, countries, and the whole world – we can make a positive impact. China is setting a good example, and I hope other nations will follow their lead.So, let's all do our part to protect our beautiful planet Earth. It's the only home we have, and we need to take care of it for ourselves and for future generations.篇6China's Fight Against Climate ChangeHello, everyone! Today, I want to talk about something very important: climate change. I'm sure you have heard about it before. It's all about how the Earth's temperature is getting warmer, and it's causing a lot of problems. But don't worry, because I have some good news to share with you. China is taking big steps to fight against climate change!First of all, let me tell you about some of the things that are causing climate change. One big problem is the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. When we use these fuels for energy,they release a lot of carbon dioxide into the air. And carbon dioxide is one of the main gases that is causing global warming. But China is doing something amazing to reduce the use of fossil fuels.China is investing a lot of money in renewable energy sources like solar power and wind power. Have you ever seen those big wind turbines or solar panels? They capture energy from the sun and wind, and they don't release harmful gases into the air. China is building many wind farms and solar power plants to generate clean energy. Isn't that great?Another thing China is doing is planting lots of trees. Trees are like superheroes when it comes to fighting climate change. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. China has a program called the "Great Green Wall," where they are planting a huge wall of trees to stop the desert from spreading. Isn't that amazing? By planting trees, China is not only making the air cleaner but also creating habitats for animals.China is also encouraging people to use public transportation and bicycles instead of cars. When we use cars, they release exhaust fumes that contribute to climate change. But when we use buses, trains, or bicycles, we are not only reducing pollution but also staying healthy. China is buildingmore bike lanes and improving public transportation to make it easier for people to choose these eco-friendly options.Last but not least, China is educating people about the importance of taking care of the environment. They are teaching students like us about climate change and what we can do to help. They are also holding events and campaigns to raise awareness about the issue. By educating people, China is inspiring everyone to be part of the solution.In conclusion, China is doing a lot to fight against climate change. They are investing in renewable energy, planting trees, promoting public transportation, and educating people about the environment. We can all learn from China's efforts and do our part to protect our planet. Remember, even small actions like turning off lights when we're not using them。

探究全球气候变化的法律与政策全球气候变化是一项长期而且重要的议题，作为世界各国的共同关切，我们除了做好对环境的保护之外，也需要有法律与政策面的指导与规范。

本文将从这方面来探究全球气候变化的法律与政策，并提出一些相关的意见与建议。

一、全球气候变化的背景在现今的全球上，气候变化已成为一项高度重视的问题。

人类的大量生产活动所产生的金属气体排放，已经达到了一个不可忽略的比例。

这些排放燃烧化石燃料，进而导致大气中二氧化碳的浓度上升，从而导致全球气候变化的速度与程度加剧。

据估算，在过去的两个世纪里，全球平均温度已经上升了1摄氏度。

有学者指出，如果今后不采取有效措施，到 2100 年，地球的平均温度将比工业化前高出 3至 5 摄氏度。

由此可知，全球气候变化带来的后果将非常严重。

它不仅影响到全球的生态系统、自然资源和物种保护，而且还会对人类经济、社会生活造成严重影响。

二、全球气候变化的国际法律框架1.联合国气候变化框架公约联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）是全球范围内应对气候变化的法律框架。

它于 1992 年签署，旨在应对全球气候变化问题，通过减少温室气体排放来减缓气候变化。

公约规定各缔约国应制定和实施国家行动计划和策略，以减缓气候变化和适应其不可避免的影响。

2.京都议定书京都议定书是 UNFCCC 的一个补充协定，旨在推动工业化国家减少温室气体排放。

该议定书于 1997 年签署，并于 2004 年生效。

它规定了限制某些温室气体排放的数量，并且各缔约国都有义务按照预定的排放量清单来实施限制措施。

3.巴黎协定巴黎协定于 2015 年签署，并于 2016 年生效。

巴黎协定旨在减少全球排放以应对气候变化，并目标是将全球气温上升控制在工业前水平以下 2 摄氏度，力争将其控制在 1.5 摄氏度之间。

各缔约国必须制定全面的适应、减缓和损失与损伤管理计划，以在更广泛的社会经济发展目标框架内采取应对措施。

三、中国应对气候变化的相关法律与政策1.气候变化应对法律为了应对全球气候变化，中国政府制定了《中华人民共和国气候变化应对法》以规范国家应对气候变化的行动。

我国应对气候变化的举措地球是人类共同的家园，气候变化问题已经成为全球性挑战。

我国是世界上人口最多的国家，同时也是一个拥有丰富资源和独特魅力的大国。

在应对气候变化问题上，我国政府和全社会都积极行动，通过加强政策引导、推动绿色发展、加强国际合作等途径，为实现全球气候治理贡献智慧和力量。

一、政策引导1. 国家政策体系的完善为应对气候变化，我国政府制定了一系列政策。

2014年，国务院发布《关于应对气候变化工作的指导意见》，成为全国应对气候变化工作的行动指南。

此后，又陆续发布了《能源发展“十三五”规划》等政策文件，为应对气候变化提供了有力支持。

2. 绿色发展理念的提出2018年，习近平总书记在成都召开的全国生态环境保护大会提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的绿色发展理念，强调要把生态环境保护放在首位，像爱护眼睛一样保护生态环境，让生态成为普惠的公共产品。

这一理念为我国绿色发展提供了指导思想。

3. 温室气体排放控制目标的设定我国政府高度重视温室气体排放的管控工作，将温室气体排放控制作为实现气候变化减缓的关键举措。

2015年，国务院发布《关于控制温室气体排放工作的报告》，明确提出我国要在2030年前实现二氧化碳排放达到峰值，并争取尽快实现低于峰值水平。

2018年，全国碳市场交易平台上线运行，成为我国第一个全国性的碳排放交易平台。

二、绿色发展1. 能源结构的调整能源是影响气候变化的最大因素之一。

我国能源消费结构单一，以煤炭为主。

为此，我国加大了清洁能源的开发和利用力度，尤其是太阳能、风能、水能等可再生能源。

在政策引导、技术创新和投资扶持等多重因素作用下，清洁能源得到了快速发展。

2. 节能减排技术的推广应用我国积极开展节能减排技术的研究和应用，推广高效节能技术、洁净煤技术、新能源汽车技术等。

在工业生产、交通运输、建筑等领域，我国企业通过采用节能减排技术，实现了降低能源消耗和减少碳排放的目标。

3. 生态环境保护和治理我国通过生态环境保护、环境治理和生态修复等手段，加强了生态环境的维护和修复。

双语⼁《中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动》⽩⽪书（⼀）10⽉27⽇，国务院新闻办公室发表《中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动》⽩⽪书，本书英⽂版已由中国外⽂局所属外⽂出版社出版，法⽂版、俄⽂版、西⽂版、阿⽂版、德⽂版、⽇⽂版将陆续出版。

⽩⽪书介绍了中国应对⽓候变化进展，分享了中国应对⽓候变化实践和经验，增进国际社会了解。

⽓候变化是全⼈类的共同挑战。

中国⾼度重视应对⽓候变化。

作为世界上最⼤的发展中国家，中国克服⾃⾝经济、社会等⽅⾯困难，实施⼀系列应对⽓候变化战略、措施和⾏动，参与全球⽓候治理，应对⽓候变化取得了积极成效。

中国应对⽓候变化的政策与⾏动Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions⼀、中国应对⽓候变化新理念I. China’s New Responses to Climate Change⼆、实施积极应对⽓候变化国家战略II. Implementing a National Strategy of Actively Responding to Climate Change三、中国应对⽓候变化发⽣历史性变化III. Significant Changes in China’s Response to Climate Change四、共建公平合理、合作共赢的全球⽓候治理体系IV. Building a Fair and Rational Global Climate Governance System for Win-Win Results前⾔Preface⽓候变化是全⼈类的共同挑战。

应对⽓候变化，事关中华民族永续发展，关乎⼈类前途命运。

Climate change is a challenge for all of humanity. The sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future of the planet depend on tackling it successfully.中国⾼度重视应对⽓候变化。

昆明市名校2022-2023学年高三上学期9月适应性月考卷（三）(二)实用类文本阅读(本题共3小题，12分)阅读下面的文字，完成4~6题。

材料一:海洋变暖在20世纪80年代后期以来显著加速，1993~2021 年，全球平均海平面的上升速率为3.3毫米/年; 2021 年，全球平均海平面达到有卫星观测记录以来的最高位。

1980~ 2021年，中国沿海海平面上升速率为3.4毫米/年，高于同期全球平均水平。

2021 年，中国沿海海平面较1993~2011年平均值高84毫米，为1980年以来最高。

1980~ 2021年中国沿海海平面距平[注] (相对于1993~2011年平均值)[注]海平面距平是某年的平均海平面高度与某一时段海平面平均值的差值。

(摘编自《中国气候变化蓝皮书(2022) 》)材料二:2012~2021年，中国沿海海平面持续处于高位，其长期累积效应造成滩涂损失，影响沿海地下淡水资源。

海水入侵在我国沿海均有发生，其中渤海和黄海部分滨海平原地区入侵范围较大;东海和南海滨海地区入侵范围小。

2021年，中国沿海海平面与2020年相比总体呈现“北升南降”的区域分布特征，渤海和黄海沿海海平面总体上升约40mm，海水入侵较2020年总体加重;东海和南海沿海海平面总体略有下降，同时区域降水总体偏多，海水入侵相对较轻。

同时，受海平面.上升、极端海平面事件等多种因素共同影响，中国沿海典型砂质和粉砂淤泥质监测岸段海岸持续蚀退。

与2020年相比，严重侵蚀岸段占比增加，其中辽宁、河北、福建和海南沿海部分监测岸段海岸侵蚀加剧。

近百年来，受人类活动和自然因素共同影响，地球正经历着以变暖为显著特征的变化，海平面加速上升，极端事件增多，成为低海拔沿海地区面临的主要威胁。

尽管一些国家已经采取了一些应对措施，如建立海洋保护区等等，但仅靠部分国家的气候行动越来越不能应对日益增长的全球气候风险。

因此，世界各国沿海城市政府和民间组织要加强国际合作，采取强有力的减排措施以减缓全球变暖。

强化应对气候变化行动——中国国家自主贡献Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions气候变化是当今人类社会面临的共同挑战。

工业革命以来的人类活动，特别是发达国家大量消费化石能源所产生的二氧化碳累积排放，导致大气中温室气体浓度显著增加，加剧了以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化。

气候变化对全球自然生态系统产生显著影响，温度升高、海平面上升、极端气候事件频发给人类生存和发展带来严峻挑战。

Climate change is today’s common challenge faced by all humanity. Human activities since the Industrial Revolution, especially the accumulated carbon dioxide emissions from the intensive fossil fuels consumption of developed countries, have resulted in significantly increasing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, exacerbated climate change primarily characterized by global warming. Climate change has significant impacts on global natural ecosystems, causing temperature increase and sea level rise as well as more frequent extreme climate events, all of which pose a huge challenge to the survival and development of the human race.气候变化作为全球性问题，需要国际社会携手应对。

中英对照《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（2011）》白皮书高斋翻译TransElegant整理的CATTI和MTI备考资料中国政府一贯高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为关系经济社会发展全局的重大议题，纳入经济社会发展中长期规划。

2006年，中国提出了2010年单位国内生产总值能耗比2005年下降20％左右的约束性指标，2007年在发展中国家中第一个制定并实施了应对气候变化国家方案，2009年确定了到2020年单位国内生产总值温室气体排放比2005年下降40％—45％的行动目标。

TheChinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid-and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007,China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a nationalprogram to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.为完成上述目标任务，中国在“十一五”期间(2006—2010年)采取了一系列减缓和适应气候变化的重大政策措施，取得了显著成效。

China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate ChangeInformation Office of the State Council The People's Republic of ChinaNovember 2011, BeijingContentsForewordI. Mitigating Climate ChangeII. Adapting to Climate ChangeIII. Enhancing Basic CapabilityIV. Participation of the Whole SocietyV. Participation in International NegotiationsVI. Strengthening International CooperationVII. Objectives, Policies and Actions during the 12th Five-Year Plan PeriodVIII. China's Basic Position in International Climate Change NegotiationsConcluding RemarksForewordClimate change is a global issue of common concern to the international community. In recent years, worldwide heat waves, droughts, floods and other extreme climate events have occurred frequently, making the impact of climate change increasingly prominent. It has become a main world trend that all countries join hands to respond to climate change and promote green and low-carbon development.China is the world's largest developing country, with a large population, insufficient energy resources, complex climate and fragile eco-environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization and its development is unbalanced. China's per-capita GDP in 2010 was only a little more than RMB29,000. By the UN standard for poverty, China still has a poverty-stricken population of over 100 million, thus it faces an extremely arduous task in developing its economy, eliminating poverty and improving the people's livelihood. In the meantime, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Climate change generates many negative effects on China's economic and social development,posing a major challenge to the country's sustainable development.The Chinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid- and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007, China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a national program to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.To accomplish the above goals, China adopted a range of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) period, and has achieved remarkable results. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in 2011 established the policy orientation of promoting green and low-carbon development, and expressly set out the objectives and tasks of addressing climate change for the next five years. China has been playing a constructive role in international negotiations on climate change, actively pushing forward the negotiation process, thereby making a significant contribution to addressing global climate change. This white paper is hereby issued to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions for addressing climate change, and the positive results achieved in this regard during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, as well as China's overall arrangements to address climate change and its related negotiating position during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015).I. Mitigating Climate ChangeDuring the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China accelerated the transformation of its economic development mode, and achieved remarkable results in controlling greenhouse gas emission by promoting industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sink.1. Optimizing Industrial StructureReforming and upgrading traditional industries. China has formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major industries, including automobiles, and iron and steel, revised the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, and issued the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries. China has raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset investment projects, enhanced technology transformation and upgrading in traditional industries, promoted corporate merger and restructuring, adjusted export tax rebate policies, imposed export duties on coal, some nonferrous metals, steel billets and chemical fertilizers, and restrained the export of high-energy-consuming, high-emission and high-resource-consumingproducts. Efforts have been made to accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity. By implementing the policy of "replacing small thermal power generating units with larger ones," China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 76.82 million kw, and eliminated backward steel production capacity to the tune of 72 million tons; iron production capacity, 120 million tons; cement production capacity, 370 million tons; coke production capacity, 107 million tons; paper production capacity, 11.3 million tons; and glass production capacity, 45 million cases. The proportion of thermal power generating units with a generation capacity above 300,000 kw each in China's thermal power installed capacity increased from 47 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2010; the proportion of large iron production blast furnaces with an capacity above 1,000 cu m each increased from 48 percent to 61 percent; and the proportion of the output of large aluminum electrolysis prebaking tanks increased from 80 percent to above 90 percent. The industry concentration in the iron, steel, cement, nonferrous metals, machinery and automobile sectors among other key industries was remarkably improved, while energy consumption in major industries was dramatically reduced. From 2005 to 2010, coal consumption in thermal power supply dropped 10 percent from 370 to 333 g/kwh; comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel decreased 12.8 percent from 694 to 605 kg of standard coal; that in cement production, down by 24.6 percent; that of ethylene production, down by 11.6 percent; and that of synthetic ammonia production, 14.3 percent.Fostering and strengthening strategic and newly emerging industries. China has issued the Decision on Accelerating the Fostering and Development of Strategic and Newly Emerging Industries, which defines the overall principles, key tasks and policy measures for fostering and developing strategic and newly emerging industries. The Chinese government has selected key fields of these industries, implemented a number of major projects and built a range of related programs. China has accelerated the pace of building a national innovation system, implemented knowledge- and technology-innovation projects, and intensified efforts on tackling key technological problems. The government has initiated a venture capital investment program in newly emerging industries, established 20 venture capital investment funds, and supported the growth of innovative enterprises in energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy development and other sectors in strategic new industries. In 2010, the output value of China's high-tech manufacturing industries reached RMB7.6 trillion, ranking the second in the world, and more than twice the figure for 2005.Accelerating the development of the service industry. China has formulated and implemented the Opinions Concerning Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, Opinions on the Implementation of Some Policies and Measures for Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, and other important documents, vigorously promoting the development of production- and life-related service trades. The government has also issued the Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry. From 2005 to 2010, the added value of China's service sector increased 11.9 percent per year on average, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7 of a percentage point higher than that of GDP, and with its proportion in GDP rising from 40.3 percent to 43 percent.2. Energy ConservationEnhancing target responsibility assessment. China has resolved and assigned responsibilities to fulfill set targets in energy conservation, and established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system to regularly evaluate the completion of energy conservation targets and the implementation of energy conservation measures by 31 provincial governments and 1,000 key enterprises. In 2010, China launched special supervision over energy conservation and emission reduction in 18 key regions. Strict target responsibility evaluation and accountability contributed to achieving the national energy conservation targets.Promoting energy conservation in key fields. The Chinese government has carried out ten key energy conservation projects, including upgrading of industrial boilers and kilns, combined heat and power generation, electromechanical system energy conservation and residual heat and pressure utilization, conducted energy conservation in 1,000 enterprises, enhanced energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promoted energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities. It has launched the low-carbon transportation action for automobiles, ships, roads and harbors in 1,000 enterprises, vigorously developed urban public transport. It has also improved the implementation rate of mandatory energy conservation standards of new buildings, quickened the energy conservation transformation of existing buildings, promoted the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and conducted energy conservation transformation of government office buildings. By the end of 2010, the implementation rate of mandatory energy efficiency standards for new urban buildings reached 99.5 percent in the design stage and 95.4 percent in the construction stage. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the accumulated total energy-efficient floor space constructed was 4.857 billion sq m, with energy-saving capacity of 46 million tons of standard coal. The government has taken energy conservation actions in the retail sector by restraining the production, marketing and use of plastic shopping bags, and curbing over-packaging.Promoting energy-saving technology and products. China has released a total of 115 state key energy-efficient technology promotion catalogues in three batches, and specially promoted seven energy-efficient technologies in the iron and steel, building material and chemical industries. The government has launched a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, and promoted high-efficiency illumination products and air-conditioners, energy-efficient motors and other energy-efficient products by way of government subsidies. The central treasury has appropriated subsidies to support the production of and promote the use of some 360 million high-efficiency illumination products, 30 million high-efficiency air conditioners and one million energy-efficient motor vehicles, which have realized an annual energy-saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. China has carried out energy conservation and new-energy vehicle demonstration and promotion, and taken the lead in using mixed-power vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The government has established a preferential procurement system for energy-efficient products, released a government procurement list of energy-efficient products, and ordered mandatory procurement of nine kinds of energy-efficient products, including air-conditioners, computers and illumination products. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, a large variety of high-efficiency energy technologies were widely applied, including low-temperature waste heat power generation, new type cathode aluminum reduction cells, high-voltage frequency conversion,rare earth permanent magnet motors and plasma oil-less ignition. Meanwhile, the market share of high-efficiency illumination products reached 67 percent, and that of high-efficiency air-conditioners, 70 percent.Developing a circular economy. National "city mine" demonstration bases have been built to promote the concentrated, circular and high-added-value utilization of obsolete electromechanical equipment, waste household appliances, plastic and rubber, and other waste resources in key cities, and efforts are being made to promote the comprehensive utilization of major industrial solid waste. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China comprehensively utilized about one billion tons of fly ash, 1.1 billion tons of coal slag, and 500 million tons of metallurgical slag. The central government funded the industrialization of remanufacturing projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of automobile engines, gearboxes, steering engines and electric generators, totaling 250,000 pieces (sets).Promoting energy conservation market mechanism. The government is proactively pushing forward energy management through contract management, power demand side management, voluntary energy conservation agreements and other market mechanisms. In 2010, China issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contract Energy Management and Promoting the Development of the Energy Conservation Service Industry, increased financial support, adopted policy of taxation support and improved related accounting systems and financial services to strengthen support for the energy conservation service industry. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy conservation service companies increased from 80 to over 800, the number of employees in this sector increased from 16,000 to 180,000, the industry scale was enlarged from RMB4.7 billion-worth to RMB84 billion-worth, and the annual energy-saving capacity rose from some 600,000 to more than 13 million tons of standard coal.Improving related standards. The government has improved the energy-efficient design standards for residential buildings in three climate zones (freezing cold and cold, hot in summer and cold in winter, and hot in summer and warm in winter); improved energy-efficient design standards for public buildings and the code of acceptance inspection of energy-efficient building construction; issued 27 mandatory national standards for energy consumption quotas of high energy-consuming products and 19 mandatory national energy efficiency standards for major terminal energy-using products; formulated 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants; promulgated 71 environmental labeling standards; and released an energy efficiency labeling product catalogue.Incentive policies. China has quickened the reform of the energy pricing mechanism, reformed the taxes and fees of refined petroleum products, adopted a differential electricity pricing policy for high-energy-consuming industries, imposed electricity pricing penalties on products with super-high energy consumption, and promoted the metered charging of heat supply by actual consumption of each household. The government has earmarked special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central treasury invested an accumulative total of RMB225 billion to support energy-efficient technology upgrading and the popularization of energy-efficient products, forming an energy conservation capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. The government meanwhile has been steadilypushing forward the reform of the resource taxation system, improving the export tax rebate system, adjusting the policy on vehicle purchase, and vehicle and vessel tax, using preferential taxation policies to promote energy and water conservation, the comprehensive utilization of resources, and the import of energy-efficient and low-carbon products.Through the efforts of all sectors, China accomplished its energy conservation goals listed in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped 19.1 percent from that of 2005 accumulatively, or a reduction of 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. During the same period, China's national economy expanded at an average annual rate of 11.2 percent, while its energy consumption grew only 6.6 percent annually on average. The energy consumption elasticity coefficient dropped from 1.04 in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005) to 0.59, which eased the contradiction between energy supply and demand.3. Developing Low-carbon EnergyAccelerating the development of natural gas and other clean resources. The government is vigorously developing natural gas, encouraging the development and utilization of coal-bed methane, shale gas and other unconventional oil and gas resources, and has enacted a number of policies in this regard, such as financial subsidies, preferential taxation, connecting generated power to grid and electricity price subsidies. China has formulated and implemented an overall plan of management and utilization of coal mine methane, and is forcefully pushing forward the clean utilization of coal, guiding and encouraging the utilization of coal mine methane and the development of ground coal-bed methane. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cu m in 2005 to 94.8 billion cu m in 2010, an average annual increase of 14 percent. In that period, China's natural gas consumption accounted for 4.3 percent of its total energy consumption, and the extraction of coal-bed methane reached 30.55 billion cu m, with the amount utilized reaching 11.45 billion cu m, equivalent to a reduction of 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.Proactively developing and utilizing non-fossil energy. China has enhanced the development and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy and other low-carbon energy sources through policy guidance and fund input. By the end of 2010, China's installed hydropower capacity had reached 213 million kw, doubling the figure for 2005; and installed nuclear power capacity had reached 10.82 million kw, with another 30.97 million kw under construction. China supports the development of wind power, solar power, geothermal, biomass energy and other new types of renewable energy. It has improved the pricing policy for on-grid power generated by wind, and launched the "Golden Sun Demonstration Project" to promote the franchise bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power stations. It has improved the pricing policy for power generated by agricultural and forestry biomass energy, increased financial support for the development of biomass energy and enhanced methane development in rural areas. China's installed wind power capacity grew from 1.26 million kw in 2005 to 31.07 million kw in 2010, and installed photovoltaic power capacity increased from less than 100,000 kw in 2005 to 600,000 kw; the number of solar water heaters in use reached 168 million sq m; and installed biomass energy capacity was about 5 million kw. With an annual utilization of methane of about 14 billion cu m, the total number of methane users in China reached 40 million households; utilized ethanol bio-fuel was 1.8 milliontons; and the contribution made by all types of biomass energy totaled 15 million tons of standard coal.4. Controlling Non-energy-related Greenhouse Gas EmissionThe government has enhanced control over greenhouse gas emission in industrial and agricultural production, waste disposal and other fields. China has applied the raw material substitution technology such as replacing limestone with carbide slag in the cement clinker production process, applied the technique of producing cement with blast furnace slag and fly ash as added mixed materials, applied secondary- and tertiary-stage treatment to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the nitric acid production process, applied catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the adipic acid production process, and thermal oxidative decomposition to capture and remove HFC-23. China has quickened transformation in the mode of animal husbandry production, and reduced the emission of methane and nitrous oxide in cropland, and poultry and livestock farming. The government has launched the soil organic matter advancement subsidy project, and promoted returning straw to farmland, green manure growing, adding organic fertilizer and other technologies to an accumulated total area of about 30 million mu (a Chinese unit of area equal to 1/15 of a hectare). The government has improved urban waste disposal standards, adopted a household garbage charging system, promoted advanced waste incineration technology, and formulated incentive policies for landfill gas recovery. China also carries out research and demonstration for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration technologies. Statistics showed that by the end of 2010 China's nitrous oxide emission in industrial production generally remained at the level of 2005, and the growth of methane emission was basically brought under control.5. Increasing Carbon SinkIncreasing forest carbon sink. China is continuously carrying out ecological protection projects, such as the key shelterbelt construction project in northwest, northeast and north China and along the Yangtze River, and projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest protection project, the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area. It has carried out a pilot afforestation project with an aim to expand carbon sinks, enhanced sustainable forest management, and increased the forest stock volume. The central finance has raised the standard for afforestation investment subsidy from RMB100 to 200 per mu, and established the China Green Carbon Fund. Currently, China's man-made forest reserve has reached 62 million ha; its national forest coverage has reached 195 million ha, with the forest coverage rate rising from 18.21 percent in 2005 to 20.36 percent in 2010, with a forest stock volume of 13.721 billion cu m. China's total carbon storage in forest vegetation has reached 7.811 billion tons.Improving farmland and grassland carbon sinks. China is implementing the systems to promote grass-livestock balance, prohibiting or temporarily banning pasturing in certain areas, and regionally rotating pasturing, so as to control the livestock-carrying capacity of pastures and curb pasture degeneration. It is expanding the project of returning grazing land to grassland, strengthening the construction of man-made forage meadows and irrigated pastures, enhancing theprevention and control of grassland natural disasters, and increasing the grassland coverage rate and grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, protective farming technology had been applied to an area of 64.75 million mu; the no-tillage mechanical seeding area had reached 167 million mu; and mechanically-crushed straw had been returned to farmland in a total area of 428 million mu.6. Promoting Low-carbon Development in LocalitiesPromoting low-carbon pilot projects in selected provinces and cities. In 2010, China launched a national "low-carbon province and low-carbon city" experimental project. The first batch of selected localities included five provinces, namely, Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Yunnan, and eight cities, namely, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding. Currently, all the pilot provinces and cities have established leading work teams, formulated implementation schemes, and promulgated their respective goals for carbon intensity reduction in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period -- and 2020. They have also vigorously promoted the transformation of the local economic development mode, took major actions to advance the construction of key low-carbon development projects, and vigorously developed low-carbon industries to promote green and low-carbon development.Actively drawing on low-carbon development experience. To build a "culture-enriched, technology-empowered and environmentally-friendly Beijing," Beijing, the capital city of China, has accelerated the development of the green, low-carbon and circular economy, vigorously developed strategic newly emerging industries and modern service industries, quickened the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transport systems, and advocated low-carbon consumption and a low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai has sped up the pace of optimizing its energy structure, launched low-carbon development pilot projects in Hongqiao CBD and Chongming Island, implemented the concept of low-carbon development in the design, construction and operation of the Shanghai World Expo Park, and carried out "voluntary emission reduction activities to achieve a low-carbon World Expo." Jiangsu Province has selected four cities, ten industrial parks and ten enterprises for pilot experiments in developing a low-carbon economy.II. Adapting to Climate ChangeDuring the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China strengthened scientific research in and impact evaluation of climate change, improved relevant laws and policies, and enhanced the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, so as to reduce the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development and people's lives.1. AgricultureChina strives to consolidate farmland and water conservancy infrastructure, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, encourage large-scale construction of standard farmland with stable yields despite drought or flood, support major irrigation areas to continue building supporting and big irrigation and drainage pump stations, expand the irrigation area, improve the irrigation efficiency and spread water-conservation technology, and carry out agricultural waterpricing reform and pilot water-conservation renovations of farmland ditches, and enhance the nation's capacity to resist disasters. It has built and improved agricultural meteorological monitoring and early-warning systems. China also carries out research into and cultivates stress-resistant varieties of seeds with high yield potential and high quality and resistance to drought, waterlogging, high temperature, diseases and pests, and expands the growing areas of super strains of crops. It has further increased subsidies for superior strains of crops, and accelerated integration of the cultivation, reproduction and spreading of such superior strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland nationwide is sown with superior strains of major crops, which contributes 40 percent to the grain output increase.2. Water ResourcesChina has formulated National Comprehensive Plan for Water Resources, Seven Major River Basins' Flood Control Plan, National Mountain Torrent Disaster Prevention and Control Plan, National Plan to Guarantee the Safe Supply of Drinking Water to Urban Dwellers, and National Plan for the Eco-protection of Major Rivers and Lakes. It has strengthened river basin management and water resources allocation, and organized and implemented the work of diverting water from the Yellow River to Tianjin and Hebei Province, from the Qiantang River to Lake Taihu at time of urgent need, and ecological water re-charge to the Heihe and Tarim rivers. It has quickened the implementation of the strictest water resources control, and improved the policy system concerning the development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources. It has started constructing a batch of water-shed flood control projects, while accelerating the pace of some key water conservancy projects and major water resource projects. It has tightened soil erosion control, and has completed the comprehensive improvement of 230,000 sq km of land suffering from water and soil erosion. It has completed the reinforcement of large and medium-sized reservoirs as well as key small ones in danger. More efforts have been made to guarantee the safe supply of drinking water to 210 million rural residents, meeting the relevant target set in the UN Millennium Development Goals six years in advance.3. Marine ResourcesChina has strengthened the construction of a marine meteorological observation network. With such a network in place, the country has been able to observe the key climate factors in its offshore regions and some oceans, and basically built up a typical monitoring system in the eco-sensitive marine areas, thereby effectively enhancing its ability to monitor the sea-air carbon dioxide exchange flux. China has started redefining the national and provincial marine functional zoning, has started marine ecosystem restoration projects in the coastal areas and on key islands, and launched eco-restoration demonstration projects such as cultivating and replanting mangroves, protecting coral reefs by way of relocation, and returning coastal wetlands to beaches. The observation and early warning work related to storm surge, sea wave, tsunami, sea ice and other marine disasters have effectively reduced the casualties and property losses caused by such marine disasters. Observation, investigation and evaluation have been conducted of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and saline tide, and the datum tide marks of 94 tidal gauging stations have been re-verified. Through comprehensive offshore investigation and evaluation, it has。

中国如何应对气候变化英语作文Climate Change: China's ResponseIntroduction:Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges in recent years. As the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China plays a crucial role in addressing this issue. In this essay, we will explore how China has been tackling climate change and highlight some of its key initiatives.The Importance of Climate Action:Recognizing the significance of climate action, China has made substantial efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. The Chinese government acknowledges that addressing climate change is vital for both environmental sustainability and social-economic development. To achieve this, China has implemented various strategies and policies at national, regional, and local levels.Renewable Energy Development:One notable initiative undertaken by China is its significant investment in renewable energy development. By focusing on clean energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower, China aims to decrease its reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Remarkably, China has become the world's leading investor in renewable energy technologies, including solar panels and wind turbines.Carbon Emission Reduction Targets:China has also set ambitious targets to curb carbon emissions. In 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China would strive to reach peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. These targets demonstrate China's commitment to transitioning towards a green and low-carbon economy.Emissions Trading System (ETS):To further enhance its carbon reduction efforts, China has launched a national emissions trading system (ETS). This market-based approach places a cap on overall emissions while allowing companies to trade emission allowances. Bypricing carbon emissions, the ETS incentivizes companies to reduce their emissions efficiently and invest in cleaner technologies.Afforestation Initiatives:Recognizing the importance of forests in mitigating climate change impacts, China has embarked on extensiveafforestation initiatives. The "Great Green Wall" project aims to combat desertification by planting trees along the country's northern regions. Additionally, China has implemented tree-planting campaigns nationwide to increase forest cover and enhance carbon sequestration.International Cooperation:China acknowledges that addressing climate change requires global collaboration. The country actively participates in international climate conferences such as the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and works closely with other nations to drive collective action. Through partnerships, technology transfer, and capacity building programs, China seeks to promote global climate resilience.Green Transportation:China recognizes the significant contribution of transportation to carbon emissions. To address this issue, the government has been promoting electric vehicles (EVs) as an alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. The construction of EV charging infrastructure across the country and generous subsidies for EV purchases have accelerated the adoption of sustainable transport.Conclusion:In conclusion, China's response to climate change has been substantial and commendable. From renewable energy development to setting ambitious emission reduction targets and implementing market-based approaches like ETS, China is actively working towards a greener future. International cooperation, afforestation initiatives, and promoting green transportation further demonstrate China's commitment to mitigating climate change. As a responsible global citizen, China continues to play a crucial role in shaping theworld's response to this pressing challenge.。

中国如何应对气候变化英语作文1. Introduction (Introduction)As one of the world's largest economies and energy consumers, China has been actively shouldering its responsibility in tackling climate change. Recognizing the severity and urgency of this global issue, China has formulated and implemented a series of comprehensive policies and strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate.作为全球最大的经济体和能源消费国之一，中国在应对气候变化方面一直积极履行自身责任。

面对这一全球性问题的严重性和紧迫性，中国已制定并实施了一系列全面的政策和策略以减少温室气体排放，并适应气候变化。

2. Mitigation Measures (Mitigation Efforts)China has set ambitious targets to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This commitment is being translated into action through a range of measures including promoting renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and phasing out coal consumption. The country is investing heavily in solar, wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear power to diversifyand decarbonize its energy mix. In addition, China is implementing stricter emission standards for industries and vehicles, while encouraging green technology innovation and research.中国设定了到2030年前实现碳达峰以及2060年前实现碳中和的宏伟目标。

中国的北极政策中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室2018年1月目录前言一、北极的形势与变化二、中国与北极的关系三、中国的北极政策目标和基本原则四、中国参与北极事务的主要政策主张结束语前言近年来，全球气候变暖，北极冰雪融化加速。

在经济全球化、区域一体化不断深入发展的背景下，北极在战略、经济、科研、环保、航道、资源等方面的价值不断提升，受到国际社会的普遍关注。

北极问题已超出北极国家间问题和区域问题的范畴，涉及北极域外国家的利益和国际社会的整体利益，攸关人类生存与发展的共同命运，具有全球意义和国际影响。

中国倡导构建人类命运共同体，是北极事务的积极参与者、建设者和贡献者，努力为北极发展贡献中国智慧和中国力量。

为了阐明中国在北极问题上的基本立场，阐释中国参与北极事务的政策目标、基本原则和主要政策主张，指导中国相关部门和机构开展北极活动和北极合作，推动有关各方更好参与北极治理，与国际社会一道共同维护和促进北极的和平、稳定和可持续发展，中国政府发表本白皮书。

一、北极的形势与变化北极具有特殊的地理位置。

地理上的北极通常指北极圈（约北纬66度34分）以北的陆海兼备的区域，总面积约2100万平方公里。

在国际法语境下，北极包括欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的毗邻北冰洋的北方大陆和相关岛屿，以及北冰洋中的国家管辖范围内海域、公海和国际海底区域。

北极事务没有统一适用的单一国际条约，它由《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》《斯匹次卑尔根群岛条约》等国际条约和一般国际法予以规范。

北极的大陆和岛屿面积约800万平方公里，有关大陆和岛屿的领土主权分别属于加拿大、丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威、俄罗斯、瑞典、美国八个北极国家。

北冰洋海域的面积超过1200万平方公里，相关海洋权益根据国际法由沿岸国和各国分享。

北冰洋沿岸国拥有内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架等管辖海域，北冰洋中还有公海和国际海底区域。

北极域外国家在北极不享有领土主权，但依据《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和一般国际法在北冰洋公海等海域享有科研、航行、飞越、捕鱼、铺设海底电缆和管道等权利，在国际海底区域享有资源勘探和开发等权利。

驻英国大使傅莹发表题为“气候变化与中国”的演讲中英全文2009-12-19 来源:中国驻英国大使馆2009年12月2日，中国驻英国大使傅莹应邀在伦敦政治经济学院（LSE）发表题为“气候变化与中国”的演讲，全面阐述中国应对气候变化的政策、立场及所采取的措施，并现场回答听众提问。

演讲由LSE发展中心主任科布雷奇（MR. CORBRIDGE）教授主持，该校学生及社会公众共400多人出席。

以下是演讲全文：气候变化与中国中国驻英国大使傅莹伦敦经济学院2009年12月2日Climate Change and ChinaFu Ying, Chinese Ambassador to the U.K.London School of EconomicsDecember 2nd, 2009尊敬的CORBRIDGE教授，女士们，先生们，Professor Corbridge,Ladies and Gentlemen,很荣幸来到伦敦经济学院，就气候变化这一重大问题进行交流。

我感觉特别荣幸，这是因为伦敦经济学院以在气候变化领域的研究著称，你们的研究为全球讨论做出了突出贡献。

I am honoured to talk to you on such an important subject as climate change. It’s a special honour, because t he LSE is well-known for its scholarship on climate change and its crucial contribution to this global debate.中国是一个有着13亿人口的大国，气候类型多样，环境脆弱。

气候变化给中国带来诸多不利影响。

China is a huge country with a population of 1.3 billion. It has diverse climatic conditions and a fragile environment. The effect of climate change is a very real threat which we face everyday.根据中国科学家的观察，过去50年里中国的平均气温上升了1.1摄氏度，高于同期全球平均升温水平。

中国应对气候变化的政策与行动2012年度报告（一）（中英对照）摘要: China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change(2012)一、减缓气候变化I. Mitigating Climate Change控制温室气体排放是中国积极应对全球气候变化的重要任务，也是加快转变经济发展方式和推进产业转型升级的必然要求。

2011年中国政府发布了《“十二五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》，将“十二五”碳强度下降目标分解落实到各省（自治区、直辖市），优化产业结构和能源结构，大力开展节能降耗，努力增加碳汇，低碳发展取得积极成效。

Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is not only a key task in China’s efforts to address global climate change, but also an essential part of the country’s drive to accelerate the shift in its economic development mode and promote industrial transformation and upgrading. In 2011, the Chinese Government issued the Work Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which assigns specific carbon intensity reduction targets to all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. China has achieved positive results in low-carbon development by optimizing industry and energy structures, vigorously conserving energy and reducing energy consumption, and increasing carbon sinks.（一）调整产业结构(I) Adjusting Industrial Structure 推动传统产业改造升级。

中国应对气候变化的政策与行动(2015年度报告) 文章属性•【公布机关】国家发展和改革委员会•【公布日期】2015.11•【分类】政府白皮书正文中国应对气候变化的政策与行动（2015年度报告）（国家发展和改革委员会2015年11月）目录前言一、减缓气候变化（一）调整产业结构（二）节能与提高能效（三）优化能源结构（四）控制非能源活动温室气体排放（五）增加森林碳汇二、适应气候变化（一）农业领域（二）水资源领域（三）林业和其他生态系统（四）海岸带及相关海域（五）气象领域（六）人体健康三、低碳发展试点与示范（一）深化国家低碳省区和低碳城市试点（二）加快推进碳排放权交易试点（三）开展低碳工业园区、社区、城（镇）试点（四）推进其它领域低碳试点示范四、基础能力建设（一）完善宏观指导体系（二）加强科技支撑（三）推进统计核算体系建设五、全社会广泛参与（一）政府加强引导（二）企业积极行动（三）公众主动参与六、加强国际交流与合作（一）加强与发达国家的交流合作（二）促进与国际组织的交流合作（三）深化与发展中国家的合作（四）筹建气候变化南南合作基金七、积极推动国际气候谈判（一）积极参加联合国进程下的国际谈判（二）积极参与其他多边进程（三）巴黎会议的基本立场和主张结语前言气候变化是当今人类社会面临的共同挑战。

中国是全球最大的发展中国家，人口众多，地形地貌条件复杂多样，经济发展中的不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题依然突出，极易遭受气候变化不利影响。

积极应对气候变化，既是中国广泛参与全球治理、构建人类命运共同体的责任担当，更是我们实现可持续发展的内在要求。

2014年以来，中国在应对气候变化各个领域积极采取措施，取得显著成效。

发布《国家应对气候变化规划（2014-2020年）》，提出了中国2020年前应对气候变化主要目标和重点任务。

向联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处提交了中国国家自主决定贡献文件，明确了中国二氧化碳排放2030年左右达到峰值并力争尽早达峰等一系列目标，并提出了确保实现目标的政策措施。

强化应对气候变化行动——中国国家自主贡献气候变化是当今人类社会面临的共同挑战。

工业革命以来的人类活动，特别是发达国家大量消费化石能源所产生的二氧化碳累积排放，导致大气中温室气体浓度显著增加，加剧了以变暖为主要特征的全球气候变化。

气候变化对全球自然生态系统产生显著影响，温度升高、海平面上升、极端气候事件频发给人类生存和发展带来严峻挑战。

气候变化作为全球性问题，需要国际社会携手应对。

多年来，各缔约方在《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称公约）实施进程中，按照共同但有区别的责任原则、公平原则、各自能力原则，不断强化合作行动，取得了积极进展。

为进一步加强公约的全面、有效和持续实施，各方正在就2020年后的强化行动加紧谈判磋商，以期于2015年年底在联合国气候变化巴黎会议上达成协议，开辟全球绿色低碳发展新前景，推动世界可持续发展。

中国是拥有13多亿人口的发展中国家，是遭受气候变化不利影响最为严重的国家之一。

中国正处在工业化、城镇化快速发展阶段，面临着发展经济、消除贫困、改善民生、保护环境、应对气候变化等多重挑战。

积极应对气候变化，努力控制温室气体排放，提高适应气候变化的能力，不仅是中国保障经济安全、能源安全、生态安全、粮食安全以及人民生命财产安全，实现可持续发展的内在要求，也是深度参与全球治理、打造人类命运共同体、推动全人类共同发展的责任担当。

根据公约缔约方会议相关决定，在此提出中国应对气候变化的强化行动和措施，作为中国为实现公约第二条所确定目标做出的、反映中国应对气候变化最大努力的国家自主贡献，同时提出中国对2015年协议谈判的意见，以推动巴黎会议取得圆满成功。

一、中国强化应对气候变化行动目标长期以来，中国高度重视气候变化问题，把积极应对气候变化作为国家经济社会发展的重大战略，把绿色低碳发展作为生态文明建设的重要内容，采取了一系列行动，为应对全球气候变化作出了重要贡献。

2009年向国际社会宣布：到2020年单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到15%左右，森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷，森林蓄积量比2005年增加13亿立方米。

中国应对全球气候变暖的政策与行动全球气候变暖是一个持续而严重的问题，对环境和人类社会都带来了巨大的挑战。

作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国积极参与全球气候治理，采取了一系列政策与行动来应对气候变暖问题。

本文将重点介绍中国应对全球气候变暖的政策与行动，并探讨其效果与未来的发展方向。

一、碳排放减少政策为了减少温室气体的排放，中国制定了一系列政策来推动碳排放的减少。

首先是建立和完善碳排放权交易市场，通过市场机制来调控排放行为。

中国还出台了排放标准和限额，推动高耗能、高污染行业进行技术创新和结构调整。

此外，中国积极推广清洁能源，加大对可再生能源和低碳技术的研发和应用，鼓励企业减少化石能源的使用，提高能源利用效率。

二、森林保护与恢复森林是地球上的重要碳汇，对缓解气候变暖起着关键作用。

为了保护和恢复森林资源，中国采取了多项政策与行动。

例如，中国推出了天然林保护工程，严格控制天然林的采伐，并大力推动造林工作。

中国还实施了重点生态功能区划，保护生态脆弱地区，恢复湿地和草地。

这些政策和行动有助于增加森林覆盖率，吸收更多的二氧化碳，减少温室气体的排放。

三、推动低碳交通交通运输是温室气体排放的重要来源之一。

中国在应对全球气候变暖问题中也采取了一系列措施来推动低碳交通。

首先是大力发展公共交通系统，增加城市轨道交通和电动公交车的投资，减少汽车的使用。

其次是推广绿色交通技术，鼓励使用新能源汽车和改善燃油汽车的燃烧效率。

此外，中国还加强了对交通管理的监管，推行交通拥堵收费，减少车辆拥堵排放。

四、国际合作与对话中国积极参与国际气候谈判和合作，为全球气候治理作出了重要贡献。

中国政府制定了自身的减排目标，并定期向联合国提交减排情况报告。

中国还积极参与联合国气候变化框架公约下的各项工作，与各国共同推进全球气候治理进程。

此外，中国还举办了多次气候变化国际会议，促进各国间的经验分享与合作。

五、未来发展方向尽管中国已经采取了一系列政策与行动来应对气候变暖，但仍然面临一些挑战和困难。