瑞士莱姆高精度电流传感器ITZ Ultrastab family

4N E x t G E N E R a t i O NB U S B A R m O d u L E!VSPL/ENG/SC/106-Rev00Dimensions in mmsales @ THIS DATASHEET IS APPLICABLE FOR: elDora VSP.60.aaa.03 (aaa=250-270)CautiON: READ SAFETY AND INSTALLATION MANUAL BEFORE USING THE PRODUCT.Specifications included in this datasheet are subject to change without notice. Electrical data without guarantee. Please confirm your exact requirement with the company representative while placing your order.Performance WarrantyIV CurvesDS-60-P-4BB-E-R0135,3992956.44-7.5 × 7.5 / 2DRAIN HOLEJUNCTION BOX LABEL1000+–2–4⦰GROUNDINGHOLE8-6.5 × 1016-8 × 3.5VENT HOLEINSTALLINGHOLESIDE VIEWBACK VIEWSECTIONAL VIEW OF AL-PROFILE35.325.411.4164013608601000 W/m 2700 W/m 2400 W/m 2200 W/m 2100 W/m 2987654321C u r r e n t (A )VoltAge (V)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40100%90%80%70%60%1 YEAR27 YEARS1 year: 97.5%27 years: 80.1%Electrical Data 1 All data refers to STC (AM 1.5, 1000 W/m 2, 25 °C)Peak Power P max (Wp)250252.5255257.5260262.5265267.5270maximum Voltage V mpp (V)30.4930.5430.6230.7330.8430.8930.9230.9831.03maximum current I mpp (a)8.208.278.338.388.438.508.578.648.704open circuit Voltage V oc (V)37.4437.5137.5937.7737.9537.9038.1238.238.28Short circuit current I sc (a)8.758.808.848.888.938.989.039.099.15module efficiency (%)15.3715.5215.6715.8315.9816.1416.2916.4416.601) STC: 1000 W/m 2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, AM 1.5g spectrum according to EN 60904-3.Average relative efficiency reduction of 5% at 200 W/m 2 according to EN 60904-1.Electrical Parameters at NOCT 2Power (W)185.62187.25188.88191.65192.79193.49194.69196.02197.77V @P max (V)27.6527.6927.7227.7727.8227.8627.9027.9528.01I @P max (a) 6.72 6.77 6.82 6.87 6.93 6.96 6.987.027.06V oc (V)35.1635.2535.3535.3635.3635.4235.4835.5335.59I sc (a)7.067.117.167.207.247.317.377.437.492) NOCT irradiance 800 W/m 2, ambient temperature 20°C, wind speed 1 m/secTemperature Coefficients (Tc) permissible operating conditionsTc of open circuit Voltage (β)-0.31%/°CTc of Short circuit current (α)0.058%/°C Tc of Power (γ)-0.41%/°C maximum System Voltage 1000 V nocT45°C ± 2°C Temperature range-40°C to + 85°CMechanical Datalength × Width × Height 1640 × mm × 992 mm × 36 mm Weight 18 kgJunction Box IP67, 3 bypass diodescable & connectors 1000 mm length cables,SOLARLOK PV4 connectors (MC4 compatible)application class Class A (Safety class II)Superstrate High transmission low iron tempered glass, AR coated cells60 polycrystalline solar cells, 4 bus bars cell encapsulant EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)Back Sheet Composite filmframeAnodized aluminium frame with twin wall profile mechanical load Test 5400 Pa maximum Series fuse rating15 AWarranty and CertificationsProduct Warranty**10 yearsPerformance Warranty**Linear power warranty for 27 years with 2.5% for 1st year degradation and 0.67% from year 2 to year 27approvals and certificatesIEC 61215 Ed2*, IEC 61730*, IEC 61701*, IEC 62716*, CE*, MCS*, PV Cycle, IEC 62804*, CEC (Australia)*Packaging InformationQuantity /Pallet28Pallets/container (40'Hc)28Quantity/container (40'Hc)784* All (*) certifications under progress.** Refer to Vikram Solar’s warranty document for terms and conditions.TECHNICAL DATAELDORA PRIME SERIES。

----------专业最好文档，专业为你服务，急你所急，供你所需-------------莱姆（LEM ）电流互感器的电路1、LEM 电流互感器的原理解析在智能化较高的电子设备上，应用最多的是电子式电流互感器，其突出优点在于把普通电流传感器与霍尔元件、电子电路有机地结合起来，既沿袭了普通传感器测量范围宽的长处，又发挥了电子电路反应速度快的优势。

而且大拓展了其应用范围，可用于交流、直流及脉动电流进行测量。

该类电子式传感器，有些为非标产品，系变频器生产厂家自行制作的，通用性较差。

近年来也有一些厂家专门生产通用性较好的电子式电流传感器，本机例所采用的是莱姆电流传感器（由瑞士LEM 公司推出的产品）。

其外型、内部电路板和原理框图如图1所示。

a ）LEM 电流互感器外型b ）LEM 电流互感器内部结构c ）LEM 电流互感器内部原理框图图1 LEM 电流互感器外型、内部结构和原理框图LEM 有源电流互感器（以下简称LEM 电流互感器）为中间有透孔，三引线端的方形塑封器件，中间透孔供穿过变频器的输出电流引线，作为电流互感器的原边，穿绕匝数一般为1匝；三引线端，其中两引线为供电电源引入，一引脚为电流检测信号输出。

其内部结构含带空隙铁心（空隙处供放置霍尔元件）、副边线圈、电子电路板。

输出电流信号在外置负载电阻上，可以转化为表征着输出电流大小的线性电压信号。

LEM （LA108-P 型）电流互感器测绘电路，如图9-4所示。

注：为便于原理分析，图中元件序号为作者所添加。

图2 LEM （LA108-P 型）电流互感器测绘电路图LEM 电流互感器的工作原理（参见图9-3c ）电路与图9-4电路）：LEM 电流互感器的原理是磁场平衡式的，由闭环控制完成零磁通检测的任务。

即主电流回路所产生的磁场，通过一个次线线圈L1（1000匝，直流电阻99Ω）的电流所产生的磁场进行了补偿，使霍尔器件U1始终处于检测零磁通的工作状态。

当主回路有一大电流Ip流过时，在导体周围产生相应的电磁场Hp，穿过磁场的磁力线被聚集环聚集，并作用于霍尔器件，霍尔器件U1产生电流信号输出；此电流信号经信号放大器U2（差分放大器）放大，输入至功率放大电路（由VT1、VT2构成的互补放大器），从而产生一个流经L1的补偿电流Is。

家庭ごみと区別して処分してくとができます。

とができます。

当社は、電子機器法に従って環境にやさ将使用过的电气和电子设备，包括电缆、配件和电池，与家庭垃圾分开处理。

2006 年 3 月 23 日后从我公司购买的电子设备可以退还给我们。

我们将根据相应的欧盟指令 WEEE（报废电子电气设备指令）和德国国家 - 电子电气设备法案 ElektroG 以环境友好的方式处
関連製品のページの/products からダウンロードできます。

に指定されている標準規格と技術デー当製品の確認に使用した測定機器が、国の基準に基づ我们声明该产品是符合标准和我们的销售文件（操作说明书，传单，目录等）上提供的技术数据。

我们保证对该产品用测量设备进行了检验，并得到我们品质部门的保证，此件产品是符合国际标准
特に技術的改善その他の開発を予告なしに実施する権利を保有しています。

(cN) 700 600。

Phone: 440-248-1200 • Fax:440-248-5426LABORATORYGRADE INSTRUMENTSTHRULINE ®High-Accuracy RF Power MeterOur Model 4421 power meter is an excellent choice for demanding calibration,process control and scientific applications. It directly measures power with anaccuracy of ±3% of reading without calibration charts, couplers, attenuators, or other external equipment which can degrade accuracy.The backlit 31⁄2-digit LCD displays forward and reflected power in either wattsor dBm, VSWR, return loss in dBm and Minimum or Maximum values. Ranging is selectable manual or autoranging. An optional GPIB or RS-232 computer interface can be used with the Model 4421 during AC operation.Smart Power Sensors (see below) are required for operation. Each covers an extended frequency and power range. The microprocessor based sensors contain nonvolatile memory to store calibration data, and can easily be recalibrated in the field.Power Range: 100 mW to 10 kW FS Frequency Range: 100 kHz to 2.5 GHz VSWR Range: 1.0 – 199.9Functions: Forward and reflected power in W or dBm, VSWR, return loss in dB and min/max values Ranging: Selectable manual or autoranging. Power sensor dependent.Overrange Indication: Audible warning when RF power input exceeds 120% of sensor’s maximum power range.Display: 31⁄2digit-liquid crystal display with annunciator for mode, measurement units, battery condition, programming status, and trend arrows. Switchable backlight.Operating Power: AC mains or batteries. 115/230 Vac, 50/60 Hz or 8 nickel cadmium 1.2 V C cells (NEDA type 10014).Nominal Size: 129⁄32" L ×125⁄32" W ×41⁄4" H (312 mm x 309 mm ×108 mm) with handle extended 157⁄16"L (392 mm)Weight: 11 lbs. (5 kg.)Interconnects: 1 meter latch-n-lok coiled cable.Interfaces: Optional field-installable IEEE-488 (PN: 4421-488) or RS-232 serial interface (PN: 4421-232). Dimensions: 41⁄2" ×61⁄2" (114 ×165 mm)Required Product: Order a Smart RF Power Sensor below Recommended Accessories: Case (page 7)Circuitry: Microprocessor-based measurement and conversion.Frequency/Power Coverage: Single power sensor covers specified power and frequency range.Bi-directional Operation: Pick up of RF power in precision 50-ohm line.Accuracy: ±3% of reading from rated maximum range down to 30% of full scale on the most sensitive range.Signal Purity: For rated accuracy, no more than 1% AM; harmonics –50 dB or less.Calibration T echnique: Calibration vs frequency curve stored in nonvolatile memory withineach sensor. Sensor output corrected at fre-quency of measurement within rated stage.Sampling Rate: Approximately 2 readings/second.Ambient T emperature Range: Temperature compensated for rated accuracy from 0˚C to 50˚C (32˚F to 122˚F).Connectors: QC-type. Female N normally supplied; Other coaxial-type connectors available on page 60.Nominal Size: (includes connectors) 57⁄32" L ×21⁄2" W ×31⁄4" H (132.5 mm ×64 mm ×83 mm).Weight: 1 lb. 11 oz. (0.76 kg).。

ST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheet2-Pin MIL Connector(Option D=4)The ST5484E is a self-contained seismic velocity transmitter that incorporates a piezoelectric accelerometer, signal integrator, RMS peak detector, and a 4-20 mA signal conditioner into a single package. It can be mounted directly on a machine case or bearing housing without intervening signal conditioning equipment. The amplitude of the integrated acceleration (velocity) signal is con -verted to a proportional 4-20 mA signal compatible with industrial process control instrumentation such as PLCs, DCSs, and SCADA systems that can provide trending and/or alarming capabilities for a simplified vibration monitoring strategy.When the flying lead or terminal block connector options are chosen, the transmitter does not need a separate environmental housing and can directly accept conduit. To reduce installed cost, it can be used with barriers for intrinsically safe installations, or wired directly to explosion-proof conduit fittings for explosion- proof installations.Need A Local Display?When continuous, local indication of vibra -tion levels is required at the transmitter, the Metrix ST5491E provides these capabilities.Its sensing and transmitter elements are similar to the ST5484E, but it includes a convenient 2½ digit LCD display in an integral conduit elbow and is rated for use in temperatures from -10o C to +70o C. Refer to Metrix datasheet 1004598 for ordering information and de -tailed specifications.A vibration transmitter may be appropriate in applications where a stand-alone monitoring system may not be warranted.The ST5484E handles general-purpose vibration measurements on a wide range of rotating and reciprocating machinery with ro -tative speeds between 120- and 6,000-rpm. Seismic measure -ments are suitable for machines with rolling-element bearings because shaft vibration in such machines is usually transmitted directly through the bearing to the bearing housing without sub -stantial damping or attenuation. Seismic transducers can also measure vibration that does not originate at the shaft, such as bearing-related wear and defects, footing/foundation problems, piping resonances that are coupled to the machine, etc.Why Measure Velocity?Acceleration and displacement levels are heavily influenced by the frequencies at which the vibration is occurring, while velocity levels are much less influenced. Thus, although acceleration,velocity, and displacement measurements are inter-related math -ematically, seismic velocity measurements tend to be more con -sistent over a wide range of frequencies than either displacement or acceleration. Consequently, broadband (sometimes called “overall” or “unfiltered”) velocity measurements are appropriate for monitoring many machines as a reliable indicator of damag -ing vibratory energy, with the notable exception of machines with fluid-film bearings, which are usually better addressed by shaft-observing proximity probes.Casing displacement is not a practical measurement to make directly and is typically just an integrated seismic velocity mea -surement. As such, the primary decision when selecting a seis -mic sensor will usually be whether to measure casing velocity or casing acceleration. As noted above, casing velocity will often be more appropriate because it tends to be a more reliable indicator of damaging vibratory energy over a broad frequency spectrum for low- to medium-speed machinery.Flying Leads(Option D=0, 1, 5, or 6) (2-wire shown; 4-wire also available)2-Pin Terminal Block(Option D=2)4-Pin Terminal Block(Option D=3)1180OVERVIEWAPPLICATIONSNote: Units sold with an explosion proof rating will in -clude a conduit elbow:8200-000 IEC for ATEX/IECEx/INMETRO/KOSHA/EAC8200-000 for CSAExplosion Proof Versionswith Option D≠4ST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheetNOTE: For machines with fluid-film bearings, shaft- observing proximity probes will provide more effective vibration measurements than seismic transducers due to the rotor dynamics of the machine and the attenuation of vibratory energy through a fluid-film boundary. Accord -ingly, Metrix recommends and provides proximity probes and associated 4-20 mA transmitters or monitoring systems for such applications.For machines with rolling element bearings and running above 6,000 rpm, and/or where impulsive casing vibration occurs, acceleration may be a better measurement. In such situations, it is recommended that you consult witha Metrix sales professional who can review your application and assist with selection of the proper transducer type and associated transmitter or monitoring system.• RFI/EMI Immunity – Enhanced circuit design and installa -tion techniques aggressively filter out noise from common sources such as handheld radios•Excellent Moisture Resistance – The 2-pin MIL connec -tor version is hermetically sealed to provide an IP67-rated enclosure. Flying lead and terminal block versions are fully potted and rated to IP66 when installed with optional IEC conduit elbow• Hazardous Area Approvals – North American (CSA), Brazil -ian (INMETRO), and European (ATEX & IEC) approvals avail -able•Dynamic Signal Availability – 2-wire versions provide a 4-20 mA velocity- proportional signal for easy connection to PLCs, DCSs, and other plant control systems. Optional 4-wire ver -sions 1 also provide the raw acceleration signal (100 mV/g) for use with vibration data collectors and analyzers • Variety of Connection Options – Flying leads, terminal block, and MIL-type connectors available• Conduit-Ready 2 – Terminal block and flying lead options have conduit threads on top of sensor. No special housings are required for connection of conduit•Rugged, Industrial Design – Robust construction offers out -standing durability; built-in base and housing strain protec -tion helps ensure that over-torqueing sensor-to- machine and sensor-to-conduit connections won’t damage internals or body•High- and Low-Pass Filter Options – The ST5484E can be ordered with a wide variety of low- and high-pass filter options to precisely tailor the band over which vibration is measured•Polarity-Independent Wiring – Metrix patented IPT® tech -nology allows loop power to be connected without regard to voltage polarity, reducing field wiring errors and ensuring that the raw acceleration output 1 is not phase inverted • Multiple Mounting Options – Integral and removablemounting stud options available in both metric and English thread sizes; flat base mounting adapters are also available • Loop-Powered – Runs on nominal 24 V DC power supplied by the 4-20 mA current loop•Wide Supply Voltage Range – Accepts loop power voltages from 11 to 29.6 V DC (intrinsically safe) or 30.0 V DC (explosion proof & non-incendive)• RMS Amplitude Detection – Measures Root Mean Square (RMS) vibration amplitude. Options available for True RMS or scaled RMS (RMS x √2) for “derived peak”•Numerous Full Scale Ranges – The full scale ranges provid -ed in option AAA reflect frequently-ordered ranges; how -ever, many others (too numerous to list) are also available. Consult factory for applications requiring other full scale rangesNotes:1. Dynamic raw acceleration signal available with 4-wire versions only(ordering options D= 1 and D=3).2. Metrix recommends flexible (rather than solid) conduit when pos -sible. Solid conduit can introduce preload forces on the sensor andalter of the vibration response of the sensor.All specifications are at +25°C (+77°F) and +24 V DC supply voltage unless otherwise noted.FEATURESSPECIFICATIONSST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheetST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheetA A AB BCD -ST5484E- - -FE ORDERING INFORMATIONST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheetNOTES:1. Smaller-diameter mounting studs are not able to withstand sus -tained ambient vibration levels above2.0 in/sec. Consult Table 2 for allowable combinations of A and B options.2. The ST5484E uses an RMS amplitude detection circuit. Full scaleranges in peak units use scaled RMS (i.e., RMS x √2). The “derived peak” measurements will equal true peak only under the special case of a pure sinusoid, not complex vibration signals.3. Hazardous Area Certifications are not compatible with all connec -tion types. Consult Table 3 for allowable combinations of C & D options.4. Some approvals require intrinsic safety barriers, others requireExplosion-Proof wiring practices. Refer to Table 4.5. Refer to the Accessories section of this document. Units sold withan explosion proof rating will include an 8200-000 IEC or 8200-000 explosion proof elbow that will be affixed at the factory.6. High- and Low-Pass filter corners for standard filters must beseparated by at least one octave (low-pass frequency must be at least twice the high-pass frequency). All combinations are allowed except E = 6 and F = 4, 5, or 6. Custom filters with closer separa -tion and/or different roll-offs may be available in some instances.Consult the factory if custom filters are required.Conduit elbows are used with flying leads and terminal block versions of the ST5484E transmitter. They are not compatible with MIL-connector versions of the transmitter. A variety of available configurations accommodate English and metric conduit thread sizes, hazardous area approvals, materials of construction, and IP ratings. Note that not all configurations are available with hazardous area approvals or IP ratings. Consult the ordering information below. For ST5484E’s that need an explosion proof (Ex d) rating, that are utiliz -ing flying leads, Option D=0, 1, 5, & 6, will have an attached 8200 conduit elbow and must be used with a certified junction box or other certified connection location. For ST5484E’s that need an explosion proof (Ex d) rating, utilizing integral terminal block, Option D=2 & 3, no junction box is necessary. Table 4 in the datasheet relates what hazardous area (Option C) is allowed per ST5484E Connection (Op -tion D). ST5484E sold with an explosion proof rating (Ex d) will include a 8200 explosion proof elbow and will be affixed at the factory.Copper-free aluminum elbows (all models except AAA=005)Elbow made from 6061-T6 aluminium which is considered a marine grade aluminium and powder coated in epoxy.Stainless steel elbows (models AAA=005)A A A -B 8200- NOTES:1. CSA approved through manufacturer (not Metrix) for the following areas:Class I, Div. 1 (Grps C & D) Class II, Div. 1 (Grps E, F & G) Class III2. B=IEC is only available for AAA=001, 003, and 008 at this time3. ATEX approved through manufacturer (not Metrix), (B=IEC)ITS09ATEX16417UEx II2G, Ex d IIC CML 16ATEX1325X Ex II2GD, Ex db IIB Gb, Ex tb IIIC Db IP65 minimum 4. IECEx approved through manufacturer (not Metrix)IECExITS09.0024UEx d IIC IECEx QPS 16.0012X Ex db IIB Gb, Ex tb IIIC IP665. Elbow 8200-AAA-IEC is required for ST5484E installations meetingATEX/IECEx/INMETRO/KOSHA/EAC Ex d (flameproof) hazardous area certificationsUL approved through manufacturer (not Metrix) for the following areas: Class I; Div. 1 (Grps. B, C, D)Class II; Div. 1 (Grps. E, F, G)NOTE: Dielectric grease must be applied on the rubber boot connector to prevent moisture ingression.NOTE: Dielectric grease must be applied on the rubber boot connectorST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheet7084-001Flange Mount AdapterAdapts ½” NPT mounting stud on ST5484E to 3-hole flat-base pattern. Hole pattern is three equally spaced 0.26” diameter holes on 1.5” diameter circle. Adapter is 2” diameter x 0.75” thick. Material: 303 stainless steel 7084-002Flange Mount AdapterSame as 7084-001 except center hole adapts ¼” NPT stud on the 5484E.7084-005Flange Mount AdapterSame as 7084-001 except center hole adapts ⅜ x 24 UNF stud on the 5484E.8253-002½” NPT to ¼” NPT Reducer BushingAdapts ¼” NPT stud on ST5484E (B=0) to ½” NPT mounting hole.Material: 303 stainless steel93818-004Cable Grip Strain Relief FittingUsed primarily with 8978 cable assemblies where cable enters junction box. ¾” NPT male thread to cable grip. Fits cable diameters from 0.156” to 0.25”. Complete with sealing ring and locknut. Hot dip / mechanically galvanized fin -ish. Suitable for NEMA 4 junction boxes.93818-018Cable Grip Strain Relief FittingSimilar to 93818-004, but fits larger cable diameters from 0.4”to 0.5”, such as customer-supplied cables used with terminal block versions of ST5484E (D = 2 or 3).OUTLINE DIAGRAMSFigure 1: Outline dimensions of the ST5484E (all versions except MIL-Style Connector). Dimensions in mm [inches]. Optional* 8200-001 conduit elbow shown installed.* NOTE: 8200-000-IEC elbow is mandatory for ATEX/IECEx/INMETRO/KOSHA/EAC Ex d (flameproof) approved installations. The 8200-000 elbow is mandatory for CSA Ex d (flameproof) approved installations.Figure 2: Outline dimensions of theST5484E-XXX-XX4-XX (MIL-Style Connec -tor). Dimensions in mm [inches].ST5484E Seismic Velocity 4-20 mA TransmitterDatasheetWIRING CONNECTIONS+ AND – SYMBOLSARE NOT ON LABELFigure 3: Typical installation for a single ST5484E seismic vibration transmitter.Figure 4: Typical installation for multiple ST5484E seismic vibration transmitters.ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATIONTrademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners.Data and specifications subject to change without notice.© 2014 Metrix Instrument Co., L.P .。

莱姆推出新品IN 1000-S，拓宽了高精度传感器的量程
1000A的DC、AC或脉冲电流
-40 ~ +85ºC）
极低的零漂（全温度范围内达19.5ppm）
优异的线性度（全温度范围内达3ppm）
极低噪声与高精度（全温度范围），得益于莱姆专利磁通门技术
莱姆拓宽高精度传感器的量程，推出新品IN 1000-S，无插入损耗，可隔离测量1000A的直流、交流以及脉冲电流。

莱姆完善磁通门技术，去年已推出此系列的第一个产品2000A。

传统1000A高精度传感器温度范围通常+10到+40或+50°C，IN 1000-S拓宽其温度范围至-40到+85°C，使其可用于更宽的应用领域，而不仅限于实验室，这些应用包括：传统工业应用测试仪、医疗设备（例如，MRI、质子疗法等）、高精度电机控制器以及计量设备。

莱姆采用专利创新技术于此新型传感器上，在数字领域中处理最大信号，新型磁通门技术架构消除磁通门驱动频率纹波，从而得到结构紧凑、宽温度范围内保持高精度以及相比上一代更低噪声水平的传感器。

在数字领域中处理信号可以完全免除模拟转数字处理之后的温度效应、干扰以及供电电压变化所产生的影响，改善了零点与零漂。

通过使用DSP数字信号处理器降低了固定频率下磁通门驱动信号中的干扰或纹波，同时降低了高频谐波。

剩余的干扰可通过纹波补偿线圈消除，此线圈的幅度与相位可以通过各个传感器的校准调节。

校准之后，全温度范围-40 OC到85 OC内，全量程范围内的传感器输出，其剩余纹波峰峰值低于34ppm。

这些创新使得IN 1000-S在拓宽的温度范围内具有优异的性能表现：全温度范围内极高的精度，优于3ppm的线性度以及19.5ppm的低零漂。

General DescriptionThe MAX4172 is a low-cost, precision, high-side current-sense amplifier for portable PCs, telephones, and other systems where battery/DC power-line monitoring is critical. High-side power-line monitoring is especially useful in battery-powered systems, since it does not interfere with the battery charger’s ground path. Wide bandwidth and ground-sensing capability make the device suitable for closed-loop battery-charger and general-purpose current-source applications. The 0 to 32V input common-mode range is independent of the supply voltage, which ensures that current-sense feedback remains viable, even when connected to a battery in deep discharge.T o provide a high level of flexibility, the MAX4172 functions with an external sense resistor to set the range of load current to be monitored. It has a current output that can be converted to a ground-referred voltage with a single resistor, accommodating a wide range of battery voltages and currents.An open-collector power-good output (PG ) indicates when the supply voltage reaches an adequate level to guarantee proper operation of the current-sense amplifier. The MAX4172 operates with a 3.0V to 32V supply voltage, and is available in a space-saving, 8-pin μMAX ® or SO package.Applications●Portable PCs: Notebooks/Subnotebooks/Palmtops ●Battery-Powered/Portable Equipment●Closed-Loop Battery Chargers/Current Sources ●Smart-Battery Packs ●Portable/Cellular Phones●Portable Test/Measurement Systems●Energy Management SystemsBenefits and Features●Ideal for High-Side Monitoring• 3V to 32V Supply Operation• ±0.5% Typical Full-Scale Accuracy Over T emperature • High Accuracy +2V to +32V Common-Mode Range, Functional Down to 0V, Independent of Supply Voltage• 800kHz Bandwidth [V SENSE = 100mV (1C)]• 200kHz Bandwidth [V SENSE = 6.25mV (C/16)] ●Minimizes Board Space Requirements• μMAX and SO Packages19-1184; Rev 5; 12/20μMAX is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.Click here to ask about the production status of specific part numbers.+Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.Ordering InformationTypical Operating CircuitPin ConfigurationPART TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE MAX4172ESA+-40°C to +85°C 8 SO MAX4172EUA+-40°C to +85°C 8 μMAX MAX4172GUA+-40°C to +105°C8 µMAXMAX4172Low-Cost, Precision, High-SideCurrent-Sense AmplifierV+, RS+, RS-, PG .................................................-0.3V to +36V OUT .............................................................-0.3V to (V+ + 0.3V)Differential Input Voltage, V RS+ - V RS- ..........................±700mV Current into Any Pin .........................................................±50mA Continuous Power Dissipation (T A = +70°C)SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C) ........................471mW μMAX (derate 4.10mW/°C above +70°C) ...................330mWOperating Temperature RangeMAX4172E_A .................................................-40°C to +85°C MAX4172G_A ...............................................-40°C to +105°C Storage Temperature Range ............................-65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C Soldering Temperature (reflow) .......................................+260°C(V+ = +3V to +32V; V RS+, V RS- = 0 to 32V; T A = T MIN to T MAX ; unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = +12V, V RS+ = 12V, T A = +25°C.)Absolute Maximum RatingsStresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.Electrical CharacteristicsPARAMETER SYMBOLCONDITIONSMIN TYPMAX UNITS Operating Voltage Range V+332V Input Voltage Range V RS-0032V Supply Current I V+I OUT = 0mA0.8 1.6mAInput Offset VoltageV OS V+ = 12V, V RS+ = 12V MAX4172ESA ±0.1±0.75mV MAX4172EUA±0.2±1.6V RS+ ≤ 2.0V4Positive Input Bias Current I RS+V RS+ > 2.0V, I OUT = 0mA 02742.5µA V RS+ ≤ 2.0V, I OUT = 0mA -325+42.5Negative Input Bias CurrentI RS-V RS+ > 2.0V 05085µA V RS+ ≤ 2.0V-65085Maximum V SENSE Voltage 150175mV Low-Level Current ErrorV SENSE = 6.25mV, V+ = 12V,V RS+ = 12V (Note 1)MAX4172ESA ±8.0µAMAX4172EUA ±15Output Current ErrorV SENSE = 100mV, V+ = 12V,V RS+ = 12VMAX4172ESA, T A = -40°C to 0°C±20µAMAX4172EUA,T A = -40°C to 0°C ±50MAX4172ESA,T A = 0°C to +105°C ±10MAX4172EUA,T A = 0°C to +105°C±15OUT Power-Supply Rejection Ratio ΔI OUT /ΔV+3V ≤ V+ ≤ 32V, V RS+ > 2.0V0.2μA/V OUT Common-Mode Rejection RatioΔI OUT /ΔV RS+ 2.0V < V RS+ < 32V0.03μA/VCurrent-Sense Amplifier(V+ = +3V to +32V; V RS+, V RS- = 0 to 32V; T A = T MIN to T MAX ; unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at V+ = +12V, V RS+ = 12V, T A = +25°C.)Note 1: 6.25mV = 1/16 of typical full-scale sense voltage (C/16).Note 2: Valid operation of the MAX4172 is guaranteed by design when PG is low.(V+ = +12V, V RS+ = 12V, R OUT = 1kΩ, T A = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)Electrical Characteristics (continued)Typical Operating Characteristics1.00.9010OUTPUT ERROR vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE0.30.40.20.10.80.7V+ (V)E R R O R (%)20300.60.54086-610C/16 LOAD OUTPUT ERROR vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE-4-242V+ (V)E R R O R (%)2030040105095045010SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE650550850V+ (V)Q U I E S C E N T S U P P L Y C U R R E N T (μA )203075040PARAMETER SYMBOLCONDITIONSMINTYPMAX UNITS Maximum Output Voltage (OUT)I OUT ≤ 1.5mA V+ - 1.2V BandwidthV SENSE = 100mV800kHz V SENSE = 6.25mV (Note 1)200Maximum Output Current I OUT 1.5 1.75mA Transconductance G mG m = I OUT /(V RS+ - V RS-),V SENSE = 100mV , V RS+ > 2.0V T A = 0°C to +105°C 9.81010.2mA/V T A = -40°C to 0°C 9.71010.3V+ Threshold for PG Output Low (Note 2)V+ rising 2.77V V+ falling2.67PG Output Low Voltage V OL I SINK = 1.2mA, V+ = 2.9V, T A = +25°C 0.4V Leakage Current into PG V+ = 2.5V, T A = +25°C 1µA Power-Off Input Leakage Current (RS+, RS-)V+ = 0V, V RS+ = V RS- = 32V 0.11µA OUT Rise Time V SENSE = 0 to 100mV, 10% to 90%400ns OUT Fall TimeV SENSE = 100mV to 0mV, 90% to 10%800ns OUT Settling Time to 1%V SENSE = 5mV to 100mV Rising 1.3µs Falling6OUT Output ResistanceV SENSE = 150mV20MΩCurrent-Sense Amplifier(V+ = +12V, V RS+ = 12V, R OUT = 1kΩ, T A = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)40-50.1m10m 100m1m1ERROR vs. SENSE VOLTAGE0M A X 4172-04V SENSE (V)E R R O R (%)1051520253035350.010.11101001000POWER-SUPPLY REJECTION RATIOvs. FREQUENCY5POWER-SUPPLY FREQUENCY (kHz)E R R O R (%)151********.00.6-1.80842832OUTPUT ERRORvs. COMMON MODE VOLTAGE-1.4-1.00.2-0.2V+ (V)O U T P U T E R R O R (%)121620-0.6242.982.882.38-50-250125V+ THRESHOLD FOR PG OUTPUT LOWvs. TEMPERATURE2.782.682.582.48M A X 4172-07TEMPERATURE (°C)V + T R I P T H R E S H O L D (V )25507510010µs/div0 to 10mV V SENSE TRANSIENT RESPONSEGNDV SENSE 5mV/divV OUT 50mV/divGNDMAX4172-0810µs/div0 to 100mV V SENSE TRANSIENT RESPONSEGNDV SENSE 50mV/divV OUT 500mV/divGNDMAX4172-09Current-Sense Amplifier(V+ = +12V, V RS+ = 12V, R OUT = 1kΩ, T A = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)Detailed DescriptionThe MAX4172 is a unidirectional, high-side current-sense amplifier with an input common-mode range that is independent of supply voltage. This feature not only allows the monitoring of current flow into a battery in deep discharge, but also enables high-side current sensing at voltages far in excess of the supply voltage (V+).The MAX4172 current-sense amplifier’s unique topology simplifies current monitoring and control. The MAX4172’s amplifier operates as shown in Figure 1. The battery/load current flows through the external sense resistor(R SENSE ), from the RS+ node to the RSnode. Current flows through R G1 and Q1, and into the current mirror, where it is multiplied by a factor of 50 before appearing at OUT.To analyze the circuit of Figure 1, assume that current flows from RS+ to RS-, and that OUT is connected to GND through a resistor. Since A1’s inverting input is high impedance, no current flows though R G2 (neglecting the input bias current), so A1’s negative input is equal to V SOURCE - (I LOAD x R SENSE ). A1’s open-loop gain forces its positive input to essentially the same voltage level as the negative input. Therefore, the drop across R G1 equalsPin DescriptionTypical Operating Characteristics (continued)5µs/divSTARTUP DELAYGNDV OUT 500mV/divV+2V/divGNDV SENSE = 100mVMAX4172-1010ms/divV+ to PG POWER-UP DELAYGNDPG 2V/divV+2V/divGND100kW PULLUP RESISTOR FROM PG TO +4VMAX4172-11PIN NAME FUNCTION1RS+Power connection to the external sense resistor. The “+” indicates the direction of current flow.2RS-Load-side connection for the external sense resistor. The “-” indicates the direction of current flow.3, 4N.C.No Connect. No internal connection. Leave open or connect to GND.5GND Ground6OUT Current Output. OUT is proportional to the magnitude of the sense voltage (V RS+ - V RS-). A 1kΩresistor from OUT to ground will result in a voltage equal to 10V/V of sense voltage.7PG Power Good Open-Collector Logic Output. A low level indicates that V+ is sufficient to power the MAX4172, and adequate time has passed for power-on transients to settle out.8V+Supply Voltage Input for the MAX4172Current-Sense AmplifierI LOAD x R SENSE. Then, since I RG1 flows through R G1, I RG1 x R G1 = I LOAD x R SENSE. The internal current mirror multiplies I RG1 by a factor of 50 to give I OUT = 50 x I RG1. Substituting I OUT/50 for I RG1, (I OUT/50) x R G1 = I LOAD x R SENSE, or:I OUT = 50 x I LOAD x (R SENSE/R G1)The internal current gain of 50 and the factory-trimmed resistor R G1 combine to result in the device’s transcon-ductance (G m) of 10mA/V. G m is defined as being equal to I OUT/(V RS+ - V RS-). Since (V RS+ - V RS-) = I LOAD x R SENSE, the output current (I OUT) can be calculated with the following formula:I OUT = G m x (V RS+ - V RS-) =(10mA/V) x (I LOAD x R SENSE)Current OutputThe output voltage equation for the MAX4172 is given below:V OUT = (G m) x (R SENSE x R OUT x I LOAD)where V OUT = the desired full-scale output voltage, I LOAD equals the full-scale current being sensed, R SENSE equals the current-sense resistor, R OUT equals the voltage-setting resistor, and G m equals the device’s transconductance (10mA/V).The full-scale output voltage range can be set by changing the R OUT resistor value, but the output voltage must be no greater than V+ - 1.2V. The above equation can be modified to determine the R OUT required for a particular full-scale range:R OUT = (V OUT)/(I LOAD x R SENSE x G m)OUT is a high-impedance current source that can be integrated by connecting it to a capacitive load.PG OutputThe PG output is an open-collector logic output that indicates the status of the MAX4172’s V+ power supply. A logic low on the PG output indicates that V+ is sufficient to power the MAX4172. This level is temperature dependent (see Typical Operating Characteristics graphs), and is typically 2.7V at room temperature. The internal PG comparator has a 100mV (typ) hysteresis to prevent possible oscillations caused by repeated toggling of the PG output, making the device ideal for power-management systems lacking soft-start capability. An internal delay (15μs, typ) in the PG comparator allows adequate time for power-on transients to settle out. The PG status indicator greatly simplifies the design of closed-loop systems by ensuring that the components in the control loop have sufficient voltage to operate correctly. Applications InformationSuggested Component Valuesfor Various ApplicationsThe Typical Operating Circuit is useful in a wide variety of applications. Table 1 shows suggested component values and indicates the resulting scale factors for various applications required to sense currents from 100mA to 10A.Adjust the R SENSE value to monitor higher/lower current levels. Select R SENSE using the guidelines and formulas in the following section.Figure 1. Functional DiagramCurrent-Sense AmplifierSense Resistor, R SENSEChoose R SENSE based on the following criteria:● Voltage Loss: A high R SENSE value causes the power-source voltage to degrade through IR loss. For minimal voltage loss, use the lowest R SENSE value.● Accuracy: A high R SENSE value allows lower currents to be measured more accurately. This is because offsets become less significant when the sense voltage is larger. For best performance, select R SENSE to provide approximately 100mV of sense voltage for the full-scale current in each application.● Efficiency and Power Dissipation: At high current levels, the I 2R losses in R SENSE can be significant. Take this into consideration when choosing the resistor value and its power dissipation (wattage) rating. Also, the sense resistor’s value might drift if it is allowed to heat up excessively.● Inductance: Keep inductance low if I SENSE has a large high-frequency component. Wire-wound resis-tors have the highest inductance, while metal film is somewhat better. Low-inductance metal-film resistors are also available. Instead of being spiral wrapped around a core, as in metal-film or wirewound resistors, they are a straight band of metal and are available in values under 1Ω.● Cost: If the cost of R SENSE is an issue, you might want to use an alternative solution, as shown in Figure 2. This solution uses the PCB traces to create a sense resistor. Because of the inaccuracies of the copper resistor, the full-scale current value must be adjusted with a potentiometer. Also, copper’s resistance temperature coefficient is fairly high (approximately 0.4%/°C).In Figure 2, assume that the load current to be measured is 10A, and that you have determined a 0.3-inchwide, 2-ounce copper to be appropriate. The resistivity of 0.1-inch-wide, 2-ounce (70μm thickness) copper is 30mΩ/ft. For 10A, you might want R SENSE = 5mΩ for a 50mV drop at full scale. This resistor requires about 2 inches of 0.1-inch-wide copper trace.Current-Sense Adjustment(Resistor Range, Output Adjust)Choose R OUT after selecting R SENSE . Choose R OUT to obtain the full-scale voltage you require, given the full-scale I OUT determined by R SENSE . OUT’s high impedance permits using R OUT values up to 200kΩ with minimal error. OUT’s load impedance (e.g., the input of an op amp or ADC) must be much greater than R OUT (e.g., 100 x R OUT ) to avoid degrading measurement accuracy.High-Current MeasurementThe MAX4172 can achieve high-current measurements by using low-value sense resistors, which can be paralleled to further increase the current-sense limit. As an alternative, PCB traces can be adjusted over a wide range.Figure 2. MAX4172 Connections Showing Use of PC BoardTable 1. Suggested Component ValuesFULL-SCALE LOAD CURRENT(A)CURRENT-SENSERESISTOR,RSENSE (mΩ)OUTPUTRESISTOR, ROUT(kΩ)FULL-SCALE OUTPUTVOLTAGE, V OUT (V)SCALE FACTOR,V OUT /ISENSE (V/A)0.11000 3.48 3.4834.81100 3.48 3.48 3.48520 3.48 3.480.69610103.483.48.348Current-Sense AmplifierPower-Supply Bypassing and GroundingIn most applications, grounding the MAX4172 requires no special precautions. However, in high-current systems, large voltage drops can develop across the ground plane, which can add to or subtract from V OUT. Use a single-point star ground for the highest currentmeasurement accuracy. The MAX4172 requires no special bypassing and responds quickly to transient changes in line current. If the noise at OUT caused by these transients is a problem, you can place a 1μF capacitor at the OUT pin to ground. You can also place a large capacitor at the RS terminal (or load side of the MAX4172) to decouple the load, reducing the current transients. These capacitors are not required for MAX4172 operation or stability. The RS+ and RS- inputs can be filtered by placing a capacitor (e.g., 1μF) between them to average the sensed current.Chip Information SUBSTRATE CONNECTED TO GNDPackage InformationFor the latest package outline information and land patterns (footprints), go to /packages. Note that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE OUTLINE ND PATTERN NO.SO S8+421-004190-0096μMAX U8+121-003690-0092Current-Sense AmplifierRevision HistoryREVISION NUMBER REVISION DATEDESCRIPTIONPAGES CHANGED012/96Initial release—16/10Clarified 0 to 2V is not a high-accuracy range for the device, removed futureproduct reference, added lead-free options and soldering temperature 1, 2210/12Revised the Package Information 835/15Revised Benefits and Features section146/16Added G-temp grade for 105°C operation and updated Typical Operating Characteristics section1–4512/20Updated the Package Information table8Maxim Integrated cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim Integrated product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim Integrated reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. The parametric values (min and max limits) shown in the Electrical Characteristics table are guaranteed. Other parametric values quoted in this data sheet are provided for guidance.Current-Sense AmplifierFor pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please visit Maxim Integrated’s online storefront at https:///en/storefront/storefront.html.。