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Section Ⅲ Grammar—现在完成时的被动语态语法图解探究发现①Over time I have been changed quite a lot.②Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for me.③The important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.④The ink has not been removed from the clothes.⑤Haven't your problem been solved?⑥How many buildings have been built in your school?[我的发现](1)以上例句中都使用了现在完成时的被动语态。
(2)以上例句中第①②③句是该时态的肯定句式；第④句是否定句式；第⑤句是一般疑问句式；第⑥句是特殊疑问句式。
一、结构Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.(2017·北京高考)今年美国已经报告了115例麻疹病例，而去年全年共189例。
The construction of the bridge has not been finished.桥的建设还没有完成。
Has the date for the next meeting been decided?下次会议的日期已决定了吗？How long has the battery not been changed?电池多久没有更换了？[即时演练1](1)变换句子The children have already been told the good news.①将上面的句子变为否定句。
Section Ⅲ Grammar—复习被动语态(Ⅱ)语法图解探究发现用所给词的适当形式填空1．I had already heard that George didn't like being_kept (keep)waiting, so even though I didn't have the right clothes on, I raced after him.2．As we drew closer, I could see a whale being_attacked(attack) by a pack of about six other killers.3．Being badly wounded (wound), the whale soon died.4．From James's face, I could see he was terrified of being_abandoned (abandon) by us.5．When we approached him, I saw James being firmly held (hold) in the water by Old Tom.[我的发现](1)以上各题皆用了动词ing 形式的被动语态。
(2)动词ing 形式的被动结构为：being_done；此结构可在句中充当宾语(如句1、4)、宾语补足语(如句2、5)和状语(如句3)等。
一、动词ing形式的被动式的使用条件如果动词ing 形式的逻辑主语与其所表示的动作是被动关系时，动词ing 形式要用被动式。
二、动词ing形式的被动式有一般式与完成式两种形式无论什么时候违反交通规则，马克总是想逃避受罚。
Having been surrounded for a month, the enemy had to give in.被包围一个月后，敌人不得不投降了。
18-19 Unit 3 Section ⅢGrammar——过去完成时Section ⅢGrammar——过去完成时[语境自主领悟]先观察原句后自主领悟①By the 1920s，he had become an explorer，searching for the tombs of the Egyptian kings.②I returned the book that I had borrowed.③Upon their entering the tomb，Cater's lucky pet bird，which he had left in Cairo，was swallowed by a snake.④Then，a few months after Carter had opened the tomb，Lord Carnarvon，who was also present when the tomb was opened，fell ill with a fever and died in Egypt.⑤He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.⑥I had been at school for half all hour when Li Lei came. 1.过去完成时的构成：had＋过去分词。
2.过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”如句①②③④。
3.过去完成时可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻，如句⑤⑥。
一、过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。
二、过去完成时的用法1．过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。
可以用by，before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可通过上下文来表示。
When the explorer hurried to the destination，the others had already left.当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。
18-19 Unit 2 Section ⅢGrammar——被动语态和动词不定式的被动形式Section ⅢGrammar——被动语态和动词不定式的被动形式[语境自主领悟]先观察原句后自主感悟1.It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife，Claire.2.By that time，Tony expected the house to be completely transformed.3.The women were impressed by Claire，the house and the delicious cuisine.4.What a sweet victory to be envied by those women！1.例句1中的黑体字部分为过去将来时的被动形式，其构成是was/were going to＋be＋done。
2.例句3中的黑体字部分为一般过去时的被动形式，其构成是was/were＋done。
3.例句2、4中的黑体字部分为动词不定式一般式的被动形式，其构成是to＋be ＋done。
英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。
一、被动语态的基本构成和用法被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。
下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。
时态被动结构一般现在时am/is/are＋done一般过去时was/were＋done一般将来时shall/will/am/is/are (going to)＋be＋done过去将来时should/would/was/were (going to)＋be＋done现在进行时am/is/are＋being＋done过去进行时was/were＋being＋done现在完成时have/has＋been＋done过去完成时had＋been＋done将来完成时shall/will＋have＋been＋done4．某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义有些动词如read，write，clean，wash，iron，burn，draw，cook，keep，cut，open，blow，peel，sell，act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well，easily，smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。
Section ⅢGrammar——被动语态[语境自主领悟]一、语态的概念英语中动词有主动语态(Active V oice)和被动语态(Passive V oice)之分。
如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。
Our English teacher encouraged Mary.我们英语老师鼓励了玛丽。
Mary was encouraged by our English teacher.玛丽受到了我们英语老师的鼓励。
上面第一句中的动词encouraged是主动语态；第二句中的动词was encouraged是被动语态。
二、被动语态的基本构成形式被动语态的基本结构是：“助动词be/get＋及物动词的过去分词”。
被动语态的谓语动词有各种时态变化，以动词take为例，其常见时态的被动形式如下表：残疾人在我们国家受到尊敬。
Tom's legs were badly injured in an accident last year.在去年的一次事故中，汤姆的双腿严重受伤。
A presentation will be given on the new products.将会有一场关于新产品的介绍会。
Besides，many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats.此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕捞船赶尽杀绝。
The advantages and disadvantages of this machine were being discussed when I went into the meeting room.当我走进会议室的时候，这台机器的优缺点正在被讨论。
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.那个消息一到就会被传达给那个士兵的妈妈。
Over the years several similar theories have been put forward.几年来已经有好几个类似理论相继被提出。
But to our surprise，the next morning，we were told that the money had been stolen.但令我们吃惊的是，第二天早上，我们被告知那些钱被偷了。
[即时训练1]用所给词的适当形式填空①I was given(give)a new book on my last birthday.②The room had been cleaned(clean)before we came.③The physics lesson will be taught (teach)in the lab tomorrow.④The flowers are being watered(water)by them now.⑤The giant panda is loved(love)by people throughout the world.⑥We won't start the work until all the preparationshave been made(make)．三、被动语态的特殊结构形式1．情态动词(may，might，can，could，should，ought to，must)＋be＋过去分词，构成被动语态。
Nowadays，solar energy can be used to produce electricity in many countries.现在太阳能在许多国家可以被用来发电。
A real sense of achievement and happiness may be felt.一种真正的成就感和幸福感可以被感觉到。
The pollution must be stopped.必须停止污染。
2．使役动词和感官动词的被动语态(1)在使役动词have，make，get以及感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加上to。
get，leave，cause等使役动词的宾语补足语是带to的不定式，变为被动语态时该不定式不变。
My father made me stay up late to finish my homework.(表示主动)I was made to stay up late to finish my homework by my father.(表示被动)(2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。
通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.他妈妈送给他一份生日礼物。
3．短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉它后面搭配的介词或副词。
It is said that a new railway station will be set up in my hometown.据说一个新的火车站将在我的家乡建起来。
The baby is being taken care of by his grandmother.这个婴儿正由他祖母照顾。
Such a strange story has never been heard of.这样奇怪的事情还从没有听说过。
[即时训练2]句型转换(每空一词)①Teachers can use RealCine in the classroom.→RealCine can be used in the classroom by teachers.②You needn't do it now.→It needn't be done(by you)now.③I didn't notice her enter the office.→She wasn't noticed to enter the office.④Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.→A stranger was seen to walk into the building.⑤My sister gave me a big cake.→I was given a big cake by my sister.⑥We should make good use of every chance.→Every chance should be made good use of．四、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1．主动形式表示被动意义(1)当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等系动词后面接形容词/名词构成系表结构时；当cut，read，sell，wear, write，wash，cook，shut，dry，drink等表示某种属性且带有修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、运动”等意义时。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来很香。
The book written by that famous writer sells very well.那位著名作家写的书很畅销。
(实际上是被卖得畅销)Cotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很柔软。
These cups clean easily.这些杯子很容易洗。
The museum doesn't open on Monday.博物馆星期一不开放。
[名师点津]下面的短语经常使用主动语态：come out，come into being，go off，run out，give out，give in。
(2)want，require，need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，或用不定式的被动形式。
These flowers want/require/need watering/to be watered.这些花需要浇水。
(3)“be＋adj.＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。
He isn't easy to get along with.他不容易相处。
[即时训练3]翻译句子①我的房子需要修理了。
My house needs repairing/to be repaired.②老年人需要细心照料。
The old require looking after carefully.③这个问题容易回答。
This question is easy to answer.④这个包背起来很重。
The bag is very heavy to carry.2．含被动语态的句型及其转换“It is＋过去分词＋that从句”这一句型的常见形式有：It is believed that...人们相信……It is said that... 据说……It is hoped that... 人们希望……It is thought that... 人们认为……It is reported that... 据报道……It is(well)known that... 众所周知……It is supposed/considered that... 人们认为……It is agreed that... 人们一致同意……It is judged that... 据判断……It is proved that... 据证实……It is estimated that... 据估计……It is believed that he has been working hard.大家相信他一直努力工作。
It is reported that he has been driving while drunk.据报道，他醉酒驾车。
[名师点津]以上句式大多数可转换为Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought/reported to...句型。
It is said that she is the richest woman in the city.→She is said to be the richest woman in the city.据说她是这个城市里最富有的女人。
