上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第二学期高二英语摸底考试试卷(满分150分，120分钟完成。
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)命题：张宁审核：程姑第I卷II. Grammar and Vocabulary (20'+20‘)Section ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.21.These teenage girls prefer to take pictures________ stands a famous cubism painting in a gallery.A. whereB. whatC. whenD. as22.When guided to reflect on their good fortune, people tend to be more thankful for and appreciative of ________ they have and ________ they are on their path right now, thus more willing to contribute to the common good.A. which, whenB. what, whereC. all, whichD. all, that23.-The wounded soldier ________ have been sent to hospital immediately.-So he ________ , but all efforts made no difference.A. should, wasB. must, didC. ought to, hadD. can, has24.With robots coming to the rescue and appearing on the farm scene, farming has been more efficient with regard to the time ________takes to inspect crops and dig up weed.A. whatB. itC. oneD. which25.We need________ to have a good command of English as a medical student needs ________a doctor.A. as long and tough a training, to becomeB. as long and tough a training, becomingC. as a long and tough training, to becomeD. as a long and tough training, becoming26.The success of Full River Red (Man jiang hong), a 2023 historical suspense comedy film directed by Zhang Yimou, is such________ even some western celebrities have started to read Chinese history.A. asB. likeC. thatD. making27.According to economics, money flows to ________ it is that controls the scarce thing, say, the cutting-edge knowledge.A. whomB. whomeverC. whoD. whoever28.It is natural that the prominent actress ________ charged with tax evasion.A. wereB. would have beenC. may have beenD. should have been29.Premier Li Keqiang is going to take questions from both Chinese and foreign correspondents at the annual press conference_________ in March.A. to holdB. to take placeC. occurredD. held30.Given the serious damage and substantial losses caused by the recent 7.8 magnitude earthquakewhich struck southern Turkey, just 50 miles from the Syrian border, more financial support from international society _________.A. remaining to be raisedB. remains to be raisedC. remaining to raiseD. remains to raise31.The firm has been taking measures to cut costs to keep its _________up, including purchasing cheaper raw materials and reducing its workforce.A. expenditureB. profitsC. salariesD. rank32.The idle afternoon we are going through at home really deserves a fix of coffee or tea to _________our tired minds.A. repairB. refreshC. recoverD. rescue33.General Motors(GM) plans to _________ its two plants to electric vehicle production by 2035 and another plant in Coahuila will make the new model of Chevrolet Blazer from 2024.A. converseB. convertC. conserveD. preserve34.Since the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in China, investors from home and abroad have lowered expectations of these tech companies, making it harder to lift their _________.A. marketsB. pricesC. brandsD. shares35.A record 3.3 million Americans applied for unemployment _________in the third week of March 2020, according to the US Labor Department, as restaurants, hotels, barber shops, gyms and more shut down in a nationwide effort to slow the spread of the deadly coronavirus.A. claimsB. benefitsC. interestsD. objectives36.On hearing the heart-breaking news, she couldn't _________herself and broke out crying.A. regainB. reserveC. composeD. comprise37.ALK or the gene for anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a stretch of DNA whose mutant (突变的)form has been associated with human cancers, but, its normal function which has something to do with thinness in humans had not been _________before the research.A. foundedB. establishedC. maintainedD. received38.When the candidate presented the results of his experiment on the brain of mice to the pharmaceutical company, they laughed and paid no _________to the discovery which later turned out to be a brilliant idea for a new product.A. investigationB. regardC. noticeD. inspection39.In the 4-day Shanghai Disneyland Tour, you will spend a full day venturing in dream-like Disney castle, gardens, _________ film scenes, enjoying fabulous kid joy with famous Disney characters and various family entertainment activities and amusing shows.A. fancyB. fantasyC. fascinationD. fashion40.The policy _________ "renationalisation”, and throws the country's financial markets back to the past, complains the economist shepherding privatization for the former prime minister.A. accumulatesB. amounts toC. equals toD. recovers Section B:Directions: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.(A)A. selectedB. distinctiveC. signatureD. odds AB. domestication AC. decidedAD. individuals BC. tamest BD. conflicted CD. mixed ABC. developIf you see a house cat, the_____41_____are high that it will have white paws, a look that many owners affectionately call“socks." But socks are rarely seen in wildcats, the elusive and undomesticated cousin of the house cat, so why do so many pet cats sport furry white feet?As it turns out, this story started about 10,000 years ago, when humans and cats _____42 _____ life was better together.This_____43 _____eventually led to uber-prevalent socks on cats, as well as other well-known coat patterns, said Leslie Lyons, professor emerita and head of the Feline Genetics Laboratory at the University of Missouri College of V eterinary Medicine.“As humans became farmers and started staying in one place, they had grain stores and waste piles” that attracted rodents, Lyons said. It was a mutually beneficial arrangement: the humans had fewer rodents to deal with and the cats got an easy meal.The wild, undomesticated ancestor species of house cats, Felis silvestris, lives in Africa and Eurasia. These felines are tasty snacks as kittens and stealthy predators as adults, so _____44 _____ born with a coat that offers camouflage (保护色)have tended to survive and reproduce.But not every F. silvestiis is born with a coat that blends into its habitat."Genetic mutations are occurring all the time.” Lyons said.There isn't much evidence to indicate why early cat people chose the individuals they did, but Lyons said the range of coats seen on modern domestic cats shows that our agrarian ancestors favored cats with markings that would have _____45 _____with their camouflage.In its native mixed forest or scrub desert environment, a cat with stark white paws would have stood out to predators and prey.When humans started taking an interest in cats, these white paws would have stood out to them, too. “There were probably people saying,‘I particularly like that kitten because it has white feet . Let's make sure it survives, Lyons said.Humans probably also_____46 _____cats who were calm and comfortable around humans, Lyons said. Behavioral traits seem unrelated to coat color, but for reasons that scientists don't fully understand, white spots tend to appear when the _____47 _____individuals are selected and bred.These_____48_____fur colors and markings emerge while a cat embryo is developing. The cells that give cat fur its color first appear as neural crest cells, which are located along what will become the back, Lyons said.Then, those cells slowly migrate down and around the body. If those waves of cells move farenough to meet each other on the cat's front side, the embryo will be born a solid-colored kitten, such as an all-black or all-orange cat. Felines _____49 _____white feet, faces, chests and bellies when these cells don't quite make it all the way.So, the next time you see a kitty wearing white socks, you'll know that this _____50 _____ feature is a result of genetic mutations, domestication and developmental biology. Although if you try telling the cat that, it will probably just look at you quizzically before sauntering away.(B)A. initiallyB. formedC. societiesD. map AB. officiallyAC. constructed AD. potentially BC. investigate BD. perspective. CD. boundaries ABC. considerationConstruction of the world's largest radio astronomy observatory, the Square Kilometre Array, has_____51_____begun in Australia after three decades in development.A huge intergovernmental effort, the SKA has been hailed as one of the biggest scientific projects of this century. It will enable scientists to look back to early in the history of the universe when the first stars and galaxies were _____52_____.It will also be used to _____53 _____dark energy and why the universe is expanding, and to _____54 _____search for extraterrestrial life.The SKA will _____55_____ involve two telescope arrays---one on Wajarri country in remote Western Australia, called SKA-Low, comprising 131,072 tree-like antennas. SKA-Low is so named for its sensitivity to low-frequency radio signals. It will be eight times as sensitive than existing comparable telescopes and will _____56 _____the sky 135 times faster.A second array of 197 traditional dishes, SKA-Mid, will be built in South Africa's Karoo region.Dr Sarah Pearce, SKA-Low's director, said the observatory would "define the next fifty years for radio astronomy, charting the birth and death of galaxies, searching for new types of gravitational waves and expanding the_____ 57 _____of what we know about the universe'1.She added: "The SKA telescopes will be sensitive enough to detect an airport radar on a planet circling a star tens of light years away, so may even answer the biggest question of all: are we alone in the universe?"The SKA has been described by scientists as a gamechanger and a major milestone in astronomy research."To put the sensitivity of the SKA into _____58 _____, it could detect a mobile phone in the pocket of an astronaut on Mars, 225m kilometres away,” said Dr Danny Price, a senior postdoctoral fellow at the Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy." More excitingly, if there are intelligent _____59 _____ on nearby stars with technology similar to ours, the SKA could detect the aggregate 'leakage' radiation from their radio and telecommunication networks~the first telescope sensitive enough to achieve this feat."Prof Alan Duffy, director of the space technology and industry institute at the Swinburne University of Technology, said the SKA would probably be the largest telescope _____60 , _____,"connecting across continents to create a world-spanning facility allowing us to see essentially across the entire observable universe".III. Reading Comprehension (15'+22'+8‘)Section ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The economic case for regiftingDespite its pleasures, gift giving can be problematic.A recipient wants items A andB (say, a hat and gloves) yet receives itemsC andD (say, a scarf and mittens). Another recipient wants C and D, yet receives A and B. The_____ 61 _____ seems simple: The two recipients can simply pass along the gifts they received to each other.The _____62_____ however, is more complex. People in a study published in the Journal of Consumer Behaviour, for instance, used such words as guilty, lazy, thoughtless and disrespectful in describing their_____63 _____ about regifting. Popular culture casts it as taboo, as well.Getting stuck with gifts we do not want is no small problem. Consider that the National Retail Federation calculated that the average holiday-season______64 _____in the U.S. last year spent more than $1,000 on gifts. In a survey across 14 countries in Europe, meanwhile, 1 in 7 said they were unhappy with what they received for Christmas, yet more than half simply kept the gifts.Why can't more gifts be passed along to people who _____65 _____them?Our research with Francis J. Flynn, a professor of organizational behavior at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business, suggests the shame associated with regifting is largely _____66 _____. Indeed, our research consistently tells us that people overestimate the negative consequences.We conducted a study in which we asked people to imagine themselves either as a "giver,” who gives someone a gift card and later _____67_____it has been regifted; or as a "regifter," one who receives the gift and gives it to someone else. The latter group saw more offense. Regifters tended to assume the original givers would be _____68_____ when they found out. The general _____69_____ of the original givers, however, was: It's your gift, do what you want with it.”Next, we tried to shed light on just how serious the perceived offense is. We asked two group —again givers and regifters—to______70_____ regifting a hypothetical （假设的）wristwatch with throwing it in the trash. For the original givers, regifting the watch was a much less offensive act than trashing it. The regifters, however, _____71 _____ assumed that the givers would find both equally offensive.Finally, given that the feared offense looks more imagined than real, we turned our attention to how people might be_____72_____ to break this taboo.For this part of our research, we invited to our lab at Stanford people who had recently received presents and divided the people into two groups. When we gave the first group an opportunity to_____73_____that present, 9% did so.When we gave the second group the same opportunity, we added that it was '"National Regifting Day,” a real______74 _____that happens each year on the Thursday before Christmas. It wasn't really National Regifting Day, but the group didn't know that: 30% of them agreed to regift.Everyone has received bad gifts in their lives, and we generally accept that we will receive more in the future. Yet for some reason, we believe that we give only good gifts.Our research offers a simple solution to the problem of _____75 _____ gifts. This holiday season, consider regifting, and encourage people who receive your gifts to do the same if what you give them isn't quite what they hope for.61.A. result B. cycle. C. trick D. solution62.A. cause B. psychology C. science. D. theory63.A. feelings B. ideas C. trick. D. evaluations64. A. citizen B. retailer C. shopper D. foreigner65. A. refuse B. appreciate C. envy D. collect66. A. perceived B. ignored C. unjustified D. immeasurable67. A. learns B. suspects C. complains D. imagines68. A. praised B. hurt C. hateful D. grateful69. A. motto B. code C. principle D. attitude70. A. replace B. connect C. compare D. exchange71. A. desperately B. voluntarily C. responsibly D. wrongly72. A. encouraged B. pushed C. challenged D. forced73.A. hide B. sell C. regift D. decline74. A. ceremony B. celebration C. day D. event75. A. unpopular B. unwanted C. expensive D. meaninglessSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Jailbreaking commonly refers to unlocking iOS for iPhones and iPads. Seventeen-year-old George Hotz, or geohot as he liked to be called, was the first person to jailbreak an iPhone. He accomplished his feat in 2007, and many others followed his lead.Jailbreaking an iPhone offers some distinct benefits. With a jailbroken iPhone, you have numerous ways to change any setting to suit your needs. You can also alter the look and feel of the phone so that it matches your personality. Another advantage of jailbreaking for iPhone users is the ability to install apps not offered in Apple's App Store. Cydia, an alternative app store for jailbroken iOS devices, offers a variety of apps, some of which cost more than others.Before jailbreaking your iPhone, you should consider the consequences. Jailbreakingimmediately voids (使无效)your iPhone's warranty, which means that Apple is no longer required to fix your phone if something goes wrong. Jailbreaking also exposes you to the dangers associated with alternative apps. Poor quality apps from alternative app stores may cause your iPhone to crash more often or stop working altogether. After jailbreaking your iPhone, you must also be careful not to allow Apple to install new software on your phone.Apple naturally discourages its customers from jailbreaking their iPhones. According to the company, jailbreaking doesn't just affect the security and stability of an iPhone. It can also shorten the phone's battery life. For many people, this is an important consideration.76. Which aspects of jailbreaking does the article discuss?A. The ways in which jailbreaking can save people timeB. The positives and negatives associated with jailbreakingC. The clients who got into legal trouble for jailbreakingD. The best and worst techniques for jailbreaking phones77.What does the article imply about the first person to jailbreak an iPhone?A. He apologized for his actions.B. He produced hardware designs.C. He gave himself a nickname.D. He was turned down for a job.78.From this article, what can readers learn about the products offered by Cydia?A. Their prices vary somewhat.B. Their inventors are quite young.C. They're still manufactured abroad.D. They take only a few moments to install.79.According to Apple, what might happen after a person jailbreaks his or her iPhone?A. It might need a new camera stand.B. It might become harder to sell.C. It might be easily damaged by water.D. It might use up its battery faster.(B)Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific. It is also one of the smallest countries in the world. But for those interested in adventure and sport, there is a lot to do. Some of the best snorkeling (浮湖) can be found here. Vanuatu's islands also offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world: volcano surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island, Mount Yasur rises 300 meters (1,000 feet) into the sky. It is known as the Lighthouse of the Pacific because of its regular eruptions for hundreds of years. For centuries, both island locals and visitors have climbed this mountain to visit the top. Some visitors find Yasur terrifying; others cautivating. Photographers are beside themselves at the opportunity to make stunning artwork from such a special point. Recently, people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano.In some ways, volcano surfing, also commonly known as ash boarding, is like surfing in the sea, but in other ways it’s very different. It was invented by an adventurer journalist named Zoltan Istvan, while on a trip to Vanuatu Islands in 2002. V olcano surfing is considered as an extreme sport and there are not many practicing it. A volcano surfer's goal is to escape the erupting volcanowithout getting hit by flying rocks! Riders hike up the volcano and slide down, sitting or standing, on a thin plywood or metal board. It's fast, fun, and dangerous—the perfect extreme sport.Land DivingMost people are familiar with bungee jumping, but did you know bungee jumping started on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu and is almost fifteen centuries old? The original activity, called land diving, is part of a religious ceremony. A man ties tree vines (藤) to his legs. He then jumps headfirst from a high tower. It originated as a rite (仪式) of passage for young men trying to prove their manhood. The idea is to jump from as high as possible, and to land as close to the ground as possible. It is also a harvest ritual. The islanders believe the higher the jumpers dive, the higher the crops will grow. Every spring, island natives (men only) still perform this amazing test of strength.80.Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. Mount Yasur is a light tower on the Pacific Ocean.B. The history of volcano surfing dates back centuries.C. Bungee jumping grew out of land diving.D. Land diving came to Vanuatu from another country.81.The underlined word captivating is closest in meaning to _______.A. distressingB. charmingC. disappointingD. relieving82.Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?A. Untouched Beauty: V ANUA TUB. V olcano Adventure: V ANUATUC. Extreme Destination: V ANUA TUD. Preserved Culture: V ANUATU(C)The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm, but the puddles (水坑)on the region's icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting, made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean. Temperatures have been running around 60 degrees Fahrenheit—10 degrees warmer than normal for this time of year, scientists said.The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and 17 this year alone—6 billion tons of water per day~~would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center,Each summer, scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in 2019, when 532 billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea. An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet's surface to melt. Global sea level rose permanently by 1.5 millimeters as a result.Greenland holds enough ice一if it all melted一to lift sea level by 7.5 meters around the world. The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere'siciest island.“Unprecedented" rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet, a study published in February found, caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface. This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive, rapid loss of ice.And in 2020, scientists found that Greenland's ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last 12,000 years, another study found—and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.At the East Greenland Ice-core Project~ or EastGRIP—research camp in northwest Greenland, the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itselfAslak Grinsted, a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen's Niels Bohr Institute, said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.Before human-caused climate change kicked in, temperatures near 32 degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of. But since the 1980s, this region has warmed by around 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per decade—four times faster than the global pace—making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.83.The passage is mainly written to _______.A. alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland's ice sheetB. arouse people's awareness of protecting the environment of GreenlandC. inform people of the large amount of ice Greenland holdsD. reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level84.What does "a transformation” in the first paragraph refer to?A. Climate change.B. A rise in sea level.C. Global warming.D. The melting of ice.85.What can be learned about the ice that melted in 2019?A. It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.B. Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.C. It was enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools.D. Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.86.It is implied in the passage that _______.A. climate change is a result of human activitiesB. the study of climate change is being made easierC. the melting of Greenland's ice sheet is reversibleD. temperatures increase 1.5°F or so each decade globallySection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A. They also found cetaceans gained and lost TSGs at a rate 2.4 times higher than in other mammals.B. If the whale gene was injected into the human body, could humans fight cancer?C. Some people deny that cetaceans can increase TSGs faster than other mammals.D. If you have more cells that means that one of those cells has an increased risk of becoming cancerous.AB.In contrast, cetaceans have much lower cancer rates than most other mammals.AC.But we still need to learn more about why and how they did this.Can Whales And Dolphins Fight Cancer?Whales and dolphins have been shown to be better at fighting cancer than we are, and now we may be closer to understanding why cetaceans (鲸目动物)do it. Cetaceans are generally the oldest living mammals, and some cetaceans have reached their 200th birthday. Their size means their bodies contain far more cells than the human body."_______87_______” says Daniela Tejada-Martinez at the Austral University of Chile. “So, if you are big or live longer, you have thousands and millions of cells that could become harmful." _______88_______“There's a joke that whales should be born with cancer and not even able to exist because they're just too big,” says Vincent Lynch at the University at Buffalo, New York, he says there is a super trivial explanation for how whales can exist. "They just evolved better cancer protection mechanisms," he says. ______89 _______Now, Tejada-Martinez and her colleagues have studied the evolution of 1077 tumor suppressor (肿瘤抑制)genes (TSGs). In all, they compared the evolution of the genes in 15 mammalian species, including seven cetacean species, Genes regulating DNA damage, tumor spread and the immune system were positively selected among the cetaceans. _______90 _______“It's not like we're gonna be taking whale genes and putting them into humans and making humans cancer resistant,” says Lynch. "But if you can find the genes that play a role in tumor suppression in other animals, and if you can figure out what they're doing, maybe you can make a drug that can be used to treat people."第II卷IV Grammar (10+10)Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper farm of the given word; far the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)When Steve Birkinshaw, the British fell running (越野路跑)champion, planned his record-。
