常用逻辑关系词 (1)

一.常见公考逻辑关系1 .因果关系：（前真后真；前假后假）因为……所以；之所以……是因为；…其原因是……等等。

2. 并列关系：（同真同假）……又……又……；……一面……一面……；……有时……有时……；……一会儿……一会儿……；……既……又……。

3.矛盾关系：（一真一假）所有的是-------- 所有的不是- -- -有的是----------- 有的不是其中：“所有的是”与“所有的不是”是逆否命题；“有的是”与“有的不是”是逆否命题。

“所有的是”与“有的不是”互为矛盾；“所有的不是”与“有的不是”互为矛盾。

“所有的是”与“有的是”是包容关系；“所有的不是”与“有的不是”是包容关系。

4.包容关系：（一真前假，一假后真）“所有”包含“有的”；“所有不”包含“有的不”。

但注意“有的”不一定包含“具体A”。

5.选择关系……不是……就是…………或是……或是…………宁可……也不…………还是……二.常考的逻辑推理类型1复合逻辑1.1 充分条件推理只要A就B;如果A那么B……，可以表示为：A推B(前推后)。

A 推B等价于—B推—A（否后推否前）常用的一些充分条件关联词有：如果…那么……;…是…的条件；若…则…等等。

1.2 必要条件推理（与“才”有关）只有A才B; A才B。

可以表示为：B推A（后推前）。

B 推A（后推前）等价于—A 推—B（否前推否后）通过对上面充分条件推理和必要条件推理的归纳，可以得知：“充分条件推理与必要条件推理互为逆命题。

”1.3 排中律或A或B；要么A要么B……。

其实际是属于上面第一部分的选择关系。

可以表示为：A OR B(如果命题为真，则A,B中至少有一个为真)1.4 联言命题A和B和C……。

其实际属于上面第一部分的并列关系。

可以表示为：A AND B AND C（命题为真则A,B,C均要为真）1.5 摩根并非A和B;或者-A或者-B。

可以表示为：-（A AND B）;-A OR-B。

具体的摩根关系是：-（A AND B）=-A OR –B; -(A OR B)=-A AND –B2.直言命题分为四种基本类型，即：全称肯定命题、全称否定命题、特称肯定命题和特称否定命题。

备战2021年高考英语七选五秒杀思维和技巧专题02 七选五逻辑关系词一、逻辑关系词：1.表示因果关系as a resultHe never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination.as a result ofHe is late for work as a result of traffic accident.accordinglyHe wanted to buy a radio for study English, and accordingly her mother bought it for him.because(of)We are delayed because of a traffic jam.due toHis success is due to his excellent work.owing toOwing to his absence, our meeting is not held.thanks toThanks to a good teacher, she passed the examination.now thatNow that you have grown up, you must earn for yourself.so long asYou could realize your dream so long as you try it again and again.sinceSince you are here now, you,d better give a hand.in thatThe policy is harmful in that it may encourage people to give up.so thatThe office speaks at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him.thereforeThere is a calculating mistakes there, therefore, the answer is wrong.2.表示解释关系as a matter of factI will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I am only 10 minutes, drive from you.as wellI will go there. My friend will go with me as well.frankly speakingFrankly speaking, I am not very satisfactory with your words.in this caseIn this case, I will go there as soon as possible.3.表示推理关系or elseHurry up, or else you’ll be late.otherwiseYou must carry this passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard.if soIf so, it will make a great difference.4.表示递进关系in additionI need your help. In addition, I also need her support.besidesFirst, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind.and moreoverThe hat is the right size for you, and moreover, it goes well with your skin.that is to sayThe stock price is declining, that is to say, I am losing money.in other wordsI am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in this canteen.equally importantYou should read more news from newspapers, and equally important, keep an eye on the news from the radio.What’s moreIt is harmful to my health, and what’s more, it is no good to my work.last but not leastLast but bot least, my thanks should go to every member of my class.5.表示比较关系equallyAs a teacher, I should teach well, but equally, I should study well.in the same wayIt is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.in contrast toIn contrast to your belief, I quite disagree with you.insteadIf you don’t go, I’ll go instead.on the contraryYou thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it.in contrastIt is hot in the daytime, but in contrast it’s very cold at night.whileWe are happy in China, while most Africans live unhappily.二、根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类，即“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”。

短文逻辑关系词汇（标识语）1．最高级-est/most / chief / primary / main / leading2．唯一: only / unique / prefer /perfect3．因果cause / lead to / contribute to / thanks to / owing to / question / answer / why / reason4．序数词first , second/ another / the other / next / last / in addition / on the other hand5．解释namely / in other words / that is / that is to say6．强调especially / particularly / almost / usually7.总结all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short8.动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce1、因果：as, since, because, Considering for reason that , That‟s whybecause of , owing to, on account, as a result of, for the sake of ,due to, result from, thanks to, attribute ..to ..cause, lead to, bring about, contribute to, result in, account for, responsible for, to blame for, and so, Therefore, Thus, hence, As a result,For this reason, Accordingly, As a consequence, so… that…, too…to…2、强调:especially actually particularly essentially apparently rarely reallywith the exception of as a matter of fact3、转折: but/however/though/nevertheless On the contrary, However ..., But on the other hand..., Conversely ..., By contrast …, ...whereas different.4、递进: also/ in addition additionally Besides Apart from, Aside from, Moreover, Furthermore What‟s more…5、其他: in other words to put it another way in regard to seldom hardly …三、关键动词：□point out / advance / suggest / advice / emphasize / comment / explain / require / conclude / insist / maintain / hold it true that / believe / stick to / criticize / refute / prove / try to / attempt to / intend to / plan to / dream of / decide to / resolve to / determine to / object to / support / advocate / approve / agree / disapprove / disagree / prefer / claim / declare / deny / admit / endanger / mean四、关键名词□The point / idea / view / opinion / truth / fact / cause / reason / problem / question / answer / solution / explanation / threat / challenge / dilemma / difficulty / method / gist / propose / object / goal / motive / attitude / reaction / plan / first step / only way / controversy / conflict / dispute / argument / proof / evidence / advice / suggestion / proposal / request / requirement / standard / limitation / decision / intention / effect / result / consequence / duty / responsibility / task / danger / trouble / crisis / barrier / hope / possibility / exception /surprise is ……五、结束用语In short/brief.……Briefly…...Summing up/Summarizing/To conclude/In conclusion……As a result…...In general…...Generallyspeaking…...All in all…...By and large……On the whole…...On thisbasis…...Given all these短文逻辑关系词汇(标识语)1.最高级-est /最好/首席/主/主要/领先2.唯一:只有/独特的/更喜欢/完美3.因果cause /导致有助于由于/谢谢问题/回答/为什么/原因4.序数词first,二、另一个其他/下个最后增加/另一方面5.解释namely /换句话说这是这是说6.强调especially /特别是/通常差不多在7.总结all简单/结论/最后总之/短8.动词:显示/记注/通知/说/发音1、因果:作为,因为,因为考虑到原因,这就是为什么因为,由于时,由于,由于,为了,由于,由于,由于、属性…. .原因,导致,导致,有助于,占,导致,负责,造成,因此,因此,因此,因此,因此,因为这个原因,因此,作为一种后果,所以………,也对…2、强调:尤其是实际上特别本质上显然很少真的除了作为一个事实3、转折:但是/然而尽管不过相反,不过…,但另一方面……,反之…,相比之下……而不同。

英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its , the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive. 英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise oneRecentaly the problem has been brought into focus.Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life...., the story still has a realistic significance.There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。