Perceptual features for a fuzzy speech-song classification

语义学复习佛脚大全--- 鱼太郎一、填空1.西方主流语言学派：Traditional philology(lexical meaning),historical comparative L(lexicalmeaning),structural L(little attention to meaning),functional L(meaning center theory),TG grammar(standard theory),cognitive L(meaning center theory)2.语言学不同的研究方式与观点：specific vs general, synchronic vs diachronic,macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics, thoeritical vs applied, descriptive vs prescriptive3.结构主义学派代表人物：Saussure, bloomfield系统功能派代表人物：Firth,M.A.K.Halliday(Ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning&textual meaning)转换生成语法代表人物：Chomsky(6大阶段：nativism, universal grammar ,autonomy,modularity, formalism,deduction；6变：TG grammar, standard theory, extended standard theory, revised extended standard theory, government&blinding theory, minimalist program ), Katz(在standard theory阶段引入语义成分，使phonology, semantics&syntax成为三大分支)认知语言学代表人物：Lakoff,Jackendoff4.语言学三大革命：Structualist L(Saussure: study language itself)→TG grammar(Chomsky:study mind)→Cognitive L(Lakoff: study embodiment)5.Saussure的革命-- 两分法：19世纪语言学主流：speech, external, diachronic, entity.（Chomsky弃之）6.认知语言学对TG的六大批判基础：embodiment,specific side of L, cognitive strategies,form and meaning, non-formalism, induction and deduction.7.Analytic philosophy包括logical empiricism和ordinary language philosophy.前者代表有Frege, Russel, Wittgenstein(前期),Schlick,Carnap, Tarski,Davidson,Morris等，后者代表有Moore,Wisdom, Wittgenstein（后期）,Austin,Grice,Searle.8.西方哲学简史的三大转向：Onotological turn→epistemology turn→linguistic turn。

Learn persuasive language techniques and be aninfluencer!学习有说服力的语言技巧，做一个有影响力的人！Hello readers! This article is worth your time. Why so? Let me tell you. Hereby, you are going to read persuasive language techniques. When we talk about writing something, it sounds easy. But when it comes to actual writing, things are not always easy. Learning different techniques helps us to influence the readers. Before you start reading this blog it is neccessary to know the persuasive technique definition. Persuasive techniques are the methods or persuasivestrategies used by writers to persuade the audience to agree with certain ideas or thoughts. Writers use logic and emotions to make them more compelling.Meanwhile, let’s get back to know the persuasive language techniques and see what you are going to study in this article:Different types of persuasive language techniquesHow to learn and use persuasive language techniquesHow writers or speakers have used language to persuadeStrategies of persuasionPersuasive language techniques to attract visitorsLet’s startYou can use a wide range of persuasive language techniques. While you are reading a text which includes persuasive language-or when you write persuasive text yourself-you should think to persuade the reader to accept a specific view point by using such techniques.Types of persuasive language techniques1. AdjectiveThe first in the list of persuasive language techniques is “Adjective”. These are describing words, which are most commonly used to make the audience feel a specific way regarding something.For example: “Some TV shows make us feel an artificial version of the thrill one get from chasing ones ambitions.”2. AdverbsThe second one from the persuasive language techniques are “Adverbs”. These are the words which modifies verbs or adjectives.Just like the adjectives, they are also choose and used to make the audience or reader feel a certain way about an issue.For example: “In a latest essay she wrote about the street animals, dying from 1080 fox bait. The animals who died ate it while a rally passed by. They had a horrible death.”3. AlliterationThird in the list of persuasive language techniques is “Alliteration”. It is all about thewords which start from the same sound and create emphasis due to the same reason.For example: “And I can say them it is distressing beyond words to watch a bird suffer like this and being unable to alleviate its agony.4. AppealsAppeal is a persuasive technique in writing which is most often used by authors to touch different emotions. These emotions includes reader’s sense of justice, patriotism and fairness.5. AnecdotesShort, personal stories that help to illustrate a point.For example: “For my three most recent books, on motherhood, cancer and nursing, I interviewed more than 300 people about the nuts and bolts of what our incredibly short time on this planet is really about – life, death, family and love. If there is one thing I can guarantee, it’s that there will never be a person who lies on their deathbed, shaking with rage, sobbing, ‘Dear God, I wish I’d spent more time watching that show.’”6. Everyday languageWriters will often use everyday language, sometimes called colloquial language, to make themselves seem down-to-earth.For example: “Fairness is the cornerstone of our constitution and our national identity. But as we head into an election year, I think we need to ask ourselves whether we really believe in a fair go for all.”7. ClichesAn overused expression. Although they should be avoided, cliches give writers an opportunity to express an idea to their readers quickly.Here are some examples of cliches:Absence makes the heart grow fonder.Alls well that ends well.As light as a feather.Time will tell.8. ConnotationsAll words have connotations or associations. Some words, for example, may have the same literal meaning but very different connotations. Connotations may be negative or positive. Think about the word ‘thin’. There are lots of words that share this meaning—slender, lithe, slim, skinny, lean, slight, lanky, undernourished, wasted, gangly, rake-like, anorexic, spindly. Ifsomeone was describing your body, you would probably prefer to be called ‘slender’ or ‘slim’ rather than ‘lanky’ or ‘anorexic’. When people are writing an argument, they think very carefully about the words that they select and the impact these words will have on their audience.9. Emotive wordsWords that provoke an emotional reaction from the audience are known as emotive words..For example : “But no, people from the bush were saying it is cruel to kill foxes with a poison that causes a slow, agonising death.”Emotive words are one of the best persuasion techniques. One who has a mastery overemotive language can learn persuasion faster than others. Click here to know more about emotive language if you want to master it.10. ExaggerationWriters often exaggerate or overstate something to help persuade readers of their point of view.For example: “Our experts will tell you a million reasons why it can’t or shouldn’t be done here. They have turned excuse-making into an art form.”11. EvidenceWriters will often use evidence –which might take the form of facts, figures, quotes or graphs – to help support their argument.For example: “According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, males are 400 per cent more likely to commit an offence intended to cause injury than are females.”12. Expert opinionSometimes writers will use the opinion of experts to give further weight to their argument.For example “A new research report by Victorian doctors illustrates why: because when kids are worried their parents will be told their privatemedical details, they simply don’t go to the doctor.”13. Inclusive languageInclusive language –using the words ‘we’ or ‘us’ – is often used to get a reader onside.For example: “I might not like it, but kids’ right to confidential medical advice should take precedence over our right to know about it.”14.ImageryDescriptive writing can be a powerful persuasive technique. Describing something vividly can persuade readers.15. LogicA logical, well-structured argument can be very persuasive.16. MetaphorMetaphors, when one thing is described as another, help to persuade by describing.For example : “I’ve been dying of it all week and can hardly type this column because of theNiagra of snot pouring down my face and the painful fires of a thousand suns burning in my joints and muscles, which being manly muscles are able to carry a much heavier load of pain than lady muscles.”17. PunA play on words often relying on homophones, homonyms or rhymes.For example: “It’s been a trying year for rugby league, what with betting scandals, controversies over players’ alleged off-field behaviour and an unseemly on-field brawl that marred the sport’s reputation on approach to the finals.”For example: “Racism is no white and black issue.”18. RepetitionThe repetition of words, phrases and ideas can be used to reinforce an argument and drive home the message to a reader.e.g “It has been well established here and overseas that if teenagers think they can see a doctor in confidence, they are more likely to do so, more likely to go back for repeat visits, and more likely to disclose sensitive information.”19. Rhetorical questionA question where the answer is obvious, can help lead readers to a particular conclusion.For example: “It has been well established here and overseas that if teenagers think they can see a doctor in confidence, they are more likely to do so, more likely to go back for repeat visits, and more likely to disclose sensitive information. And isn’t this the outcome we want? ”20.SarcasmFor this one you are going to get the shortest definition, here it goes : A mocking tone.For example : “Not all of us can wri te Max Walker’s How to Hypnotise Chooks, you know –for many years the biggest-selling title in Australian literary history.”21. SimileSimiles, when one thing is compared to another, can help to persuade by describing.For example …as dumb as a sack of hammers…”22. ToneThe tone of an article or speech refers to its overall feeling. Is it passionate? Logical? Reasonable? Mocking? Humorous?THINKING ABOUT PERSUASIVE LANGUAGEThe best way to understand how persuasive language can be used to convey a point of view is by reading persuasive techniques examples. Read the newspaper on a daily basis, particularly the editorials and opinion pages. This will not only help you keep abreast of current events, it will also help you develop the language skills necessary to do persuasive writing yourself.Analysis questions1. Identify the issue.2. Identify the contention, otherwise known as the point of view, of the writer.3. What is the tone of the article?4. Identify five examples of persuasive language techniques and explain how it is supposed to make the reader feel.Let’s discuss persuasive language techniquesIn English, you will often be asked to write an essay about how writers or speakers have used language to persuade.IntroductionDescribe the issue generally. Mention the article’s title, it’s author and the author’s contention.For example:There has recently been considerable controversy over the use of 1080 fox bait to control Victoria’s fox population. In his article ‘They’re pests but cruelty is inexcusable’, writer Dmitri Kakmi puts forward a logical and, at times, emotive argument about how cruel and inhumane the use of this bait is.BodyIdentify a range of techniques and explain how they are used to persuade the audience. Always make reference to how different techniques make the reader feel or react.Example: Midway through his argument, author turns his attention to the foxes themselves. After describing the ‘cruel’ and ‘barbaric’ fox bait, he uses imagery to describe the foxes in very favourable terms which further helps to persuade the reader that this fox bait is reprehensible. He describes the foxes as ‘beauties of the animal kingdom’, describing how people are ‘wonder struck’ by a ‘sudden flash of auburn bushy tail’. The phrase ‘wonder struck’ helps to highlight how beautiful these animals are. Similarly, he describes their gaze like being watched by ‘an intelligence from another world’. This make the reader feel that they are aware, intelligent. Who would want to inflict cruelty on such an animal?Example: Although author describes the symptoms of the poison in a very detached,almost clinical manner, he explains that watching an animal die like this is ‘distressing beyond words’. This underscores the cruelty of this bait and encourages the reader to support his point of view. In the next paragraph, he uses graphic and disturbing imagery—’they were screaming and chewing off their lips’—to describe the death of his dogs. This highly emotive description encourages the readers to feel a sense of sympathy for these animals and encourages them to believe that the use of this bait is cruel and inhumane. Similarly, the image of a foxes who ‘chew their paws off to escape’ is equally upsetting.How you should structure your body paragraphs:Identify a technique.Give examples of how it is used in the article.Explain how it makes the reader feel and builds support for the writer’s argument.ConclusionSummarise the main techniques that the writer has used to persuade the reader.e.g. Throughout this piece, author uses a range of rhetorical techniques to encourage the audience to have sympathy for the plight of foxes and oppose the continued use of 1080 fox bait.Lastly, I want you to know that nine out of ten times a written text needs some or other type of correction. This is why never finalise a text without checking it twice. If this seems an extra task to you, or it is hectic for you, then go for proofreading and editing help.Strategies of persuasionEthosEthos is the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the author’s credibility or character.An author would use ethos to show to his audience that he is a credible source and is worth listening to.Ethos is the Greek word for “character.” The word “ethic” is derived fr om ethos.Ethos can be developed by choosing language that is appropriate for the audience and topic (also means choosing proper level of vocabulary), making yourself sound fair or unbiased, introducing your expertise or pedigree, and by using correct grammar and syntax.Functions of EthosThe above explanations and examples of ethos reveal the following facts about this device:Ethos confirms the credibility of a writer or a speaker, and thus they become trustworthy in the eyes of listeners and readers who, as a result are persuaded by the arguments.Ethos of a speaker or a writer is created largely by the choice of words he or she chooses to convince listeners or readers.Being an expert on the subject matter determines his or her ethos.These strategies are indeed the perfect thing to use. If you still find them difficult to understand you can go for online assignment help and understand them better.PathosPathos or the emotional appeal, means to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions.Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to make the audience feel what what the author wants them to feel. A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from an audience. Another use of pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience; perhaps in order to prompt action.Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering” and “experience.” The words empathy and pathetic are derived from pathos.Pathos can be developed by using meaningful language, emotional tone, emotion evoking examples, stories of emotional events, and implied meanings.LogosLogos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and citing certain authorities on a subject.Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the true definition goes beyond that, and can be most closely described as “the word or that by which the inward thought is expressed, Lat. oratio; and, the inward thought itself, Lat. Ratio.Logos can be developed by using advanced, theoretical or abstract language, citing facts (very important), using historical and literal analogies, and by constructing logical arguments.If you really want to persuade your audience, proper use of Ethos, Pathos and Logos is necessary.Persuasive language techniques to attract visitorsSo, far we have discussed about the usage of persuasive language techniques in the general context. Now, I am delving you in professional view. If you are into a job which requires you to be persuasive then go through the points below. They are all about how to write in way which attracts and persuades a client, customer or business party. Here are the tips to usepersuasive language techniques to attract visitors:I. Emphasis on resonating with emotional issuesEveryone has problems, and your product or service is designed to help people solve one or more of those problems.A lot of businesses simply dive into explaining their solutions. One of the most powerful persuasion techniques, however, is to start by resonating with your readers around the emotional problems they are facing. When people see someone describing something “painful” they are experiencing, it pulls them in and prepares them to buy into the solution.II. Incorporate analytical information, facts and dataWhile point 1 is very emotionally driven, selling isn’t all about emotion.Certain segments of your audience might be more analytical.Certain products or services aren’t geared towards emotional problems.Even when you can utilise emotion, backing it with hard data strengthens the pitch.One of the best ways to sell is to demonstrate “irrefutable” evidence that your solution is the best possible option for the prospective customer.III. Demonstrate social proof at key juncturesSocial proof is a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behaviour for a given situation. In other words, monkey see, monkey do.IV. Use tone to add emotion and keep things interestingWhat d oes it mean to use one’s tone in writing? Basically, it means writing like you would talk inreal life. Your tone can breathe life into your copy. It can make your writing a lot less boring for prospects to read.In other words, you can rewrite a sentence in several different ways using your tone to effectively pass your message across to prospects and make it sink in their minds.V. Draw attention to your points with rhetorical questionsRhetorical questions draw attention. They’re not meant to be answered, which means that they shouldn’t have an answer. If your question can easily answered with a “yes” or “no”, it won’t invite the visitor to read on.Instead, pose questions that make the reader think, “What does this mean?” or, “How will you do that?”VI. Use hyperbole to communicate valueHyperbole is the use of exaggeration to make your point to readers. Hyperbole should be used carefully. If you claim to be the biggest, best, or leader, your persuasive copy must deliver proof very quickly.How to frame a perfect persuasive essayA persuasive essay requires great command over persuasive writing. Students need to havea good hand over this type of writing. Otherwise, they will fail to impress the readers. While writing a persuasive essay, the aim is to convince the reader or the audience with your viewpoint. A Persuasive essay is structured on factual information, logical reasoning and emotion appeal. These three ingredients build up the persuasive essay.So here I am writing a few ways through which one can write a persuasive essayClear your stanceThe first thing before writing a persuasive essay, you need to take a stance. You have to hold an opinion on the issue. When you start writing the essay mention the side that you will support.You need to be aware of your prejudices, they can become a hindrance in your argument. Also, never forget to mention the resolution for the issue.Think about your audience While writing the essay one should know the audience. Identify whether the majority will agree with your viewpoint or not. For this, first you need to do a bit of homework first. Learn about the issue from different angles and point of view. Then collect the evidence that will support your viewpoint. Evidence will make your argument more convincing to the readers. You can take help from the websites such as Khan Academy, Owlcation, etc.Do thorough research on the topic One writes a persuasive essay in order to provide detailed information on the topic along with a viewpoint. Your evidence should be logical and compelling so that it can oppose other arguments. For such a thorough research one must go to a library or take help from websites such as Udemy.Make a proper structure of the essay Now once you get all the information, before starting your persuasive writing for an essay, make a rough structure. Determine what information needs to be included and what to expel out. Keep only relevant evidence while preparing the structure. Collect as many evidence as possible. This will make your essay more convincing to your audience. Students need to research a lot onthis. Moreover, when you start writing a paper, keep it authentic and free from plagiarism.Make a final persuasive essayOnce you have created the rough draft. It is time to fair it out. Write carefully and provide examples as well. After completing the writing work. Take a rest for a few hours and proofread it. Check for the possible errors and correct it.Topics you can choose to try out persuasive writingDo not fall prey to stereotypes when it comes to high school athletesHarmful effects of drinking energy drinks on health.Can a sportsman become a professional or national coach?Female trainers should mentor womenMales have a higher chance of attaining injuries than females.Is chess a sport or a game?Should press conferences be mandatory for athletes?What one should do to relieve stress and injuries in sports?Should hunting be banned completely?A debate for and against microchipping home pets and homeless dogsShould animals be used in zoos for entertainment?How mobiles and smart gadgets ruining school life?Why junk food should be banned in the US?Homework should be reduced in school, what is your take on it.Why is time management important for most jobs?Do hobbies help people with their careers?Reasons to live life spontaneouslyWhat are the pros and cons of online tutoring? Reasons to remain honest in any life situation. ConclusionI hope this article is able to explain you persuasive language techniques in a perfect way. We started from knowing the meaning of persuasive language, then we moved to the different types of persuasive language techniques. After that, we also looked up to the way they should be understood and and the way a persuasive text should be structured. At last, we saw how persuasive language techniques can be used to attract visitors.。

第一章1.Choose the best word to fill in the sentence–Public speaking is a vital meansof communication, and a way of expressing your( ).答案:idea2.The oldest know handbook on effective speech was written in ( ) some 4,500years ago.答案:Egypt3.Those great orators successfully employed the power of spoken word tochange the course of history. Choose the greater orators in history from thefollowing four choices. ( )答案:Winton Churchill;Mahatma Gandhi;MartinLuther King4.If you don’t plan to be a po litician or national leader, you don'tneed to learnpublic speaking skills. ( )答案:错5.If you are interested in personal growth and looking for ideas for self-improvement, you may find “a simple way to break a bad habit“mostinteresting.答案:对第二章1.What do we know about Kelly McGonigal, the speaker of "How to Make StressYour Friend?" ( )答案:Her book The Willpower Instinct, exploresher latestresearch on motivation, temptation and procrastination.;She works to helpus understand the latest findings in psychology, neuroscience andmedicine.;She graduated from Stanford University.;She's a psychologist.2.The first step in making a speech is choosing what language to use.( )答案:错3.Itis crucial for you to be comfortable with your topic and to choosesomething you're interested in, so you shouldn only focus on whatyou like! ( )答案:错4.General purpose means the ( ) of a speech, it will usually fall into twocategories: to inform or to persuade.答案:broad goal5."American Culture" would be an appropriate topic for a 30-minute speechdelivered to a group of Chinese students. ( )答案:错第三章1.Imagine you’re doing a 10-minute speech. The maximum time for yourintroduction should be ( ).答案:Two minutes2.In the middle of the dining hall there's a screen. Do you know what it'sshowing? ( )答案:How clean the kitchen is.3.When you personalize your speech, you can use ( ).答案:emotion4.Here my objective is “I want students agree with my view of the benefits ofstudying abroad”. What kind of speech is it? ( )答案:Persuasive5.Generically, public speaking can be divided into ( ).答案:informativespeech;persuasive speech;agitational speech6.What can be used in supporting your central idea? ( )答案:Stories;Experts'opinions;Statistics;Visual aids7.In what ways can you organize the body of your speech logically andeffectively? ( )答案:Spatial pattern;Combined pattern;Chronological pattern 8.When you say a funny thing, but your audience say, “oh, that’s terrible”, youshould keep on trying. ( )答案:错9.Opinions from experts can be very convincing when you try to convincepeople of something. ( )答案:对10.In running for president, people won't deliver a speech to get volunteerwork.( )答案:错第四章1.Choose the best word to fill in the sentence —public opinion has ( ) on thisissue.答案:polarized2.Which one of the following words refers to the specific and tangile object? ( )答案:pencil3.Which sentence uses the figure of speech "simile"? ( )答案:Her smile is like aflower.4.How to achieve imagery in your speech?答案:simile;concreteness;metaphor5.If you want to create parallelism in your speech, you can repeat ( ).答案:phrases;clauses;sentences;words6.Which of the following sentences contain the figure of speech "antithesis"? ( )答案:Few words and many deeds.;Live together, or perish together.;Ask notwhat, as what.;Art is long, life is short.7.Paralellism and repetition are the ways to create rhythm in the speech. ( )答案:对8.Antitheis a rhetorical device in whihc two similar ideas are put together. ( )答案:错9.Take the entire speaking context into consideration when you choose thelanguage for your speech. ( )答案:对10.Don't stereotype jobs and social roles by gender in your speech. ( )答案:对第五章1.The greatest difference between public speaking and recitation is that theformer is ( ).答案:two-way communication2. A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech is ( ) .答案:pause3.When making a speech, which kind of visual aids can you use? ( )答案:photosand drawings;powerpoint;objects and models;video4.Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formalitywith the best attributes of good conversation, which are ( ).答案:animation;vocal and facial expression;directness;a lively sense ofcommunication5.Your audience cannotalways notice your body's distress. ( )答案:对6.The most highly valued golden rule of practicing a speech is silently readingit. ( )答案:错7.When you feel nervous, tell your audience and apologize. ( )答案:错8.The choice to use visual aids will depend on the habit of the speaker. ( )答案:错9.Without eye contact with audience, no matter how appealing your voice is,how dramatic your gestures and body movements are,you may look likeperforming recitation. ( )答案:对10.If your microphone stops working, shout loudly and ask people to fix itbefore you continue your speech. ( )答案:错。

Analysis of the Specific Pragmatic Functions of Fuzzy Language in theBusiness English【Abstract】As English for specific purpose (ESP), business English should be accurate and strict, in the pursuit of conciseness，clearness，accuracy. However，fuzzy language is still widely used in every aspect of business English. In this article，it mainly focuses on the specific analysis of several pragmatic functions in which it specifically analyses the positive pragmatic functions in the business English.【Key words】fuzzy language；business English；pragmatic function1.Topic SelectionTo my way of thinking，fuzzy language, whose role is essential and active in current days, especially in business occasions, is full of charm. Therefore, I look up a variety of materials and references related to the pragmatic functions in the business English.2.The Contents2.1 Introduction of the BackgroundAs a common strategy used in business, a good mastery of the pragmatic functions of fuzzy language is the general trend of the times. As English for specific purpose (ESP), business English should be accurate, strict, and be in the pursuit of conciseness，clearness，accuracy. However，fuzzy language is still widely used in every aspect of business English and the pragmatic functions of it are wildly focused.2.2 An Overview of Fuzzy Language and Pragmatic FunctionsThe concept of vagueness was first proposed by the American professor Zadeh (1965) in his article entitled Fuzzy Sets. He pointed out that if the expression is ambiguous and lack of accurate boundary to its opposite, we could collectively call them fuzzy language. Bertrand Russell (1923) also said that all of the languages are more or less fuzzy. Fuzzy language exists anywhere, because lots of words are full of uncertainty, such as beautiful, somewhat, as if and so forth. Pragmatic function is the language effects reflected from linguistic form which is suitable for communication environment in the situated context. It has a close connection with the context. If the context is different, the same words may show different pragmatic functions. Here, the pragmatic function refers to the language effects in the fuzzy language.2.3 Analysis of specific Pragmatic Functions of Fuzzy Language in the Business EnglishDuring the real business English communication, as a special purpose, business English is widely used in business letters, business negotiation, business contract, etc. In vague language, Channell (1994) mentioned that it is no concerned about good or bad fuzzy language, the key lies in whether it is used correctly. Li Ming (2004) said:" Business English language tends to aim at objectivity, accuracy, and plainness. "Of course, business English should be accurate and rigorous, however, the appropriate use of fuzzy language can make it more vivid, flexible, image and accurate. If the speaker is not willing or unnecessary to clarify clearly, the fair use of fuzzy language will reduce face threatening acts, softens conversation and protects self-image, etc.2.3.1 Fuzzy language will improve the implication and politeness of expressionMr. Brown (1987) thought the best way to express the politeness is to use fuzzy language while expressing something rude or threatening. In business communication, such as business letters, it is essential to use fuzzy language for the sake of showing sort of politeness and implication. Fuzzy expressions can achieve the effect of implicitness and indirectness, especially when it comes to some sensitive topics, which definitely benefits people on both ends of the transaction.Example 1Much as we would like to avail ourselves of the offer made to us, we find it impossible to accept owing to your price being about 10% higher than the average.The phrase "about 10% higher than the average" is a good illustration of their politeness and implication. It seemingly state the fact, however, the speaker is trying to convey the information that they just cannot accept price offered higher than their forecast, so they decline the price in a relatively polite and implicit manner without directly pointing out. And the word "much" shows their desire to successfully cooperate, which may leave some room for future counter offer.2.3.2 Fuzzy language will improve the efficiency, and flexibility of expression.It is necessary for people to leave some room for both parties in order to form a better cooperation. At that time, fuzzy language comes in handy, the effect of flexibility mainly reflected in the derivative meaning of the words. Especially during the process of negotiation, the flexibility of expression is perfectly performed because the negotiatorshould be free to use the fuzzy language strategy and be good at applying the negotiation skills so that he can achieve his purpose.Example 2:As you may notice, the price for pork has gone up currently. Our price is attractive as compared with other supplier.In this sentence, it uses "attractive" instead of showing a clear price to convey some ambiguous information on price, which maintains flexibility in the offer, avoiding the other party thinking of absolute terms. Then the words "other supplier" do not clearly indicate anyone, but it improves the efficiency of tempting the other party to accept offer. With such an intelligent approach, the negotiators try to be objective while highlighting their own advantages.2.3.3 Fuzzy language will be convey the information more accurately and show the objective accuracyOn the surface, fuzzy language is full of uncertainty, but it also embodies in some accurate context. To some extent, fuzzy words convey more sufficient information that may be more precise than non-fuzzy words, showing a strategy of using fuzziness to convey some precise information. In this way, the expression reflects sort of the strictness and objectiveness.Example 3In general, our payment terms are by irrevocable letter of credit at sight and we do notaccept D/P term."In general" is a phrase to summary one's opinion on something. However, it does not clarify what "In general" exactly refers to, and the range, degree and limits are all uncertain. It shows a more strict and accurate meaning, meanwhile, it ease the communication atmosphere, driving the other party understand and accept easily than before2.3.4 Fuzzy language will be a perfect way to one's self-protectionDuring business communication, especially some commerce trade, the using of fuzzy language improve the freedom of expression, avoid the absoluteness, and gain the initiative. In particular, if the partner wants one side to take the responsibility, or one offers something wrong to his client, even causes the economic losses, fuzzy language help one easier to protect himself.Example 4The seller is not to take the responsibility for no delivery or shipment delay due to generally irresistible reason."generally irresistible reason" is the sort of a perfect strategy using in the business contract. It points out that the seller is irresponsible if the shipment is delayed by some objective factors, such as worker strike, unpredictable weather, etc. The writing person avoids their own responsibility in a tactful way, and subtly self-protects his own party if both parties have a conflict in the shipment issue.2.4 ConclusionBased on the above analysis of specific pragmatic functions of fuzzy language in thebusiness English, it is easy to find out that fuzzy language is a kind of language strategy adopted by people for the sake of communication in some particular business occasions. In different occasions, fuzzy language plays different roles in the pragmatic functions. For instance, the pragmatic functions in business letters, business negotiation, business contract, business advertising and so forth, play a crucial role in the international business communication. However, it's worth noting that under some certain circumstance, fuzzy language has limited and negative effect so that it should be used properly according to the specific context. Only used in a correct and appropriated way, can fuzzy language promote international business activities smoothly.3. MethodologyBy consulting the teacher, I focus on four specific pragmatic functions of fuzzy language in the business English. On the whole, I collect a number of relative materials and references of this topic, then state the theoretical knowledge and background of the topic. After presenting relative information of every pragmatic function, I cite examples to respectively analyze the different positive functions for the sake of the combination of the theory and argument. At last, I draw a conclusion to the overall essay.References[1]Bertrand Russell. V agueness[J]. The Australian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, 1923（3）：84-92.[3]Brieger, N．The Teaching Business English Handbook[M].New York: New York Associates Publications, 1997.[3]Channell, J. Vague Language[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994: 165- 195.[4]Lakoff,G.Hedges.A Study in Meaning criteria andthe logic of fuzzy concept[J].Journal of Philosophical Logic,1973(2).[5]Zadeh, L.A.Fuzzy Sets[M]．Information and Control,1965(8): 338～353.[6]程同春. 论模糊语言在国际商务英语中的语用功能[J]. 国际经贸探索，2000(5).[7]李明. 论商务英语的语言特点和语篇特点[J].广东外语外贸大学学报, 2004(4): 32～37.[8]刘晓娟，王红梅. 论模糊语用策略在商务英语中的运用[J]. 商场现代化，2007[9]韩晓方, 温美昕. 国际商务信函中模糊语言的语用分析[ J]. 商业现代化, 2007( 5)[10]乔娇. 国际商务英语中的模糊语言语用功能探讨[J]. 河北北方学院学报，2008(6)[11]邱天河. 语用策略在国际商务谈判中的运用[J]．外语与外语教学, 2000(4)[12]孙全军. 模糊语言在英文商务信函写作中的作用[J]. 考试周刊，2008[13]吴建新.《模糊语言在外贸谈判中的作用》，《现代外语》1990(4)[14]吕昊, 刘显正, 罗萍编著. 商务合同写作及翻译[ M] . 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2005(1)[15]张乔.《模糊语义学》[Ｍ].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1998。

1.TG:transformational grammar:has seen five stages of development.the classical theory aims to make linguistics a science.the standard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory.the extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.the revised extended standard theory(or GB)focuses discussion on government and binding.the lastest is the minimalist program,a further revision of the previous theory.the development of TG grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers.although it has involved putting forward,revising,its aims and purposes have been consistent,to explore the nature,origin and the uses of human knowledge of language.2.PS rules:a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences,and the rules must meet the following requirements:(1)generative:the rules must automatically generate sentences;(2)simple:the rules must be represented by symbols and formulae; (3)explicit:everything must be stated precisely,leaving nothing to chance; (4)exhaustive:the rules should cover all linguistic facts,leaving nothing uncovered;(5)recursive:the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentences.this is phrase structure grammar.nguage culture and society:it has long been recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and nguage is an indispensable carrier of culture.culture finds a better representation througe language use.a joint study of these two subjects will definitely broaden the horizon of human knowledge in general and enrich the research of these sciences in particular.firth :context of situation;sapir-whorf hypotheses language and society:metaphorically,language is regarded as a mirror of society,through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better.functionally,society provides language with a suitable context of use,in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully.with the occurrence of sociolinguistics ,the relationships between the two has been emphasized.4.Some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context :class;gender;age;ethnic identity;education background;occupation and religious belief.5.Sociolinguistics contribute to language:1,sociolinguistics has contribute to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;2,it has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;3,it has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;4,it has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.6.Cross-cultural communication:intra-cultural communication is not an easy job if some basic rules are not followed.we need to know some basic principles :1,Rogers:tripartite model for successful communication(1)(2)(3);basic guidelines:1,successful communication occurs when the hearer can see,feel,and understand issues from the speaker's point of view;2,successful communication occurs when the speaker and hearer know each other ' s intention ;3,...occurs when the two parties adopt a dynamic dialogue pattern.principles:1,when in Rome do as the Romans do(linguistic forms are different from one language to another.semantic selections vary across separate language systems.one thing you can conveniently say in a language may not be so in another language.this difference makes cross-cultural communication not an easy job to deal with.for example,greeting expressions.when two British people meet,they may greet each other by saying something about the weather. Wile when two chinese people meet,they may greet in this way:"where are you going?"or "have you eaten?"for most westerners,these lines sound far too personal or private,if not nosy.2,put yourself in other's shoes(successful communication in a cross-cultural setting depends much on a sensible interpretation and prediction of what the other party will think ,feel,and behave when some crucial things occur.3,oneculture's meat is another culture's poison(proverbs epitomize the essence of culture and the value system of society. A cross-linguistic survey of proverbial expressions will capture another point of interest:how do people from different cultures look at their relationships with animals? A ready example is found in English"love me ,love my dog". An equivalent in chinese will be "love me ,love my bird".these two proverbs reveal different attitudes English and Chinese speakers cherish toward these pets. This disparity ,if not cautioned,will invite unpleasantness in society. An expression is likely to take on different social significance,goos or bad,friendly or hostile,depending on a very important sociolinguistic rule of communication:who speaks what,to whom,when,where,and for what purpose(fishman).similarly, correct interpretation and smooth communication rely on a group of relevant factors.the implication the speaker wants to convey is one,the social relationships between interlocuters become another and a specific setting where communication takes place constituents a third.if these pre-conditional requirements are not met,it will produce compliant,unpleasantness and misunderstanding in a new cultural context.7.What are the three important points of the Prague School?First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study. Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language. No element of any language can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. Third, language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.8.How do you understand Chomsky’s L anguage Acquisition device:Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with the knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. The categories and relations exist in all human languages and all human infants are born with knowledge of them. According to him, the study of language, or the structure of language, can throw some light on the nature of the human mind. This approach to language is a reaction against behaviourism in psychology and empiricism in philosophy, making linguistics a branch of psychology.9.Three objectives to teach culture in our language class:1,to get the students familiar with cultural differences;2,to help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;3,to emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.1.Philosophers use connotation to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.2.In the middle of 1960s, William Labov, a famous sociolinguist, conducted a rather meticulous survey at several departments in the City of New York.to examine the relationship between the speakers’ social stat us and their phonological variations.3.Applied linguistics serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner.4.Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”.5.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.Saussure......structuralism Roman Jacobson.......distinctive features P.Grice.......Theory of conversational implicature; cooperative principle John Lanoshaw Austin.....speech act theory Chomsky.....TG,LAD(language acquisition device)G.Leech......7 types of meaning in<senmantics> Radford.....MOP Hjemslev......Paradigmatic relations Katz and Fodor.......an integrated theory(compositionality) Firth........theory of context of situation;prosodic or analysis phonology M.A.K Halliday.........SF(systemic-functional grammar) Lakoff.........You are what you say Rogers........tripartite model municative dynamisn Franz Boas.......American structuralism。

语言学教程chapter1-31.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such asarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。

如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。

2.function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functionsinclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingualfunction.功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。

语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。

3.etic: a term in contrast with emi c which originates from American linguist Pike’sdistinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the casewith phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。

4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’sdistinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the nativemembers of a speech communith rather than via a ppeal to the investigator’singenuith or intuition alone.位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。

一、名词解释1、Psychological distance: it may be that the truly pragmatic basis of special deixis is actually psychological. Physically close objects will tend to be treated by the speaker as psychologically close. Also ,sth that is physically distant will generally be treated as psychologically distant.2、Reference: reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something.3、inference: Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.4、Presupposition: a presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance, speakers, not sentences, have presupposition.5、Entailment: an entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance, sentences, not speakers, have entailments.6、Face,: face means the public self-image of a person. It refers that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.7、Politeness: in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person's face.二、简答题1、what's pragmatics ? T ypes of it.P r agmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker( or writer) and interpreted by a listener{or reader}①pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.②pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.③pragmatics is the study of how more gets it communicated than is said.④pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.2、what's deixis ?Deixis is a technical term( from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterance. It means 'pointing' via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this 'pointing' is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be broken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis( me, you), or location via spatial deixis( here, there), or time via temporal deixis( now, then).3、T ypes of presupposition.①The existential presupposition is not only assumed to be present in possessive construction ( for example, ' your car '>> 'you have a car)②The presupposed information following a verb like ' know ' can be treated as a fact, and is described as a factive presupposition, such as …realize‟ and …regret‟..③General speaking, in lexical presupposition, the use of one form with its asserted meaning is conventionally interpreted with the presupposition that another ( non-asserted ) meaning is understood, such as …stop‟, …star‟, and…again‟.④In addition to presupposition which are associated with the use of certain words and phrases, there are also structural presupposition. ( for example, when did he leave? >> he left. / where did you buy the bike ? >> you bought the bike. )⑤A non-factive presupposition is one that is assumed not to be true. ( example, I dreamed that I was rich.>> I was not rich/ we imagined we were in Hawaii.>>we were not in Hawaii. / hepretends to be ill.>>he is not ill. )⑥At end of the discussion of deixis, a structure that is interpreted with a non-factivepresupposition. Indeed, this type of structure creates a counter-factual presupposition, meaning that what is presupposed is not only true, but is the opposite of what is true, or ' contrary ' to ' facts'.( example, if you were my friend, you would have helped me.>>you are not my friend.)4.Cooperation and implicature.The cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at stage it which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.①Quantity,i.Make your contribution as informative as is required ( for the current purposes of theexchange).b)Do you make your contribution more informative than is required.②Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true.a)Do not say what what you believe to be false.b)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.③Relation. Be relevant.④Manner. Be perspicuous.a)A void obscurity of expression.b)A void ambiguity.c)Be brief( avoid unnecessary prolixity).d)Be orderly.Properties of conversational implicatures1.Conversational implicatures are deniable. They can be explicitly denied(or alternatively,reinforced) in different ways.2.Implicatures can be calculated by the listeners via inference. In terms of their definingproperties, then, conversational implicatures can be calculated, suspended, cancelled, and reinforced.Speech actThe action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts.1.Locutionary act, which is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguisticexpression,2.The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.3.Depending on the circumstances, you will utter on the assumption that the hearer willrecognize the effect you intended. This is also generally known as the perlocutionary effect.Positive and negative politenessA positive politeness atrategy leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship,via expressions such as those in the following example(a. how about letting me use your pen? b.hey, buddy, I‟d appreciate it if you‟d let me use your pen.)However, in most English-speaking contexts, a face saving act is more commonly performed via a negative politeness strategy. For example(a. could you lend me a pen? B. I‟m sorry to bother you, but can I ask you for a pen or something? C. I know you are busy, but might I ask you if-em-if you happen to have an extra pen that I could,you know-eh-maybe borrow?)三、论述题1. Speech act classification.①Declaration are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. ( example. Priest: I now pronounce your husband and wife./ Referee: you're out. / Jury Foreman: we find the defendant guilty.)In using a declaration, the speaker changes the world via words.②Representatives are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. ( example. The earth is flat. / Chomsky didn't write about peanuts. / it was a warm sunny day.)In using representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world( of belief)③Expressive are those kind of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. ( example. I'm really sorry. / congratulations / Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh. )In using an expression, the speaker makes words fit the world( of feeling).④Directives are those kinds of speech that speakers use to get someone else to do something. (example. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. / could you lend me a pen, please?/ don't touch that.In using a directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words( via the hearer).⑤Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. ( I'll be back/ I'm going to get it right next time/ we will not do that. ) In using a commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker)These five general functions of speech acts, with there key features, are summarized in Table 6. I.The role of co-text1.The co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like“Brazil”. It is consequently misleading to think of reference being understood solely in terms of our ability to identity referents via the referring expression. The referring expression actually provides a range of reference, that is, a number of possible referents.2.Of course, co-text is just a linguistic part of the environment in which a referring expression Iused. The physical environment, or context, is perhaps more easily recognized as having a powerful impact on how referring expressions are to be interpreted.3.Reference are depends on local context and the local knowledge of the participants. It maycrucially depend on familiarity with the local socio-cultural conventions as the basis for inference (for example, if a person is in a hospital with an illness, then he or she can be identified by nurses via the name of illness). These conventions may differ substantially from one social group to another and may be marked differently from one language to another.Reference, then, is not simply a relationship between the meaning of a word or phrase and an object or person in the world. It is a social act, in which the speaker assumes that the word or phrase chosen to identify an object or person will be interpreted as the speaker intend.。

Opportunities and Challenges of the Ideological and Political Education for College Students in New EraPing LiuInstitute of Philosophy and Public ManagementHenan UniversityKaifeng, ChinaAbstract—Globalization, marketization and networking are the three major characteristics in the new era, and are also the social environment of ideological and political education, which provides the development opportunity for ideological and political education, together with various challenges, such as lack of college students' belief, decline of the function of moral education in colleges and the work in networking becoming not controllable At each college, students education workers should set up the brand new education concept, to establish the stereo system for the student ideological and political education work, for comprehensive innovation of ideological and political education work for college students.Keywords—new era; ideological and political education; challenges; opportunityI.I NTRODUCTIONWith the rapid development of China's economy and society, the value orientation of people has showed a trend of diversified development. At the same time, emerging media such as network is also deeply influencing people's value choice. Facing the new situation, ideological and political education work of college students is not enough, and there are many weak links. To strengthen and improve ideological and political education of college student are a very urgent important task. We should understand clearly the serious situation of ideological and political education work of college student, enhance the sense of urgency, a sense of crisis, and take active measures, to do a good job in college students' ideological and political work.II.I DEOLOGICAL F EATURES OF C OLLEGE S TUDENTS INTHE N EW E RATo do an effective work for the college students' ideological and political education, we must do it based on the characteristics of the ideological and political situation of college students on campus in the new era; if not, our education and work will lose targeted, can't receive due effect, so it is very necessary to make the analysis of contemporary college students' ideological and political situation for doing the work of the ideological education of college students well. A. Aspect of Political IdeaPolitical situation of the contemporary college students' mainstream is positive, healthy and upward, they care about the affairs of state, have patriotic enthusiasm, have witnessed the reform and open policy achievement, and experienced the development and progress of the motherland personally. They care about reform, support the reform, and through the study and social practice, they realize the correctness of the party's line, principles and policies, have deepened the understanding of Deng Xiaoping theory, being full of confidence for the future of China's reform and development, so it can be said that, the student's political direction of the mainstream is good. However, we also must see that, the college students still have some contradictions, confusion and some problem that are not allowed to ignore on the political thoughts and political ideas, which include the following.1. Understanding of socialism with Chinese characteristics still stays in the perceptual and fuzzy level, and they lack of rational and the profound understanding, so they feel puzzled by some of the problems existing in the social and political life of reality, such as the inland and coastal economic development imbalance, social inequality, wealth disparity, social corruption, social security problems, economical development issue of rural area especially the rural poor area, and so on, therefore, they often cannot make proper analysis and judgment for the above contradictory phenomenon.2. On the political ideal and political views there is a tendency to downplay. They mainly see a political problem based on self development point of view, and quite a few students see the joining of the party and evaluation for the advanced, etc, as a means to achieve personal interests. They take part in the political study, and are positive to be close to the party, to a certain extent, is to exercise their abilities by participating in the political activity, for realizing their personal interests and satisfying their requirements.B. Aspect of ValuesContemporary college students are enterprising, dare to compete, and their life value are positive. However, their value subject, value orientation and value target have the characteristics of ego, effectiveness and short term. The lifeInternational Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2015)values of college students are not mature, and the vast majority of college students still can't use the ideal goal of values to guide practice. In case that their life value goal conflicts with the realistic interests, they tend to realistic interests, and their value choices have apparent utilitarian tendency and material benefit tendency in realizing the values.∙From the view point of value subject, college students' self subject consciousness has be enhanced,paying attention to the realization of self-worth,which are mainly manifested in pursuit ofadvocating themselves, self value and self-interests,being keen to self design, self struggle and self-fulfilling.∙From the point of value orientation, college students combine the pursuit of ideal with the realisticutilitarianism, turning from paying attention tocontribution, the idealism, to paying attention to realbenefit. The functional and real life of materialcomforts, tend to be both giving and taking. Frompaying attention to the value of knowledge and thepursuit of rationality, to paying attention to the valueof money and sensual enjoyment, they think thatthey also need money and material enjoyment whilepursuing the ideal and knowledge, and the rationalegoism has become a common value orientation incollege students.∙From value evaluation standards, it has obvious duality, i.e. the cognitive standards in theory differsfrom the standard in the actual practice, and theytend to require others with the collectivism valuestandards, but to take the value of self-intereststandard for themselves; For studying from Lei Fengand heroic behavior, they believe in them in idea, butdo not actively change them into their consciousaction. Such kind of contradiction and doublestandards, have fully reflected the complex mentalityof college students in social economic systemtransformation period.∙Seen from source of view of values, the source of the college students' values presents a pluralistictendency, under the impact of socialist marketeconomy. The social life and social popular valuesinfluence on the students largely, and they areincreasingly looking for the values view that theythink it is correct from real life.III.T HE C HALLENGE AND O PPORTUNITY F ACED BY THE I DEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL EDUCATION IN THE N EW E RAA RE S HOWN IN THE F OLLOWING S EVERAL A SPECTSA. The Challenge and Opportunity Brought by the MarketEconomy and Social Diversity for the Ideological andPolitical Education of College StudentsThe new characteristics of social and personal development under the condition of market economy, has brought large challenges to the ideological and political education. First, the value guide and action of collectivism values are diminishing. Economic independence and autonomy make people have the desires of the development of personality, and the pursuit of personal interests is becoming stronger and stronger. If lacking of necessary guidance and adjustment, it is possible to lead to diminishing of the global and overall conception, even lead to extreme individualism, personal interests first. Second, the traditional ideological and political education goal and content are hit. In a diverse society, individual selective enhancement combines with the only profiting of the market economy, easy to cause the interests choice laying particular stress on the material interests and ignoring the political, moral, and paying attention to individual goals and ignoring the social goals on the moral goal and the content choice, which is bound to impact on the traditional ideological and political education goal and content.Challenge means opportunity, and to meet the challenge becomes a new opportunity for the ideological and political education reform. First, the social diversity requires the ideological and political education goal must have a hierarchy. In the planned economy period, the one-sided emphasis was put on the ideological and political education target of being high, big and complete, and ignored the gradation and being targeted. With the development of market economy and social diversity, this goal can not satisfy the requirements of modern ideological and political education any more. With the differentiation of the interest subjects and the diversification of people's ideological and moral, the level differences of advanced thoughts, lagging thoughts and middle thoughts have been produced. Collage students are not an exception too, as they grow in the market economy and the era of reform and open policy, their thoughts and values are also diversified. Our goal today is to cultivate a firm communist belief in advanced college students, the general college students to become patriotic persons being able to agree with Chinese characteristics socialism, and good youth having good ideological quality and moral standards. Second, the social diversity requires the content of ideological and political education must adhere to the unity of domination and diversity. On the one hand, ideological and political education must adhere to the socialist direction and stick to M arxist’s guiding status in the field of ideology and the guiding ideology cannot be made in diversification, on the other hand, we should study to absorb and draw lessons from positive and universal ideology and culture achievements of other ideology, encourage and support all the ideology and moral conducive to the liberation and development of the socialist social productivity, all the ideology and moral conducive to the national unity, ethnic solidarity and social progress, all the ideology and moral conducive to the pursuit of truth, inhibition of ugliness, promoting the integrity, and all the ideology and moral conducive to implementing the citizens rights and obligations, pursuing a better life through honest labors.B. Impact and Push of the Economic Globalization andthe Opening Environment to the Ideological andPolitical Education of College StudentsThe impact mainly is shown in: first, the impact of capitalism to socialism ideology. The western developed capitalist countries have never stopped the "westernization", "differentiation" plot to our country, which makes our country adhering to the socialist direction for ideological and political education be facing strong international interference, and highlights adhering to Marxism and socialism ideological dominance has unprecedented importance. Second, the economic interests strengthen the impact on the ideology and politics. Economic globalization will inevitably make the economic interests and economic factors be highlighted in the social development, which is reflected in the field of ideological and political education to make people ignore more and more the role of ideology and moral. Therefore, it does not mean that economic factors are important, and we don't need ideology and politics, but it requires that we're going to use the requirement of economic development, to promote and develop the political content and way. At present, the western developed capitalist countries are taking advantage of the excuse and paths of economic globalization, to step up to do the western bourgeois ideology penetration and implement the strategy of "westernization" and "differentiation" toward us, for which we must be alert, insisting on and strengthening the ideological and political education.Economic globalization has "double blades". In today's world, economic globalization has become the trend to be inevitable, actively adapting to the demands of the development of economic globalization is where to keep the vitality and effectiveness of ideological and political education lies. From this sense, economic globalization is good opportunities for promoting innovation and development of the theory and method of the ideological and political education.This is shown in concentration that, the ideological and political education content for the new era shall pay attention to cultivate several college students' ideological and moral concepts: the first is the opening-up idea, the second it is the global idea, the third is the patriotism and national spirit. In the process of economic globalization, the western developed capitalist countries are always in a central position, so we shall avoid becoming the marginal state, so we shall not emphasize the "integration" with the world only, but also actively participate in formulating economic globalization operation rules, trying to maintain our own country’s interests. So, we must strengthen patriotism and national spirit education. In addition, the economic globalization is beneficial to learning ideological and political education theory and experience from foreign countries.C. Challenges and Opportunity for Ideological andPolitical Education of College Students Brought byModern Scientific Development and Informationization The challenges are mainly shown in: first is the openness of the network seriously impacts the dominant position of school ideological and political education in the process of personal growth; second is the convenient network running and multidirectional equal communication way challenge the authority of ideological and political educators for college students to learn; third is the diversity and uncertainty of network information make some college students be hard for behavior choice, and increase the difficulty for college students to make independent judgment and choice; fourth is the virtual nature of network weakens college students' moral consciousness and law consciousness. In addition, the extreme fascination of college student, affects their academic development, and some students are infected with "Internet addiction" and "network autism”due to excessive involvement in the network, greatly hurting their physical and mental health.The challenge comes with the opportunity, and the network has also brought new opportunities to the ideological and political work in colleges and universities. First, the network has enriched the content of ideological and political education, providing a lot of information for ideological and political education work. Second, network breaks through the limit of time and space of ideological and political education. Students can freely discuss problems with the teachers on the internet, expanding the access to information and means of contact with the outside world, providing new favorable conditions for carrying out extensive ideological and political work. Third, the network has broadened the ways of ideological and political education. When the ideological and political work goes into the network, it means the modernization of education means, being advantageous to the widely covering of ideological and political work.R EFERENCES[1] Research on impact of global cultural through on college ideologicaland political education work [J] by Xu Chen, Hua Zhang, The Guide of Science and Education 2011( 2) :4．[2] Globalization of education –View and issues of China [M] by ZhihuiEast China Normal University Press, Shanghai, 2004:89[3] Selections of K. Marx and F. Engels. Vol. 1 [M], People’s PublishingHouse, Beijing, 1995:9[4] New challenge and new thought of college ideological and politicaleducation [J] by Yunjing Zhang, Liang Zhao, Information of Science and Technology, 2011( 22) :78[5] Challenges confronted by contemporary college ideological andpolitical education and countermeasures [J] by Po Ma, Guide on becoming rich by technology, 2011( 12) :91[6] Challenges confronted by contemporary college ideological andpolitical education and countermeasures [J] by Jianjun Chen, Jun Yan, Intelligence, 2011( 19) :85。

persuasive speech演讲稿Persuasive Speech: The Art of Convincing an AudienceHave you ever wondered why some speeches leave you feeling moved, inspired, and ready to take action, while others fall flat? The answer often lies in the power of persuasion, the art of convincing an audience to embrace a particular idea, belief, or action.Whether you're giving a persuasive speech in a classroom, a boardroom, or a political rally, the key to success lies in understanding your audience and engaging their emotions, logic, and values. In this article, we'll explore some of the key elements of persuasive speech and offer tips for crafting a winning presentation.The Importance of Knowing Your AudienceBefore you even begin crafting your persuasive speech, it's important to understand who your audience is and what motivates them. What are their beliefs, fears, desires, and values? What do they care about, and what are their priorities?Once you have a clear understanding of your audience, you can tailor your speech to speak directly to their concerns and interests. This means using language and examples that resonate with them, acknowledging their objections and concerns, and providing evidence and arguments that speak directly to their values and needs.Creating a Compelling StoryOne of the most powerful tools of persuasion is the creation of a compelling story that connects emotionally with your audience. This can be done through the use of personal anecdotes, relatable examples, and metaphors that bring your message to life.If you're trying to persuade your audience to support a particular cause, for example, you might tell the story of a family that has been positively impacted by that cause, painting a vivid picture of the emotional impact of supporting it. If you're trying to persuade your audience to buy a product, you might use a metaphor that links the product to a desirable outcome (e.g., "This product is like a magic wand that can transform your life").Backing Up Your Arguments with EvidenceWhile emotional appeals are important for engaging your audience, it's also critical to back up your arguments with concrete evidence and facts. This means doing your research ahead of time and gathering data, statistics, and case studies that support your position.When presenting evidence, it's important to make it clear and accessible to your audience, and to be prepared to respond to any objections or counterarguments that might arise. This means anticipating potential objections and doing your best to preempt them, providing clear explanations and examples to support your position.Strengthening Your Argument with LogicAnother key tool for persuasive speech is the use of logic, the art of making rational and coherent arguments that support your position. This means using clear and logical reasoning, avoiding logical fallacies, and staying focused on your main argument.When using logic, it's important to back up your arguments with examples and evidence, and to address any potential weaknesses in your argument head-on. This means acknowledging any counterarguments or objections, and providing clear and compelling responses that demonstrate the strength of your position.Using Ethos, Pathos, and LogosFinally, it's important to note that persuasive speech relies on a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos, three of the most important elements of rhetoric.Ethos refers to the credibility and trustworthiness of the speaker, which can be established through the use of personal anecdotes, credentials, and expert opinions. Pathos refers to the emotional appeal of the speaker, which can be established through the use of vivid language, relatable examples, and metaphors. Logos refers to the logical and rational appeal of the speaker, which can be established through the use of evidence, statistics, and logical reasoning.By combining these elements effectively, persuasive speakers can create a powerful and compelling message that resonates deeply with their audience, inspiring them to take action, change their beliefs, or adopt new behaviors.ConclusionIn conclusion, persuasive speech is a powerful tool for inspiring change, motivating action, and influencing beliefs and attitudes. To be successful in crafting persuasive speech, it's important to understand your audience, engage their emotions and values, use evidence and logic to support your arguments, and combine ethos, pathos, and logos to create a compelling story that resonates deeply with your listeners.By following these tips and strategies, you can become a more effective persuasive speaker, inspiring others to embrace your ideas, take action, and make a positive impact on the world.。

UNIT11.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics?A.PsycholinguisticB.SociolinguisticsC.Macrolinguistics正确答案C，得2分2.(单选题，2 分)()refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of.municative competenceB.Linguistic potentialnguepetence正确答案C3.(单选题，2 分)The function of the sentence "Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is ().A.interrogativeB.performativeC.directivermative正确答案D，得2分4.(单选题，2 分)By()we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.A.displacementB.dualityC.arbitrarinessD.creativity正确答案D，得2分5.(单选题，2 分)When language is used to get information from others. it serves an()function.A.interrogativeB.expressiveC.evocativermative正确答案D6.(单选题，2 分)The functions of language do NOT include ().A.metacognitive functionrmative functionC.phatic functionD.interpersonal function正确答案A，得2分7.(单选题，2 分)Saussure took a(n) ()view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ()point of view.A.semantic. linguisticB.psychological. sociologicalC.sociological.. psychologicalD.applied. pragmatic正确答案C，得2分8.(单选题，2 分)The actual production and comprehension of the speech by speakers of a language is called().A.performancenguage devicepetenceD.grammar rules正确答案A，9.(单选题，2 分)Saussure is closely connected with().nguepetenceC.paroleD.performance正确答案C，得2分10.(单选题，2 分)"A refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2, 000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of().A.creativityB.arbitrarinessC.displacementD.duality正确答案C，得2分11.(单选题，2 分)According to F. de Saussure()refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.nguageB.performancengueD.parole正确答案C，得2分12.(单选题，2 分)The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with().A.auditory phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC.acoustic phonetics教师批阅正确答案C，得2分13.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature?A.ArbitrarinessB.ConventionC.DualityD.Culture transmission正确答案B，我的答案：D得0分14.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A.bangB.crashC.treeD.typewriter正确答案C，我的答案：A得0分15.(单选题，2 分)The study of language at one point in time is a()study.A.descriptiveB.diachronicC.synchronicD.historical正确答案C，得2分16.(单选题，2 分)Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson 's framework of language functions?A.The emotive function is to convey message and information.B.The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meaning.C.The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.D.The phatic function is to establish communion with others.正确答案D，我的答案：C得0分17.(填空题，2 分)____grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while____grammars tell people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.正确答案：(1) Descriptive(2) prescriptive18.(填空题，2 分)The features that define our human languages can be called____features.正确答案：(1) design19.(填空题，2 分)The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of____ ____relation.正确答案：(1) convention20.(填空题，2 分)____ can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.正确答案：(1) Pragmatics21.(填空题，2 分)Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as____ and.The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.正确答案：(1) langue, parole22.(填空题，2 分)Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and ____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more with noticing than its arbitrariness.正确答案：(1) conventionality23.(填空题，2 分)Chomsky initiated the distinction between ____and performance.正确答案：(1) competence24.(填空题，2 分)Syntagmatic relation in fact is a____ relation.正确答案：(1) positional25.(填空题，2 分)Linguistics is usually defined as the____ study of language.正确答案：(1) scientific26.(填空题，2 分)Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the____ function of language.正确答案：(1) metalingual27.(填空题，2 分)By____ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.正确答案：(1) duality28.(填空题，2 分)Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ____ theory.正确答案：(1) yo-he-ho29.(填空题，2 分)Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ____ it is associated with.正确答案：(1) meaning30.(填空题，2 分)Semantics and ____ investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning.正确答案：(1) pragmatics31.(填空题，2 分)The relation between them is____.正确答案：(1) arbitrary32.(填空题，2 分)By____, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.正确答案：(1) creativity33.(填空题，2 分)In linguistics, ____ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence.正确答案：(1) syntax34.(填空题，2 分)Modern linguistic is ____ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.正确答案：(1) descriptive35.(填空题，2 分)____ mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.正确答案：(1) phonetics36.(填空题，2 分)One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ____ and performance.正确答案：(1) competence37.(填空题，2 分)The most important function of language is ____function.正确答案：(1) informative38.(填空题，2 分)____ refers to the role language plays in communication(e. g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations(e. g. Religious, legal).正确答案：(1) Function39.(填空题，2 分)When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather thanexchanging information or ideas, its function is ____function.正确答案：(1) phatic40.(填空题，2 分)The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community is____.正确答案：(1) langue41.(判断题，2 分)It is conclusive that Chinese is regarded as the primeval language.正确答案错，得2分42.(判断题，2 分)Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study正确答案错，得2分43.(判断题，2 分)Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language.正确答案错，得2分44.(判断题，2 分)Wherever humans exist,language exists.正确答案错，得2分45.(判断题，2 分)The bow- wow theory is a theory on the origin of language.正确答案对，得2分46.(判断题，2 分)According to Saussure, the relation between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary.正确答案对，得2分47.(判断题，2 分)When language is used to get information from other,it serves an informative function.正确答案错，得2分48.(判断题，2 分)Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.正确答案错，得2分49.(判断题，2 分)The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES.正确答案对，得2分50.(判断题，2 分)Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meaning.对UNIT21.(单选题，1 分)The vowel()is a low back vowel.A./i:/B./e/C./u/D./a:/教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分2.(单选题，1 分)Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A.[w]B.[f]C.[z]D.[v]教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分3.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is true of an allophone?A.An allophone changes the meaning of the word.B.There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme.C.A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes.D.There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone.教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分4.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following CANNOT be considered as minimal par?A./s / /T/B./ai/ /Oi/C./s/ /z/D./p/ /b/教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：C 得0 分5.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A.voiced labiodental fricativeB.voiced labiodental stopC.voiceless labiodental fricativeD.voiceless labiodental stop教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分6.(单选题，1 分)The consonant /s / in the word “smile” can be described as:().A.Voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB.voiced oral bilabial fricativeC.voiceless nasal bilabial liquidD.voiced oral alveolar plosive教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分7.(单选题，1 分)Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.A.residentB.restartC.resolutionD.resignation教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分8.(单选题，1 分)()is the smallest meaningful unit of language.A.PhoneB.PhonemeC.MorphemeD.Syllable教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分9.(单选题，1 分)An aspirated P and an unaspirated p are()of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.allophonesC.tagmemesD.morphemes教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分10.(单选题，1 分)()refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.A.RhymeB.StressC.ToneD.Coda教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分11.(单选题，1 分)Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC.None of themD.auditory phonetics教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分12.(单选题，1 分)A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a givenlanguage is a().A.phonemeB.allophoneC.phoneD.word教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分13.(单选题，1 分)()is one of the suprasegmental features.A.stopB.toneC.voicingD.deletion教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分14.(单选题，1 分)Which one is different from others according to places of articulatory?A.[p]B.[m]C.[b]D.[n]教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分15.(单选题，1 分)Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT(). DA.affricatesB.bilabialC. lateralD.fricative教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分16.(单选题，1 分)Of the consonants/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /m/ /z/and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar?A./p/B./t/C./g/D./k/教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分17.(单选题，1 分)Of the three cavities, ()is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.A.none of themB.oral cavityC. pharynx cavityD.nasal cavity教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分18.(单选题，1 分)What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.Glottal stopB.VoicedC.ConsonantD.Voiceless教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分19.(单选题，1 分)The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in()and vocabulary.A.grammarB.structureC.pronunciationage教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分20.(单选题，1 分)Which of the allowing is not a minimal pair?A./keit/ /feit/B./sai / sei/C./li:f/ /fi:l/D./sip/ /zip/教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分21.(填空题，2.5 分)Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of____and manner of articulation.正确答案：(1) place22.(填空题，2.5 分)The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are ____allophones教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) allophones23.(填空题，2.5 分)____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.正确答案：(1) Consonants24.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /k/ can be described with "voiceless,____,stop”.教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) velar25.(填空题，2.5 分)According to ____, when there is choice as to where to place consonant put into the onset rather than the coda.(1) the Maximal Onset Principle26.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /b/can be described with" ____, bilabial,stop”.正确答案：(1) voiced27.(填空题，2.5 分)____transcription should transcribe all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades. Narrow28.(填空题，2.5 分)Most speech sounds are made by movements of the tongue and the lips, and these movements are called ____, as compared to those made by hands. These movements of the tongue and lips are made____ _so that they can be heard and recognized.正确答案：(1) gestures(2) audibles29.(填空题，2.5 分)Stress refers to the degree of ____used in producing syllable.force教师批阅得2.5 分正确答案：(1) force30.(填空题，2.5 分)In phonological analysis the words fail -veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating____minimal pairs教师批阅得0 分正确答案：(1) minimal pair31.(填空题，2.5 分)The syllable structure in Chinese is ____or____or ____正确答案：(1) CVC(2) CV(3) V32.(填空题，2.5 分)Voicing refers to the ____of the vocal folds.(1) vibration33.(填空题，2.5 分)____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.正确答案：(1) Assimilation34.(填空题，2.5 分)In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different ____and the two words are a____pair.正确答案：(1) phonemes(2) minimal35.(填空题，2.5 分)In ____assimilation, a following sound is influencing a preceding sound.正确答案：(1) regressive36.(填空题，2.5 分)The sound /p/can be described with____, bilabial,stop”.正确答案：(1) voiceless37.(填空题，2.5 分)In English, consonant clusters in onset and coda positions disallow many consonant combinations, which is explained by the work of____.正确答案：(1) sonority scale38.(填空题，2.5 分)Phonetic similarity means that the____of phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.正确答案：(1) allophones39.(填空题，2.5 分)In English there are a number of ____which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.正确答案：(1) diphthongs40.(填空题，2.5 分)The present system of the____derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967) and his colleagues at University of London.正确答案：(1) cardinal vowels41.(判断题，1 分)There are two nasal consonants in English.正确答案错，得1 分42.(判断题，1 分)In English, we can have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC.正确答案对，得1 分43.(判断题，1 分)In the sound writing system, the reference of the grapheme is the phoneme.正确答案对，得0 分44.(判断题，1 分)Phonology studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received.正确答案错，得1 分45.(判断题，1 分)The “Minimal Pair” test that can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences in meaning do not work well for all languages.正确答案对，得1 分46.(判断题，1 分)The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modifications to acquire the quality of a speech sound.正确答案对，得1 分47.(判断题，1 分)Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.正确答案对，得0 分48.(判断题，1 分)Sound [p] in the word"spit "is an unaspirated stop.正确答案对，得1 分49.(判断题，1 分)Speech sounds are those sounds made by human beings that have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives.正确答案对，得1 分50.(判断题，1 分)Tones in tone language are not always fixed. For example, tones in Chinese never change.正确答案错，得1 分51.(判断题，1 分)The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.正确答案对，得0 分52.(判断题，1 分)All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.正确答案对，得1 分The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes.正确答案错，得1 分54.(判断题，1 分)Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.正确答案错，得1 分55.(判断题，1 分)It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.正确答案错，得0 分56.(判断题，1 分)All the suffixes may change the position of the stress.正确答案错，得1 分57.(判断题，1 分)The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.正确答案错，得0 分58.(判断题，1 分)The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme.正确答案错，得1 分59.(判断题，1 分)Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.正确答案错，得1 分60.(判断题，1 分)A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA.正确答案错，得1 分61.(判断题，1 分)The last sound of "top can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.正确答案对，得1 分62.(判断题，1 分)All syllables contain three parts: onset, nucleus and coda.正确答案错，得1 分63.(判断题，1 分)Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adam’s apple”.正确答案错，得1 分64.(判断题，1 分)Chinese is a tone language.正确答案对，得1 分65.(判断题，1 分)A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.正确答案对，得1 分When preceding /p/, the negative prefix “in-” always changes to “im-” .正确答案对，得1 分67.(判断题，1 分)The last sound of "sit"can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.正确答案对，得0 分68.(判断题，1 分)The initial sound of"peak "is aspirated while the second sound of"speak"is unaspirated. They are in free variation.正确答案错，得1 分69.(判断题，1 分)[p] is voiced bilabial stop.正确答案错，得1 分70.(判断题，1 分)Pure vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.正确答案错，得0 分UNIT31.(单选题，1 分)“-s” in the word “books” is ().A.a stemB.an inflectional affixC.a derivational affixD.a root教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分2.(单选题，1 分)other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.A.Poly-morphemic wordsB.Free morphemesC.Bound morphemes教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分3.(单选题，1 分)Of the following sound combinations, only() is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A.ilmbB.miblC.ilbmD.bmil教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：C 得0 分4.(单选题，1 分)Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table-- tables, day+ break-- daybreak?A.inflection and derivationpound and derivationC.derivation and inflectionD.inflection and compound教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分5.(单选题，1 分)()is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A.morphologyB.morphemeC.grammarD.syntax教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分6.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following words are formed by blending?A.televisionB.bunchC.girlfriendD.smog教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分7.(单选题，1 分)The word UN is formed in the way of().A.acronymB.clippingC.InitialismD.blending教师批阅正确答案C，我的答案：A 得0 分8.(单选题，1 分)Language has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of().A.phonologyB.lexiconC.semanticsD.syntax教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分9.(单选题，1 分)There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is knownas a(n) ().A.derivational affixesB.free formC.free morphemeD.inflectional affixes教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分10.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is not a boundary to morpheme? ()A.-putB.-mitC.-tainD.-ceive教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分11.(单选题，1 分)()modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A.AffixesB.PrefixesC.SuffixesD.Roots教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分12.(单选题，1 分)The words that contain only one morpheme are called().A.free morphemeB.affixesC.bound momsD.roots教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：D 得0 分13.(单选题，1 分)Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for a married woman" in modem English. This phenomenon is known as().A.semantic narrowingB.semantic broadeningC.semantic shiftD.semantic elevation教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分14.(单选题，1 分)() are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way in English.A.derivational affixesB.inflectional affixesC.stemsD.free morpheme教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分15.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is under the category of “open class”? ()A.ConjunctionsB.NounsC.PreparationD.determinants教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分16.(单选题，1 分)Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as().A.lexical wordsB.invariable wordsC.grammatical wordsD.function words教师批阅正确答案A，我的答案：C 得0 分17.(单选题，1 分)The word “selfish” contains two().A.morphsB.phonemesC.allomorphsD.morphemes教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分18.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?()A.coinageB.inflectionpoundD.derivation教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分19.(单选题，1 分)Which of the following is an inflectional suffix?()A.-aryB.-ifyC.-istD.-ing正确答案D，得1 分20.(单选题，1 分)() is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A.MorphemeB.SyntaxC.MorphologyD.Grammar教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分21.(单选题，1 分)()is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.A.MorphemeB.RootC.WordD.Allomorph教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分22.(单选题，1 分)The number of morphemes in the word “girls” is().A.fourB.twoC.oneD.three教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分23.(单选题，1 分)() at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.free morphemesD.roots教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分24.(单选题，1 分)Compound words consist of()morphemes.A.freeB.either bound or freeC.boundD.both bound and free正确答案A，得1 分25.(单选题，1 分)Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the() while the latter does not.A.speech soundB.formC.MeaningD.word class教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分26.(单选题，1 分)A prefix is an affix which appears().A.in the middle of the stemB.below the stemC.before the stemD.after the stem教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分27.(单选题，1 分)() is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分28.(单选题，1 分)The words that contain only one morpheme are called().A.bound morphemeB.free morphemeC.rootsD.Affixes教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：C 得0 分29.(单选题，1 分)The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is().A.morphemicB.prefixesC.semanticD.grammatical教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分30.(单选题，1 分)()refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.A.DerivationB.InflectionC.affixationD.Conjunction教师批阅正确答案B，得1 分31.(单选题，1 分)Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are ().A.prefixesB.suffixesC.stemsD.affixes教师批阅正确答案B，我的答案：D 得0 分32.(单选题，1 分)() is the smallest meaningful unit of language.A.PhonemeB.WordC.AllomorphD.Morpheme教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分33.(单选题，1 分)The number of the closed-class words is() and no new members are regularly added.A.fixedrgeC.smallD.limitless教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分34.(单选题，1 分)Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are()items.A.open-classB.variable wordsC.closed-classD.lexical words教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分35.(单选题，1 分)Bound morphemes do not include().A.wordsB.rootsD.suffixes教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分36.(单选题，1 分)Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meaning EXCEPT().A.caseB.numberC.toneD.tense教师批阅正确答案C，我的答案：D 得0 分37.(单选题，1 分)It is true that words may shift in meaning, i.e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to().A.widening of meaningB.meaning shiftC.narrowing of meaningD.loss of meaning教师批阅正确答案A，得1 分38.(单选题，1 分)The word “hospitalize” is an example of() in terms of word formation.poundB.inflectionC.clippingD.derivation教师批阅正确答案D，得1 分39.(单选题，1 分)The morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is a /an().A.inflectional morphemeB.bound formC.free morphemeD.bound morphine教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分40.(单选题，1 分)The compound word "bookstore"is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound().A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD.None of the above正确答案D，得1 分41.(单选题，1 分)The morpheme “ vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)().A.bound formB.bound morphemeC.free morphemeD.inflectional morpheme教师批阅正确答案C，得1 分42.(填空题，1 分)____is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form.正确答案：(1) Word43.(填空题，1 分)Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have ____changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remainsrelatively constant.inflective教师批阅得1 分正确答案：(1) inflective44.(填空题，1 分)Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ____and ____ root.正确答案：(1) affix(2) bound45.(填空题，1 分)A word formed by derivation is called a____and a word formed by compounding is called a____.正确答案：(1) derivative(2) compound46.(填空题，1 分)According to Leonard Bloomfield, word should be treated as the minimum ____.morpheme教师批阅得0 分正确答案：(1) conjunction47.(填空题，1 分)Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by。