北科大考研真题

考点1：金属键，离子键，共价键，氢键，范德瓦耳斯力的定义。

例1（名词解释）：离子键。

例2：解释金属键。

例3：大多数实际材料键合的特点是（）。

A．几种键合形式同时存在B．以离子键的形式存在C．以金属键的形式存在考点2：金属键，离子键，共价键的特征。

例4：化学键中既有方向性又有饱和性的为（）。

A．共价键B．金属键C．离子键例5：原子的结合键有哪几种？各有什么特点？考点3：依据结合键对于材料的分类。

例6：解释高分子材料与陶瓷材料。

例7：试从结合键的角度，分析工程材料的分类及其特点。

例8：何谓陶瓷？从组织结构的角度解释其主要性能特点。

考点1：以米勒指数描述晶向和晶面1.1 晶面族例1：什么是晶面族？{111}晶面族包含哪些晶面？例2：请分别写出立方晶系中{110}和{100}晶面族包括的晶面。

1.2 晶面夹角和晶面间距例：面心立方结构金属的[100]和[111]晶向间的夹角是多少？{100}面间距是多少？1.3 晶带定理例1（名词解释）：晶带定理。

例4：晶面（110）和(111)所在的晶带，其晶带轴的指数为（）。

1.4 HCP的米勒指数例1：写出如图所示六方晶胞中EFGHIJE面的密勒-布拉菲晶面指数，以及EF、FG、GH、HI、IJ、JE各晶向的密勒-布拉菲晶向指数。

例2：写出如图所示六方晶胞中EFGHIJE晶面、EF晶向、FG晶向、CH晶向、JE晶向的密勒-布拉菲指数。

例3：六方晶系的[100]晶向指数，若改用四坐标轴的密勒指数标定，可表示为（）。

1.5 画晶向和晶面，面密度的求法例2：bcc结构的金属铁，其（112）晶面的原子面密度为9.94×1014atoms/cm3。

（1）请计算（110）晶面的原子面密度；（2）分别计算（112）和（110）晶面的晶面间距；（3）确定通常在那个晶面上最可能产生晶面滑移？为什么？（bcc结构铁的晶格常数为a=0.2866nm）1.6 晶向指数的意义例：一组数[uvw]，称为晶向指数，它是用来表示（）。

一As is vividly depicted by the drawing above, a boy is sleeping soundly① and comfortably in the sofa, with the television on, when his mother comes and turnsoff the television for him, blaming the boy for not having turned off the television again②。

This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life. Many people are used to doing③ everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all. Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbo n. This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” — to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development. According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4. 71 kilogram each month。

2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D.He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B.They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C.They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B.The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C.The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B.For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C.For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B.He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C.He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.16.What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17.Which department in the United States organized thecompetition?18.How many teams took part in the competition?19.How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20.What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1.A: I heard no women were allowed to take part in theOlympic Games in ancient Greece. Is that true? B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in those days.They could compete in a separate festival.Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2.A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3.A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4.A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spending timealone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D.They are generally pretty cold to each other.5.A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I'm fed up with working anunskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6.A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7.A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I'm astudent of Professor Cohen's. May I speak to himplease?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8.A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can't say anything. Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9.A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It's really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D.Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee's report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee to investigatesome of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12.What did Bell Labs do after the committee's reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation's directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes. Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13.Which of the following is one of the requirements fora MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year'sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15.Why was Brian Tucker given this year's MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight againstearthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house.Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery. The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。

北京科技大学616中国通史考研真题及答案——才聪学习网2021年北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院《616中国通史》考研全套目录•全国名校中国史考研真题汇编（含部分答案）•全国名校中国近（现）代史考研真题汇编（含部分答案）说明：本科目考研真题不对外公布（暂时难以获得），通过分析参考教材知识点，精选了有类似考点的其他院校相关考研真题，以供参考。

•翦伯赞《中国史纲要（增订本）上》配套题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】•翦伯赞《中国史纲要（增订本）下》配套题库【名校考研真题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】•李侃《中国近代史》（第4版）笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解•[预售]李侃《中国近代史》（第4版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。

3．考研题库•[预售]2021年中国古代史考研题库说明：本部分为本科目考试内容的相关题库，并提供了详解。

•试看部分内容名校考研真题第1章史前时代一、单项选择题1我国境内发现的新石器时代文化遗址有六千多处，遍布黄河流域和长江流域。

其中江南地区迄今为止发现的最早的新石器遗址是（）。

[2014北京科技大学研]A．河姆渡文化B．仰韶文化C．马家窑文化D．红山文化【答案】A查看答案【解析】A项，河姆渡文化，1973年发现于浙江余姚河姆渡，是江南地区迄今较早的、最有代表性的新石器遗存。

B项，仰韶文化是新石器时代北方地区的文化。

C项，马家窑文化是位于黄河上游地区。

D项，红山文化分布在辽西及其附近地区。

2下列考古学文化中，与后来游牧文明有密切关系的是（）。

[20 13年统考真题]A．马家窑文化B．红山文化C．仰韶文化D．屈家岭文化【答案】Ｂ查看答案【解析】仰韶文化是新石器时代中期最有典型意义的文化，192 1年发现于河南渑池县仰韶村而得名。

和仰韶文化约略同时的主要有北方的红山文化、黄河上游的马家窑文化、长江流域的屈家岭文化等。

红山文化分布在辽西及其附近地区，契丹族在此兴起，建立契丹国。

K北京科技大学xx年考研初试真题（120401 行政管理）管理学原理北京科技大学xx年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题编号：321试题名称：管理学原理适用专业：行政管理一、名词解释(每题3分，共18分)1．组织精神2．预算控制3．团队沟通4．核心能力5．知识工资6．职业计划二、简答题(每题8分，共32分)1．绘制矩阵型组织结构草图并分析其优缺点。

2．简述当代决策理论的主要内容。

3．简析权力及领导者的权力结构。

4．什么是压力？分析压力的起因及释解。

三、论述题(每题xx年，玛丽·凯以具有25年销售经历的资格退休。

退休后，她先是想把自己的经验总结出来，在总结中萌生了自己办企业的想法。

就在退休的这一年，她自立门户，办起了玛丽·凯化妆品公司。

这个公司开始只有9名雇员，到1983年，发展到拥有雇员5000多人、美容顾问10万多人、年销售额达3亿多美元的大公司。

是什么力量使这个公司的发展如此神速呢？玛丽·凯自己回答说：“尽管在其他人看来，玛丽·凯的成功是个谜，但在我看来，它并不神秘。

”这种看来神秘实际并不神秘的力量就来自于玛丽·凯的“使他感到他重要”的激励艺术。

在玛丽·凯看来，一般人只发挥了能力的10％，能不能把人另外90％的潜能发挥出来，是一个企业能否成功的关键。

而要发挥这90％的潜能，关键是要“使他感到他重要”。

玛丽·凯说：“你要是能使一个人感到他重要，他就会欣喜若狂，就会发挥出冲天干劲，小猫就会变成大老虎。

”玛丽·凯怎样“使他感到他重要”的呢？尊重。

玛丽·凯作为一个生活阅历十分丰富的女人，她对人的尊重是无微不至的。

这首先表现在尊重人格和平等待人。

在玛丽·凯公司，任何领导人在办公室都被直呼其名而不称呼其职务。

其次表现在尊重人的自尊，哪怕是对一个犯有过失的人。

玛丽·凯为了既指出人的过失又维护人的自尊，她采取两种基本批评方式。

2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B. Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C. Unmarried girls were allowed to compete withmen.D. Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B. She cares a lot about what to wear.C. The man doesn’t work hard enough.D. The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B. They don’t spend much time together.C. They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B. He is unskillful with his present job.C. His present job pays too little.D. His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B. Seven people were killed in the accident.C. Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B. She was speechless.C. She talked a lot to the star.D. She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B. Because it provides a lot of information.C. Because it is the top one on the list ofnewspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B. Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C. Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D. Because some of its scientists published toomany papers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B. He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C. He denied other scientists’ involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientificpapers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon’s p ublications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C. They recalled Mister Schon’s title as a NobelPrize winner.D. They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to thecommittee of the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committeebefore they spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D. The winner should be nominated by thefoundation’s directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmentalprotection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D. For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by thefoundation’s directors.B. He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D. He ran a non-profit international organization.16. What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17. Which department in the United States organizedthe competition?18. How many teams took part in the competition?19. How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20. What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1. A: I heard no women were allowed to take part inthe Olympic Games in ancient Greece. Is thattrue?B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in thosedays. They could compete in a separate festival. Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B. Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C. Unmarried girls were allowed to compete withmen.D. Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B. She cares a lot about what to wear.C. The man doesn’t work hard enough.D. The man should buy some new ties.3. A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spendingtime alone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B. They don’t spend much time together.C. They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I’m fed up with working an unskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B. He is unskillful with his present job.C. His present job pays too little.D. His present job is too demanding.6. A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck andI saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B. Seven people were killed in the accident.C. Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I’m astudent of Professor Cohen’s. May I speak tohim please?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can’t say anything.Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B. She was speechless.C. She talked a lot to the star.D. She saw too many people around the star.9. A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It’s really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B. Because it provides a lot of information.C. Because it is the top one on the list ofnewspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee’s report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee toinvestigate some of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B. Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C. Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D. Because some of its scientists published toomany papers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B. He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C. He denied other scientists’ involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientificpapers.12. What did Bell Labs do after the committee’s reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon’s publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C. They recalled Mister Schon’s title as a NobelPrize winner.D. They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation’s directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes.Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13. Which of the following is one of the requirementsfor a MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to thecommittee of the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committeebefore they spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D. The winner should be nominated by thefoundation’s directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year’sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmentalprotection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D. For her achievements in developing robots.15. Why was Brian Tucker given this year’s MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by thefoundation’s directors.B. He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D. He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house. Each house cost as much as $250,000to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery.The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。