全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

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2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题7

Section A试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear the uestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.uestion: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with uestion Number 1. Sample AnswerA B ● D1. A. How to deal with his sleeping problem. B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A. To take the medicine for a longer time. B. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A. To take it easy and continue to work. B. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4. A. Fullness in the stomach. B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Freuent belches.5. A. extremely severe. B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. Its hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight. B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise more.D. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injection. B. She is listening to the man’s heart.C. She is feeling the man’s pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A. In the gym. B. In the office.C. In the clinic.D. In the boat.10. A. She has developed allergies. B. She doesn’t know what allergies are.C. She doesn’t have any allergies.D. She has allergies treated already.11. A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house.12. A. She isn’t feeling well. B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn’t like the weatherD. She is feeling relieved.13. A. Michael’s wife was ill B. Michael’s daughter was ill.C. Michael’s daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A. She is absent-minded. B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago. B. Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five uestions. After each uestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C andD.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER S HEET.Dialogue16. A. A blood test. B. A gastroscopy.C. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A. To lose some weight. B. To take a few more tests.C. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller, lighter meals.18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19. A. Ulcer. B. Cancer. C. Depression. D. Hernia.20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A. A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don’t produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.Passage Two26. A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27. A. The left-hand side of the brain. B. The right-hand side of the brain.C. The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain.28. A. 31. B.6. C.4. D.1.29. A. The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn’t brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient of speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never fr om drinking and smoking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos withheadsets is likely to their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranuilizeD. supplementLarry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan .A. AccordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classicalmusic can future adults with appreciation of music.A. acuaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided whenenergy prices .A. level outB. stand out Ce off D. wear off37.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from ualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and ofthese diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, and semen, can killup to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40.The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation periodfor studying various genes.Aparable B. transmissible C. translatable D. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, promptingscientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigmaattached to ADS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43.Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered tozero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carvedA. negativeB. confusingC. elouentD. indistinct45.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them,but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the EuropeanUnion may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so thathigher prices fuel demand rather than uench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previouslyinaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were dis covered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case—microchimerism, 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be uite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus withoutcancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 , acco rding to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger〞. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s imm une system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. Therefore B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five uestions. For each uestion there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added uality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drag development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drags that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutiue treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood diseasesay, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61.Which of the following can be the best title for the passagepetition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62.In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now .A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits63.From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that .A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64.From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the uestion .A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65.The tone of the author of this passage seems to be .A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s g uarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratc h, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard toWith all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold〔支架〕with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats’ va scular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels uite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong —and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66.It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to .A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D.address the source of liver transplants67.What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from s cratchA.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular a rchitecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor livenD.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.68.The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until .A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels69.What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70.The research team holds high hopes of .A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eve’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the lim bal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye bums often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The r esults of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71.What is the main idea of this passageA.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72.The Italian techniue reported in this passage .A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73.Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74.What is one of the reuirements for the current approachA.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75.Which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. Positive.Passage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health ineualities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trai〔l开创〕，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science〞with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many so ciologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s mostpublic policy.This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76.As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects .A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health ineualities77.Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-basedprojectA.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.78.The Chicago-based project focuses its management on .A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment79.Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80.The author is a big fan of .A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health ineualitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2022, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2022.the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only wo rk on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found “broadly neutralizing antibodies,〞which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81.We can learn from the beginning of the passage that .A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82.What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gaymanA.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drags.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a uick diagnosis of an HIV infection.83.The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of .A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84.According to the study authors,the three test methods are intended to .A.advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB.facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC.Develop more effective antiretroviral drugsD.Develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85.The passage is mot likely .A.news report。

医学考博英语试题及答案

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题(1)

Section A试卷一(Paper One) Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear the uestion, read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.uestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with uestion Number 1.1. A.The man is busy. B.The man has trouble breathingSample AnswerA B ● DC.The man is out of town on business.D.The man is hiding himself from the woman.2. A. He has a terrible backache. B. He has a bad headache.C. He has a toothacheD. He has a diarrhea3. A. It is fast. B. It is slow. C. It works well. D. It is not working.4. A. Four days. B.Ten days. C. One week D. Two weeks.5. A. He is a lawyer B. He is a doctor.C. He is a travel agent.D. He is an immigration officer.6. A. Sunday. B. Tuesday. C. Thursday. D. Saturday.7. A. Two. B. Thee. C. Four. D. Five.8. A. To X-ray his chest. B. To hospitalize him.C. To perform a minor surgery.D. To transfer him to a specialist.9. A. To go shopping. B. To go back to work.C. To change their topic.D. To entertain their guests.10. A. The man is working too hard. B. The man needs to think it over.C. The man is supposed to find a job.D. The man has made a right decision.11. A. Discussing a case. B. Defying a diagnosis.官方网站:12. A. The woman's classmate. B. The woman's boyfriend.C. The woman's brother.D. The woman's teacher.13. A. The man is a liar. B. The man is jealous of Lisa.C. She does not agree with the man on that.D. She will surely do the same as Lisa does.14. A. 250 Yuan. B. 450 Yuan. C. 650 Yuan. D. 850 Yuan.15. A. She disagrees with the man there. B. She is going to change her mind.C. It is out of the uestion to do that.D. It is possible to forgive him.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which,you will hear five uestions. After each uestion,read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. Liver failure. B. Breast cancer.C. Kidney failure.D. Diabetes out of control.17. A. Shape. B. Color C. Price. D. Size18. A. It is much smaller than a microwave. B. It leaves much room for reduction.C. It is adjustable.D. It is perfect.19. A. It is under a clinical trial. B. It is available in the market.C. It is widely used in the clinic.D. It is in the experimental stage.20. A. The commercial companies have invested a lot in the new machine.B.The further development of the machine is in financial trouble.C.The federal government finances the research.D.The machine will come into being in no time.Passage One21. A. Suicide. B. Obesity. C. Turmoil. D. Drug abuse.22. A. Preventable. B. Destructive. C. Treatable. D. Curable23. A. Combining anti-depressants and talk therapy.B. Promoting the transmission between neurons.C.Winning parental assistance and support.D. Administering effective anti-depressants.24. A. Because it adds to the effect of treatment.B.Because it works better than the medications.C.Because it can take the place of antidepressants.D.Because it helps reduce the use of antidepressants.25. A. 65 percent. B. 75 percent. C. 85 percent. D. 95 percent.Passage Two26. A. Helplessness and worthlessness. B. Feeling like a loser.27. A. It encourages the patient to be a top student at school.B.It motivates the patient to work better than others.C.It makes it easy for the patient to make friends.D.It helps the patient hold a positive attitude.28. A. By encouraging the patient to do the opposite at school.B.By urging the patient to face any challenge in reality.C.By making the patient aware of his or her existence.D.By changing the patient's perspective.29. A. Those who stop taking anti-depressants. B. Those who ask for more medications.C. Those who are on the medications.D. Those who abuse the medications.30. A. Anxiousness B. Nausea. C. Fever. D. InsomniaPart ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B,C andD are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completesthe sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.There are many doctors who have endeavored to increase the of their behavior as medicalprofessionals.A. transactionB. transformationC. transmissionD. transparency32.He seemed most to my idea which was exceptionally creative.A. alienB. ambulantC. amiableD. amenable33.The fist attempts at gene therapy have mostly , but techniue will surely be made to workeventually.A. stumbledB. stammeredC. striddenD. strutted34.She is admitted to the hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and for fatty foods.A. preferenceB. persistenceC. intoleranceD. appetence35.By sheer I met the old classmate we had been discussing yesterday.A. coincidenceB. coherenceC. collaborationD. collocation36.As the drugs began to , the pain began to take hold again.A. wear offB. put offC. all offD. show off37.The environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the medical technologies.A. ApproachingB. impracticableC. sophisticatedD. transient38.At last, she some reasons for her strange behavior.A. abolishedB. admonishedC. abstainedD. perception39.Doctors are concerned with health of people from to the grave.A. conceptionB. receptionC. deceptionD. perceptionA. conciseB. deviousC. elaborateD. feasibleSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.She fell awkwardly and broke her leg.A. embarrassinglyB. reluctantlyC. clumsilyD. dizzily42.Throughout most of the recorded history, medicine was anything but scientific.A. more or lessB. by and largeC. more often than notD. by no means43.The students were captivated by the way the physician presented the case.A. illuminatedB. fascinatedC. alienatedD. hallucinated44.We demand some tangible proof of our hard work in the form of statistical data,a product or afinancial reward.A. intelligibleB. infinitiveC. substantialD. deficient45.But diets that restrict certain food groups or promise unrealistic results are difficult—orunhealthy—to sustain over time.A. maintainB. reserveC. conceiveD. empower46.The molecular influence pervades all the traditional disciplines underlying clinical medicine.A. specialtiesB. principlesC. rationalesD. doctrines47.One usually becomes aware of the onset of puberty through its somatic manifestations.A. juvenileB. potent B. potent D. matured48.His surgical procedure should succeed,for it seems uite feasible.A. rationalB. reciprocalC. versatileD. viable49.These are intensely important uestions about uality and the benefits of specialty care andexperience.A. irresistiblyB. vitallyC. potentiallyD. intriguingly50.This guide gives you information on the best self-care strategies and the latest medicaladvances.A. tendsB. techniuesC. notionsD. breakthroughsPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.Whenever people go and live in another country, they have new experiences and new feelings.just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country. But this isn't really true. Culture shock is a completely natural 52 , and everybody goes 53 it in a new culture.There are four stages,or steps,in culture shock. When people first arrive in a new country, they're usually excited and 54 .Everything is interesting. They notice that a lot of things are 55 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy. This is Stage One.In Stage Two,people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture.They become confused.It seems difficult to do even very simple things. They feel 56.They spend a lot of time 57 or with other people from their own country .They think, “my problems are all because I'm living in this country.〞Then,in Stage Three,they begin to understand the new culture better.They begin to like some new customs. They 58 some people in the new country. They're 59 comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four,they feel very comfortable. They have good friends in the new culture.They understand the new customs. Some customs are similar to their culture, and some are different,but that's OK. They can 60 it.51. A. account B. reflection C. verification D. misconception52. A. transition B. exchange C. immigration D. selection53. A. for B. through C. after D. about54. A. frightened B. confused C. uneasy D. happy55. A. representative of B. different from C. peculiar to D. similar to56. A. intoxicated B. depressed C. amazed D. thrilled57. A. lonely B. alone C. lone D. only58. A. make friends with B. make transactions withC. hold hostility toD. shut the door to59. A. hardly B. more C. very D. less60. A. live with B. do without C. hold up with D. make a success ofPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five uestions. For each uestion there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don't wake up, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on.But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.anesthesia using bispectral analysis,a techniue which measures changes in brainwave patterns in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. Before this study,researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation, says Lubke.Lubke studied 96 trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery, many of whom were too severely injured to tolerate full anesthesia. During surgery, each patient wore headphones trough which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time, bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation, Lubke tested the patients by showing therm the fist three letters of a word, such as “lim〞,and asking them to complete it. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—“limit〞for example—chose that word an average of 1I percent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word list.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding, which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet. What they say during surgery may distress patients afterwards, says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario.61.Scientists have found that deep anesthesiaA.is likely to affect hearingB.cannot block surgeons’ wordsC.can cause serious damages to memoryD.helps retain conscious or subconscious memories62.By the new study, the techniue of bispectral analysis helps the scientistsA.acuire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB.decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC.relate their measurements and recordings to the verbal sounds during surgeryD.assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63.To test the patients,the scientistsA.prepared two lists of wordsed ninety-six headphones for listeningC.conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD.voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64.The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patientsA.to regain consciousness under the knife.B.to tell one word from another after surgery.C.to recall what had been heard during surgery.65.What we can infer from the findingA.How surgical malpractice can be prevented.B.Why a surgeon cannot be too careful.C.Why surgeons should hold their tongues during surgery.D.How the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memories.Passage TwoScientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons,but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats,birds and even humans.Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's in which neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus,a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. “We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input.〞says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’ survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this,they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later,they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a wall, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged, rats can’t do them.Meanwhile,the researches gave other rats similar tasks that did not reuire the hippocampus. finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. “Learning opport unities increase the number of neurons,〞 says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla,California,dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her team gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled. When the new cells would normally be dying. She thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. “By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything,〞she says.66.Not until recently did scientists find out thatA.new neurons could grow in adult brainsC.neurons were destroyed in Alzheimer's diseaseD.humans could produce new neurons as animals67.Gould’s notion was that the short-lived neuronsA.did survive longer than expectedB.would die much sooner than expected couldC.could actually better learning and memoryD.could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus68.Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the testA. The water used.B. The noises played.C. The neurons newly born.D. The hippocampus involved.69.Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due t oA. the timing of labeling new neuronsB. the freuency of stimulationC. the wrongly labeled neuronsD. the types of learning tasks70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Use It or Lose ItB. Learn to SurviveC. To Be or Not to BeD. Stay Mentally HealthyPassage ThreeHere’s yet another reason to lose weight. Heavier people are more lik ely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the U. S., car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk.A study carried out in Seattle, Washington looked at more than 26 000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half lines as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilo- grams.And importantly, the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index (BMI)—a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tell weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over.The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It’s not just total weight, but obesity itself that’s dangerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mack, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle,who led the research team. He thinks one answer maybe for safety authorities to use heavierCrash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies aren’t used, the U.S.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington DC told New Scientist.The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear, Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71.When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure, the American car manufacturers .A.found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB.incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC.based their job on the information of car accidentsD.actually neglected smaller women and children72.When they categorized the obese people, the researchers .A.showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB.achieved almost the same results as previouslyC.found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID.were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73.To address the problem, Mock .A.suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB.cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC.reduced the weights of crash-test dummiesD.encouraged obese people to lose weight74.While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates, Mock would most probablysay that .A.cars can be made safer to avoid cashesB.it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC.it is not just total weight, but obesity itself that is dangerousD.the main reason behind the problem is drinkers’ heavy weight75.Which of the following uestions is closely related to the passageA.Are air bags really necessary to be built in carsB.Are cars certified as safe to driveC.Are crash-test dummies too thinD.Are car accidents preventablePassage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you. In fact, many studies support this idea-but health-Care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.of disease,but generalist—family physicians and general practitioners—are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second uestion is what counts as the most valuable treatment Specialists are more familiar with standards of care for the diseases they treat regularly,says Harlan M. Krumholz of Yale University. On the oth er hand, a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s care and keeping an eye on a person’s overall health, says Martin T. Donohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in PortlandTo further complicate comparisons, many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases, but medical records do not always show that, says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research in Rockville, Md.That said, stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists. Among about 3800sroke sufferers nationwide,16.1 percent of those treated by a neurologist died within 3 months, compared with 25.3 percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists,says Ira S. Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, but it’s hard to figure out exactly why.“Physician specialty, in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field, is also a proxy for clinical experience,〞 he says. “It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts: one, that practice makes perfect; two,the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician is simply interested in; and three,the issue of formal training.〞Differences between specialist care and generalist care, however, pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice, contend both Donohoe and Clancy. A report by the U.S. General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers—which reduce heart rate and blood pressure—than those who received care from a generalist. Even so, these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them, implying that both generalists and specialists could do better.“Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care,〞 says Donohoe. Perhaps,he adds, “we should focus more intently on improving the uality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans.〞76.Which of the following uestions can most probably come out of the two uestions raised in thepassageA. Is specialist care superiorB. What is specialist care all about77.The answers to the two uestions suggest that .A.generalists are more likely to be ignoredB.a specialist can be a generalist, or vice versaC.neither of the two groups is better than the otherD.patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78.According to the passage,the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part ofspecialists .A.cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB.is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC.is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD.has much to do with the amount of formal education79.Both specialists and generalists, Donohoe and Clancy contend, could do a better job of .A.taking advantage of the otherB.avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC.putting the latest knowledge into practicecating the public to their consciousness of health80.Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to .A.better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB.the real nature of specialist and generalist care, respectivelyC.the similarities between generalist and specialist careD.the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using computers. Computers are now found in most classrooms,and in the majority of homes, almost always with internet accepts. However,many studies of children’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect the social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers, they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents, According to Subrahmanyam and his colleagues(2022) this often leads to a role reversal, where the child becomes a teacher to the parent. In other words, it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology. This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover, with the anonymity of online communication, computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult, so all users are treated eually (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). Children may then expect the same euality in real life, further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship (Subrahmanyam et al, 200l).computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children, they spend little time interacting with their peers (Shields & Behrman, 2022). As a result, children may not develop the social skills they need, or be able to maintain friendships in the real world (Subrahmanyam et al, 2022). With the very extended computer use, this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields & Behrman, 2022).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence. Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children, so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games ( Subrahmanyam et al, 200l). However, as Shields Behrman (200l) points out, it is important to note that although the games may affect all children, children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion, using a computer, particularly for extended periods, may affect the parent-children relationship in families. It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships. Moreover, it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children. Although the research is not conclusive,it appears tha t extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children’s social development.8l. From the very beginning, the author is trying to draw out attention toA.crimes on rise at schoolB.a decline in family valueC.the negative effects of chil dren’s overuse of computerD.the increasing number of investigations on education82.Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passageA.Children become teachers to their parents.B.Parents are fossilized in new technology.C.Children expect for an eual status with their parents.D.Parents’ roles are being shrunk by the computer.83.What does Shield Behrman imply in the passageA.Children greatly value the friendship with their peers.B.Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computer.C.Children will in no circumstances be affected by violent games.D.Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games.84.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer games inthe passageA. A lack of social communication.B. Increasing violent performance.C. A decline in intelligence.D. A breakdown in family relationship.85.Where the passage might be taken from。

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys, today I wanna share with you the questions and answers from the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. Are you ready? Let's dive in!Question 1: What are the symptoms of COVID-19?Answer: The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle aches, and loss of taste or smell.Question 2: How can you prevent the spread of infectious diseases?Answer: You can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by washing your hands frequently, practicing good respiratory hygiene, maintaining social distancing, and getting vaccinated.Question 3: What is the role of a medical doctor in a community?Answer: A medical doctor plays a crucial role in a community by diagnosing and treating patients, promoting health education, conducting research, and advocating for public health policies.Question 4: What are the different specialties in medicine?Answer: Some specialties in medicine include cardiology, dermatology, pediatrics, surgery, psychiatry, and radiology.Question 5: How do you stay healthy as a medical student?Answer: As a medical student, you can stay healthy by eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, managing stress, and seeking emotional support when needed.So there you have it, the questions and answers from the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. I hope this helps you in your studies. Good luck, future doctors!篇2Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys, guess what? I just took the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam and I'm here to share the questions and answers with you! Let's get started:Question 1: Define the term "anatomy" and explain its importance in the field of medicine.Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. It is important in medicine because doctors need to have a good understanding of the body's anatomy in order to diagnose and treat patients effectively.Question 2: What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?Answer: Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and can only replicate inside living cells. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can reproduce on their own.Question 3: Describe the function of the cardiovascular system and explain why it is essential for human survival.Answer: The cardiovascular system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and carrying away waste products. It is essential for human survival because without it, our cells would not receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function properly.Question 4: What is the role of the immune system in protecting the body from infections?Answer: The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders such as viruses and bacteria. It recognizes and destroys foreign substances while also remembering them for future encounters.Question 5: Discuss the importance of patient confidentiality in the medical field and explain how doctors can uphold this principle.Answer: Patient confidentiality is crucial in maintaining trust between doctors and patients. Doctors can uphold this principle by only sharing patient information with authorized individuals, keeping medical records secure, and obtaining patient consent before disclosing any information.So there you have it, the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam questions and answers. I hope this helps you prepare for your own exam and good luck!篇3Oh my gosh! Guess what guys? I found the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam questions and answers for you to check out! I’m so excited to share them with you, so let’s dive right in!Question 1: What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?Answer: The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to the cells of the body and remove waste products.Question 2: What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?Answer: A virus is a tiny infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate, while a bacterium is a single-celled organism that can reproduce on its own.Question 3: How does insulin regulate blood sugar levels in the body?Answer: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production.Question 4: What is the purpose of conducting a clinical trial in medical research?Answer: The purpose of conducting a clinical trial is to test the safety and efficacy of a new medical treatment or procedure before it is approved for use in patients.Question 5: Describe the function of the immune system in the body.Answer: The immune system is responsible for defending the body against harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, and for recognizing and destroying abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.I hope you guys found these questions and answers helpful for your Medical Doctor English exam preparation! Good luck, and remember to study hard!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share with you guys the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam questions and answers. So let's get started!Question 1: What is the human body made up of?Answer: The human body is made up of bones, muscles, organs, and nerves. It's like a big puzzle with lots of pieces that work together to keep us healthy.Question 2: What is the function of the heart?Answer: The heart's job is to pump blood around the body. It's like a super strong muscle that keeps us alive by delivering oxygen and nutrients to all our organs.Question 3: What is a virus and how does it spread?Answer: A virus is a tiny germ that can make us sick. It spreads through things like sneezing, coughing, and touching infected surfaces. That's why it's important to wash our hands often!Question 4: How can we keep our bodies healthy?Answer: We can keep our bodies healthy by eating nutritious foods, getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and visiting the doctor for check-ups. It's important to take care of ourselves so we can live our best lives!Question 5: What is the role of a Medical Doctor?Answer: A Medical Doctor is a super smart person who helps people stay healthy and treats them when they are sick. They have to study really hard to learn all about the human body and how to keep it running smoothly.That's all for the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam questions and answers. I hope you guys learned a lot and hadfun reading my article. Stay healthy and remember to always listen to your doctors! Bye bye!篇5Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English ExamHey guys! Today I wanna share with you the questions and answers from the 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam. It was super tough but I managed to pass with flying colors! So, let's get into it.Question 1: Define the term "microbiology" and explain its importance in medicine.Answer: Microbiology is the study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It is super important in medicine because it helps us understand how these tiny organisms can cause diseases and how we can treat them with antibiotics and vaccines.Question 2: What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?Answer: A virus is a tiny infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, while bacteria are single-celled organisms that can live inside or outside the body. Viruses cancause diseases like the flu and COVID-19, while bacteria can cause infections like strep throat and urinary tract infections.Question 3: How does the human immune system work to protect the body from diseases?Answer: The immune system is like the body's army, it fights off harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. It does this by producing white blood cells and antibodies that attack and destroy the germs. It also remembers past infections so it can fight them off faster next time.Question 4: Explain the importance of vaccines in preventing diseases.Answer: Vaccines are super important because they train the immune system to recognize and fight off specific germs. This helps prevent diseases like measles, polio, and COVID-19. Vaccines have saved millions of lives and are a crucial part of public health.Question 5: How does smoking affect the respiratory system?Answer: Smoking can damage the lungs and airways, making it hard to breathe. It can cause diseases like lung cancer, chronicbronchitis, and emphysema. Smoking is super bad for your health, so it's important to avoid it.I hope these questions and answers helped you understand more about medicine and health. Remember to study hard and keep learning, who knows, maybe one day you'll be a medical doctor too! Good luck!篇62024 Medical Doctor English ExamHey guys! Guess what? I just took the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam and I'm here to share the questions and answers with you! It was super tough, but I think I did pretty well. Check it out!Question 1: Write a short essay on the importance of vaccinations.Answer: Vaccinations are super important because they help protect us from getting sick. They teach our body how to fight off germs and keep us healthy. So, make sure you get your shots and stay protected!Question 2: What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?Answer: A virus is super tiny and needs a host to survive, like a human or animal. Bacteria are larger and can live on their own. Both can make us sick, but we treat them with different medicines.Question 3: Explain the function of the cardiovascular system in the human body.Answer: The cardiovascular system is like a superhighway in our body that helps pump blood and oxygen to all our organs and tissues. It keeps us alive and healthy so we can run and play all day long!Question 4: How does the immune system protect us from getting sick?Answer: The immune system is like a superhero that fights off germs and viruses that try to invade our body. It makes antibodies to kill the bad guys and keep us healthy.Question 5: Describe the process of digestion in the human body.Answer: Digestion is like a magical journey in our tummy where food gets broken down into nutrients and energy. Our stomach and intestines work together to turn our lunch into fuel for our body.So, those were the questions and answers from the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. I hope this helps you study and ace the test too. Good luck, future doctors!篇7Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam: Questions and AnswersHey everyone! So, today I want to talk about the medical doctor English exam that I took in 2024. It was super cool and I wanted to share some of the questions and answers with you all.Question 1: What is the definition of a virus?Answer: A virus is a tiny germ that can make you sick. It's like a tiny ninja that sneaks into your body and causes trouble.Question 2: How do you treat a fever?Answer: To treat a fever, you can drink lots of water, rest, and take medicine like paracetamol. It's important to stay cozy in bed and let your body fight off the bad guys.Question 3: What is the function of the heart?Answer: The heart is like a super strong muscle that pumps blood around your body. It's like a superhero that makes sure all your organs get the oxygen and nutrients they need.Question 4: How do you prevent the spread of germs?Answer: To prevent the spread of germs, you should wash your hands often, cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and avoid touching your face. It's important to be agerm-fighting ninja!Question 5: Why is it important to eat healthy food?Answer: Eating healthy food gives your body the fuel it needs to stay strong and fight off sickness. It's like giving your body a superhero cape to protect you from bad guys.I hope you enjoyed these questions and answers from the 2024 medical doctor English exam. Remember, it's important to stay healthy and take care of your body so you can be the best ninja doctor ever! Keep studying and keep being awesome!篇8I'm sorry, but I am unable to provide a full 2000-word essay on the topic you requested as it goes beyond my capabilities. However, I can provide a brief example below:"Hey guys, I'm super excited to share with you the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam questions and answers! Woohoo! So, here are some of the questions you might come across:1. What is the main cause of heart disease?a) A high-fat dietb) Lack of exercisec) Smokingd) All of the aboveAnswer: d) All of the above2. How do vaccines work?a) By giving you a small amount of the virus to build immunityb) By magicc) By blocking oxygend) By making you sneezeAnswer: a) By giving you a small amount of the virus to build immunity3. What is the largest organ in the human body?a) Liverb) Brainc) Skind) HeartAnswer: c) Skin4. Why is it important to wash your hands regularly?a) To keep them cleanb) To prevent the spread of germsc) Because it's fund) Only on SundaysAnswer: b) To prevent the spread of germsSo, study hard and you'll be a medical expert in no time! Good luck, everyone! ⚕️ "I hope this example gives you a good idea of how to approach the topic in a more playful and informal way. Let me know if you need any more help!篇9Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersHey everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. Are you ready? Let's get started!Question 1: What is the importance of bedside manner in patient care?Answer: Bedside manner is important because it helps to build trust and rapport with patients. It can also help to alleviate fear and anxiety, making the patient feel more comfortable and willing to share important information with the doctor.Question 2: What are some important qualities of a good doctor?Answer: Some important qualities of a good doctor include empathy, good communication skills, professionalism, and a commitment to lifelong learning. A good doctor should also be able to work well in a team and be open-minded.Question 3: How can doctors ensure effective communication with patients who speak a different language?Answer: Doctors can ensure effective communication with patients who speak a different language by using professionalinterpreters, using visual aids and diagrams, and using simple language to explain complex medical information. It's important to make sure the patient understands their diagnosis and treatment plan.Question 4: How can doctors maintain a healthy work-life balance?Answer: Doctors can maintain a healthy work-life balance by setting boundaries, prioritizing self-care, and making time for hobbies and relationships outside of work. It's important to avoid burnout and take care of your physical and mental health.So there you have it, the questions and answers for the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. I hope this helps you prepare for your own exam. Good luck, future doctors!篇10Title: 2024 Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys! Today I wanna talk about the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. It's super important if you wanna be a doctor, so let's dive right in!Question 1: What is the main cause of the common cold?Answer: The main cause of the common cold is a virus called rhinovirus. It spreads through the air when someone with a cold sneezes or coughs.Question 2: What are the symptoms of the flu?Answer: The symptoms of the flu include fever, sore throat, cough, runny nose, body aches, and fatigue. It's important to get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids if you have the flu.Question 3: How can you prevent the spread of infectious diseases?Answer: You can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by washing your hands regularly, covering your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze, and staying home when you're sick.Question 4: What is the role of antibiotics in healthcare?Answer: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections like the common cold or the flu. It's important to only take antibiotics when they're prescribed by a doctor.Question 5: What are the benefits of regular exercise?Answer: Regular exercise can help improve your cardiovascular health, strengthen your muscles, and boost your mood. It's important to stay active to stay healthy.So there you have it, guys! I hope these questions and answers help you prepare for the 2024 Medical Doctor English exam. Good luck, and remember to study hard!。

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。

全国医学考博英语试题

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, Thequestion will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answersmarked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A BC andD .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase thatbest completes the sentence. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. 31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother,less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese,in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table ofreal GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept hasbeen around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immunesystem, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of aminute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrase which can bestkeep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part,Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lastingefforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at BuckinghamPalace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in the form ofmental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied toautomatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original compositionby painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of anuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving upthat part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic__56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in anon-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains andbodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easy。

全国医学考博英语试题

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health.It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains”__55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province,Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of theboundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.A. missed the most serious problems thereB. were poorly assembled for the missionC. cannot be called scientists at allD. value nature above people80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.A. must redefine our relationship with the environmentB. should not take it seriously but to take it easyC. need a new way of thinking about natureD. need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage FiveHumanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of。

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

2024年医学博士入学英语考试

2024 Medical Doctoral Entrance English ExamSection A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.*Passage:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology, research, and clinical practice. As a future medical doctor, you will be responsible for staying up-to-date with these developments and applying them to improve patient care.Questions:What drives the constant evolution of the field of medicine?A. Patient demandB. Technological advancementsC. Doctor's preferencesD. Political influenceWhat responsibility will a future medical doctor have?A. To conduct researchB. To manage hospital operationsC. To stay updated on medical developmentsD. To set healthcare policiesSection B: Vocabulary and GrammarComplete the sentences below with the correct form of the given words.*The patient's condition _______ (improve, improves, improved) significantly after the treatment.The research team is _______ (currently, current, curently) studying the effects of the new drug.The doctor recommended that the patient _______ (take, takes, taken) the medication regularly.Section C: TranslationTranslate the following sentences from English to Chinese.*The doctor's diagnosis was accurate and timely.The patient's recovery has been slow but steady.The research findings have the potential to revolutionize medical treatment.Section D: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic: The Role of Technology in Modern Medicine.*第一部分：阅读理解阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。

全国医学考博英语试题

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers,At the end of each conversation, you willhear a question about what is said, Thequestion will be read only once, After youhear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavyfoods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after eachof which, you will hear five questions.After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D,Choose the best answer and mark the letterof your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-strickenarea.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health –remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases,marked A B C and D .are given beneatheach of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes thesentence. Then mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath eachsentence, Choose the word or phrase whichcan best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction ismanifest in growing children in the form of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has been applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the original composition by painting over it on canvases. A. duplicate B. eliminate C. substitute D. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had beennegligent in not giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank,there are four choices marked A, B, C, andD on the right side. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around witha cellphone permanently attached to the sideof your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a veryperfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.”The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed byfive questions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark theletter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and nohealthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author hasobserved, according to the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in thewealthy west buy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by theauthor is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green”have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soakedIreland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green”labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/ Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted tothe good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer –looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,”says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something welearned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out Cheats Passage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) –an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagueshave distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.。

2021年年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生一方面将自己姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二原则答题卡上认真填写清晰，并按"考场指令"规定，将准考证号在原则答题卡上划好。

2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在原则答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3. 试卷一答题时必要使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按规定在相应位置涂黑:如要改正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在原则答题卡上指定区域。

4. 原则答题卡不可折叠，同步答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections：In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers，At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once，After you hear the question，read the four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man：No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question：What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections：In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages，after each of which，you will hear five questions. After each question，read the four possibleanswers marked A，B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection：In this section，all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A，B，C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence，then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced，they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices，then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma，asbestosis and internal organ cancers，and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola，which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen，can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections，and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections：Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists，prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients，but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone，a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessonsfrom them，but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions：In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank，there are four choices marked A，B，C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases，51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton，UK，a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeksafter giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child，is thought to be quite common，with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out，the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least，lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells，which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result，no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions：In this part there are six passages，each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference thisweek，going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review，including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all，it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments，engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests，and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene，two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma，a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say，a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover，this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information?Who's to say，but it seems like withthe amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development，the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent，we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word：cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News：a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development，according to the passage，the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies，we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S.，chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found，there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab，successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch，but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells，leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place，the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers，as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells，these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats，where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising，and the team thinks they can overcomethe blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic，but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin，transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study，Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus，the border between the cornea and the white of the eye，to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study，the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients，and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover，the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year，with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye，or from the eyes of another person，and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure，however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness，but the long-term effectiveness shownhere is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea；it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace，but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study，based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia，were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic：divide the US by race，sex and county of residence，and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country：a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County，South Dakota，for example，will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations，health inequalities based on race，sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity，so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder，thanks to pioneering studies of British civilservants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health，similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health，in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects，biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics，or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important，it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications，not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites，rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph，the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine，according to a report published online Thursday，July 8，，in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains，more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered ，according to a report on the findings published in。

2020年全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案

年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题AERONEartI ListeningComprehension(30%)SectionAConversationOne1.A.Therightmedicationforthewoman. B.Theadvantageofregularmedication.C.ThepopularmedicationontheInternet.D.Thebestmedicationforhighbloodpressure.2.A.Toteachherhowioproperlyusedrugs. B.Toprescribehernewly-developeddrugs.C.Toaddadrugtothemedicationsheison.D.Toincreasethedosageofhermedication.3.A.Toprescribetwomedicationforher.B.ToallowhertobuymedicineontheInternet.C.Toadviseonthemedicineherfriendisusing.D.Toprovidesomemedicaladvicetoherfriend.ConversationTwo4.A.Japan. B.France. C.TheUK. D.SouthKorea.5.A.Lowobesityrates. B.Inadequatehealthresources.C.Advancedmedicaltechnology.D.Highlevelsofalcoholconsumption.6.A.Obesityratesindifferentcountries. B.Dietarypatternsindifferentcountries.C.Lifeexpectancyindifferentcountries.D.Alcoholconsumptionindifferentcountries.ConversationThree7.A.Hehadhadasuccessfulcareer. B.Hehadhadahappyfamily.C.Hehadshownmorelove.D.Hehadbeenwealthier.8.A.Intheirlate20s. B.Intheirmid-30s. C.Intheirmid-40s. D.Intheirlate50s.9.A.Theywerecarefree. B.Theywerepeaceful.C.Theywererelaxing.D.Theywerefulfilling.ConversationFour10.A.Theirpositiveeffects. B.Theirconstantmutation.C.Difficultyinidentifyingthem.D.Possibilityofinheritingthem.11.A.Youmaysufferfrommentalillnesses.B.Youmaybealonewithoutfeelingbad.C.Youmayhavehighlevelsofbloodpressure.D.Youmaydevelopgreatabilitytotoleratefailure.12.A.Becauseheisalwayscheerful. B.Becausehelikesoutdooractivities.C.Becausehefeltbadattheweekend.D.Becausehewasnotathomelastweek.ConversationFive13.A.Globaltrends. testadvances.C.Existingproblems.D.Technicalsolutions14.A.Itiscostly. B.Itisinefficient.C.Itsimplifiestasks.D.Itfacilitatestheirwork.15.A.Theyareunsafe. B.Theyareuser-friendly.C.Theyarebriefandconcise.D.Theyarelengthyandincomprehensible.PassageOne16.A.Howshechangedhercareer. B.Whatittakestobeavolleyballcoach.C.Howshewalkedoutofhercomfortzone.D.Whatisthebestroutetobeingadoctor.17.A.Becauseofahighsalary. B.Becauseofhermedicaleducation.C.Becauseofherfamilybackground.D.Becauseofherinterestinphysicaltherapy.18.A.AnMDdegree. B.Moremedicalknowledge.C.Eightyearsofmedicaleducation.D.Experiencewithavolleyballteam.PassageTwo19.A.MedicalinsuranceintheU.S. B.HealthcaresystemintheU.S.C.TelemedicineservicesintheU.S.D.HealthservicesfortheelderlyintheU.S.20.A.Becausetheythinkthatthedoctoronlineisunfriendly.B.Becausetheydonothavetrustinonlinemedicalservices.C.Becausetheyarenotaccessibletoonlinemedicalservices.D.Becausetheydonotknowmuchaboutcomputeroperation.21.A.Becauseitcanprovidequalityservices.B.Becauseitcanproviderichinformation.C.Becauseitcanofferpersonalizedservices.D.Becauseitcancutdownonhealthcarecost.PassageThree22.A.Theyaretoocostly.B.Theyarenotembracedbyworkers.C.Theymaynotproducethedesiredbenefits.D.Theymaydemandextraeffortsfromcompanies.23.A.Thewellnessprogrammightnotbeasbeneficialasexpected.B.Thewellnessprogramhelpedtoreducethehealthcarecosts.C.Thewellnessprogramsignificantlyimprovedtheworkers’health.D.Thewellnessprogramdidnotsignificantlychangetheworkers’behaviors.24.A.Todevelopmoreeffectivewellnessprograms.B.Tofindoutthelong-termeffectsofwellnessprograms.C.Toencouragemoreworkerstoenrollinwellnessprograms.D.Toconfirmtheemployers’expectationsforwellnessprograms.Four25.A.Hefelloffstairs. B.Healmostlosthislife.C.Hehadhisspineandarminjured.D.Hereceivedtwooperations.26.A.Itreducessurgeryhours. B.Itstabilizesbonefractures.C.Itreplacesrodsandscrews.D.Ithelpsbonegrowinashorttime.27.A.ItwaseffectiveinEllis’scase. B.Itcannotbewidelyappliedyet.C.Itonlyworksonseriousinjuries.D.Itwasusedforthefirsttime.Fiv28.A.Itdecreasestheriskofdiabetes. B.Itdisruptstheirdigestivesystem.C.Itimpactstheirmetabolism.D.Itdecreasestheriskofobesity.29.A.Itmaybeharmful. B.Itmaybeaddictive.C.Itmayimprovehealth.D.Itmaycauseinsomnia.30.A.Sleeplossandhealth. B.Recoverysleepandhealth.C.Weekdaysleepschedules.D.Weekendsleepschedules.rtⅡVocbulry(10%)SctionADirction:Inthissectionallthesentencesareincomplete.FourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C, andDaregivenbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence, andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.31.If there is a good drug available,it is everyone’s responsibility to make sure patients can ________it.A.affordB.demandC.tolerateD.supply32.Cancercellshideamonghealthycellstoconcealtheir_______proteins.A.abundantB.malignantC.equivalentD.prevalent33.Ifthethoughtofleavinghomewithoutyourmobilephonecausesyouto_______coldsweat, youcouldbesufferingfromnomophobia:thefearofhavingnomobilephone.A.breakintoB.breakoutC.breakthroughD.breakup34.Measles virus can remain in the air for at least a couple of hours,infecting anyone who is susceptible,and_______causingdeadlyoutbreaks.A.particularlyB.positivelyC.potentiallyD.proficiently35.Thereareilleffectsonthehealthofolderpeoplewhentheiractivitiesarerestricted;_______, interventionthatincreasestherangeoftheiractivitiespromotestheirhealth.A.inadditionB.incontrastC.inturnD.inshort36.Heavymetalscanimpaircognitivedevelopmentinchildren,whoareespeciallyatriskbecause oftheirsizeand_______toabsorbmoreofthesesubstancesthanadultsdo.A.characterB.resistanceC.temperD.tendency37.Thedoctorsaidhisnewstrategyhadstartedto_______,predictingthatthepatient’scondition wouldimproveinthecomingmonths.A.payoffB.pickupC.showupD.sortout38.Blocked vessels have several_______symptoms:chest pain,shortness of breath,and an abnormalcardiacstresstest.A.classicB.conciseC.originalD.obscure39.Stemcellsare_______cellswiththeabilitytodivideanddevelopintomanyotherkindsofcells.A.infertileB.juvenileC.mobileD.versatile40.Beforeadrugisapprovedandlaunchedintothemarket,asignificantamountoftimeandmoney isspentinanefforttoselectthemosteffectiveonefromseveraldrug_______.A.adversariesB.candidatesD.volunteersC.manufacturersBDrs:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwords orphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosetheonethatwouldbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginal sentenceifitweresubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart,andthenmarktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANWERHEET.41.Hesaysthatconstantthirstisanundesirableeffectofchemotherapyforwhichnoremedyexists inWesternmedicalpractice,butcertainherbsdoprovidereliefforsuchpatients.A.protectionB.provisionC.theoryD.therapy42.Asanurse,Dorothyisanaturalhealerwhoisendowedwithcompassionandhasavarietyof modalitiestobenefitherpatientsofallages.A.braveryB.expertiseC.proficiencyD.sympathy43.Many problems that we face,such as depression,compulsive and addictive behaviors,and anxiety,resultfromhumaninherentdesiretoseekpleasure.A.consecutiveB.excessiveC.obsessiveD.possessive44.Virtually,everycellinthebodycontainsitsowncircadianclockmachinery.A.PracticallyB.NaturallyC.SuperficiallyD.Thoroughly45.The eradication of smallpox inspired the world to eradicate other infectious diseases.This optimismwasinvain,asinfectiousdiseasesarestillabigprobleminsomepartsoftheworld.A.callousB.deliberateC.futileD.negligent46.Thecommentsbythefamilymemberinvitedaseriesofresponsesfollowingtheunsuccessful rescueattemptsfortheinjuredintheemergencyroom.A.enquiredB.objectedC.promptedD.suppressed47.Fluoridedeterstoothdecaybyreducingthegrowthofbacteriathatdestroytoothenamel.A.inhibitsB.loosensC.hastensD.triggers48.This newly established fund has a range of medical programs undertaken by universities, industriallabs,oruniversity-industrycollaborativeprojects.A.cooperativeB.innovativeC.lucrativeD.representative49.Toreducethechanceofsuffocation,pillowsshouldnotbeplacedinthecradleofthekid.A.breathingB.chokingC.sweatingD.swallowing50.The community health nurse often notes the devastating effects on family members as the patient’schronicillnesstakesitscourse.A.developsgraduallyB.deterioratessuddenlyC.recoversultimatelyD.recursfrequentlyDirections:Inthispartthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks,foreachofwhichfourchoices markedA,B,C,andDarelistedcorrespondingly.Choosethebestanswer,andthenmarktheletter ofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.Scientists have long known a fairly51.A.as B.by C.for D.to reliable way to extend the life span in lab52.A.WhatB.Whetheranimals:reducetheamountofcaloriestheyeatC.Whateverby10to40percent.D.WhicheverThis strategy,known51caloric53.A.injectionB.invasionrestriction,hasbeenshowntoincreasethelifeC.intake spanofvariousorganismsandreducetheirrateofcancerandotherage-relatedailments.52 D.input itcandothesameinpeoplehasbeenanopen54.A.rankedB.rangedquestion.ButanintriguingnewstudysuggestsC.fluctuatedthat in young and middle-aged adults,D.measuredchronically restricting calorie53can55.A.enhanceaffecttheirhealth.B.entertainC.preserveIn this study,researchers looked at143D.practice healthymenandwomenwho54inage56.A.aswellasfrom21to50.Theywereinstructedto55B.assoonas caloricrestrictionfortwoyears.TheycouldeatC.solongas thefoodstheywanted56theycutbackD.sofarason the total amount of food that they ate toreduce the calories they consumed by2557.A.attestB.affirmpercent.Manydidnot57thatgoal.ButC.assert thegroupsawmanyoftheirmetabolichealthD.achievemarkersimprove58theywerealreadyin58.A.asifthenormalrange.B.sothatC.incaseSome of the benefits in the calorie-D.eventhoughrestricted group59from impressiveweightloss,onaverageabout16poundsduring59.A.tracedB.evolvedthestudyperiod.ButtheextenttowhichtheirC.stemmedmetabolic health got better was greater thanD.stimulated expectedfromweightlossalone,60thatcaloric restriction might have some unique60.A.suggestB.suggests biologicaleffectsondiseasepathways.C.suggestedD.suggestingIVRedingCompehensionDiecions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreach questiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswer,andthen marktheletterofyourchoiceonthe ANSWERSHEET.ssgeOneGianlucaVialli,managerofChelseaFootballClub,expresseditexplicitlyenough:“Thefoot isthetoolofthetradeofthefootballer.”Youmightthereforeexpectfootballerstotakeparticularly goodcareoftheirfeet.ButresultspresentedatarecentconferenceofdermatologistsinAmsterdam suggestotherwise.Professionalfootballersseemaslikelytosufferfromfungalinfectionsofthe footasotherpeople.Onestudy,called,lookedat76,475pairsoffeetbelongingtopeoplefrom18 Europeancountries.Itfoundthat26%ofthesamplehad,betterknownasathlete’sfoot, while30%had,aninfectionthatcausestoenailstobecomethickened,discolored anddistorted.TheresultsshowedthatEastEuropeancountrieshaveconsistentlyhigherratesof infection.Onaverage,30%ofBritons,GermansandBelgianshadsomeformoffungalinfection, comparedwith85%ofRussians,andlessthan10%ofSpaniards.Furthermore,adultsundertheageof40whotookregularexercisehada40%greaterriskof fungalinfectionthanthosewhodidnot.Leisurecentersandswimmingpoolswereidentifiedaspotential health hazards to the very people who visit them to stay munal showers and changingroomsareperfectbreeding—groundsforthehighlyinfectiousfungithatspreadfootand nailinfection:upto1,500fungally-infectedskinfragmentspersquaremetershavebeenfoundinsome leisure facilities.Sweaty socks and warm,damp sports shoes provide equally hospitable environments.All of which goes some way to explaining the footballers.No doubt all that time spent in showers and changing-rooms is partly responsible.But Dr.Caputo,a dermatologist,also found anotherfactor:footballersareoftenreluctant,forsuperstitiousreasons,todiscardtheiroldboots. Hefoundthatplayersgetattachedtoparticularboots;iftheyscoreagoalwithone,theywillwear itagainandagain.Theriskofathlete’sfootmaybeasmallpricetopayforagoal.61.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Footballersdonotcarefortheirfeetasexpected.B.Footballers’feetaremoresensitivetofungalinfections.C.Footballersusuallycarefortheirfeetmorethanotherpeople.D.Footballers’feetaremorevulnerablethanthoseofotherpeople.62.Accordingtothepassage,“AchillesProject”wasdesignedto______.A.serveasaglobalscreeningforfootinfectionsB.collectasampleofinfectedathletesforresearchC.lookintotheconditionsoffeetinEuropeancountriesD.findmeasuresforreducinghighratesoffootinfections63.Fromthedescriptionof,wearesurethat__________.A.TineapedisaffectsathletesmorethanOnychomycosisB.TineapedisandOnychomycosisarebothfungalinfectionsC.TineapedisisamoreseriousinfectionthanOnychomycosisD.Tineapedisismoresensitivetoanti-fungaldrugsthanOnychomycosis64.Whichofthefollowingcanbesafelyinferredconcerningtheleisurecentersandswimmingpools?A.Theycouldhelppeopleinonewayandharmtheminanother.B.Theydonotspreadinfectionsasmuchasotherpublicplaces.C.Theydonotperformadequatecheck-upsfortheirvisitors.D.Theyareunlikelytospreadfungalinfection.65.WhatdidDr.Caputofindaboutfootballers?A.Theyplaytoomuchtokeeptheirfeetclean.B.Theyusuallydonotthrowawaycomfortableboots.C.Theybelievesomeshoesmaybringthemgoodluck.D.Theyoftensticktohigh-pricedshoesforscoringgoals.Passage TwoAdecadeago,mostpatientswereinformedoverthephoneorinpersonbythedoctors.Butin thepastfewyears,hospitalsandmedicalpracticeshaveurgedpatientstosignupforportals,which allowthemrapid,btestsarenowreleaseddirectlyto patients.Thepushforportalshasbeenfueledbyseveralfactors:thewidespreadembraceoftechnology, incentivepaymentstomedicalpracticesandhospitalsthatwerepartof2009federallegislationto encourage“meaningfuluse”ofelectronicrecords,anda2014federalrulegivingpatientsdirect accesstotheirresults.Policymakershavelongregardedelectronicmedicalrecordsasawaytofoster patientengagementandimprovepatientsafety.Areportalsdeliveringontheirpromisetoengagepatients?Oraretheseresultstoooftenasource of confusion and alarm for patients and the cause of more work for doctors because informationisprovidedwithoutadequate-orsometimesany-guidance?Althoughwhatpatientsseeonlineandhowquicklytheyseeitdiffers—sometimesevenwithin thesamehospitalsystem-mostportalscontainlabtests,imagingstudies,pathologyreportsandless frequently,doctors’notes.Itisnotuncommonforatestresulttobepostedbeforethedoctorhasseenit.Katharine Treadway,an internist,knows what it’s like to obtain shocking news from an electronicmedicalrecord.Theexperience,shesaid,hasinfluencedthewayshepractices.Morethanadecadeago-longbeforemostpatientshadportals-Treadway,withherhusband’s permission,pulleduptheresultsofhisMRIscanonahospitalcomputerwhilewaitingtoseethe specialisttreatinghissudden,unbearablearmpain.“Itshowedamassivetumorandwidespreadmetastaticdisease,”Treadwayrecalled.Shenever suspectedthather59-year-oldhusbandhadcancer,letaloneahighlyaggressiveandusuallyfatal formofadvancedlymphoma.Treadway,whosehusbandhasbeencancer-freeformorethanadecade,saidsheremembered intentlycheckingthenameanddateofbirth,certainshehadthewrongpatient,thenrebootingthecomputerseveraltimes“likeIwasgoingtogetadifferentanswer.”66.Whatisthetrendmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage?A.Morelabtestsareorderedthroughportals.B.Morehospitalsproviderapid,round-the-clockservices.C.Moremedicalconsultationsareconductedoverthephone.D.Morepatientsareencouragedtouseportalsfortheirmedicalinformation.67.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacontributingfactorfortheincreasinguseof portals?A.Popularacceptanceoftechnology.B.Lowerpaymentsforthepatientstoobtaintheirresults.C.Financialbenefitsforhospitaluseofelectronicrecords.D.Legalrequirementtoprovidepatientswithdirectaccesstotheirresults.68.Whatconcernstheauthorinrespecttotheincreasinguseofportals?A.Unsafeaccesstopatients’personalinformation.B.Inadequateguidanceforthepatientstouseportals.C.Improperdeliveryofthemedicalresultstothepatients.D.Differentcontentsprovidedtothepatientsbydifferentsystems.69.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutDr.Treadway’shusband?A.Hewasdepressedbythediagnosisofhisdisease.B.Hewasscreenedforahighlyaggressiveandfatalcancer.C.HewasmismatchedwiththeelectronicrecordsofhisMRIscan.D.HewasinformedoftheresultsofhisMRIscanviahospitalportals.70.TheauthorcitesKatharineTreadway’sexperienceto_______.A.explainthehiddenriskofportalsbeingillegallyaccessedB.exemplifythepotentialriskofmisinformingpatientsthroughportalsC.illustratetheprogressinthewayinformationisdeliveredtothepatientsD.showtheadvantagesofportalsoverphoneinreleasingpatients’informationPassage ThreeInplanningforthehealthneedsoftheseimmigrantfamilies,FrancescaWeissman,ahealthcare practitioner,askedtwoquestions:(1)“Whatarethemosturgentneedsofthispopulation?”and(2)“Howcanthispopulationbeinducedtousethehealthservicesthatareavailable?”Insomerespects, thesecondquestionismoreimportantbecausepersuadingimmigrantfamiliestoutilizeservicesis abasicproblem.Buildingtrustisaprimarygoal.Employingcaregiverswhocanspeaktheclients’language willdomuchtolowerethnicbarriersandreducesuspiciononthepartofthepotentialclients.Many traditionalfamiliesareslowtodeveloppersonalrelationships,andthisholdstrueintheinteractions withcaregivers.Unlessthefamiliescancommunicatewithcaregivers,theycannotbegintotrust them.Withouttrust,theyarenotlikelytoseekorevenacceptassistance.Communicationisatwo-waychannel.Caregivers,Francescarealized,haveanobligationto become acquainted with the culture of the growing ethnic populations,and of their diverse subgroups.Bybecominginformedandbyconveyingrespect,caregiverscanmakeinteractionswith immigrantfamilieslessfrighteningandmoreproductive.Awarenessoftheeconomicclimateandother conditions in the place of origin helps caregivers recognize that the suspiciousness of immigrantfamiliestowardsofficials.Afamilyapproachtohealthcareisrecommendedforimmigrantgroups.Ifthewholefamily canbeinvolvedinthehealthcareprogram,theindividualmembersarelikelytobelessfearful.Family-orientedprogramsmaybeginwithpracticaladviceabouttheneighborhood:locationsof grocerystores,wheretoapplyforfoodstamps,andhowtolookforwork.Anyprogramsdeveloped forimmigrantfamiliesmustbeofferedatconvenienttimesandplacesbecausetheymaynothave theknowledgeorresourcestotravelfreelyintheirnewcommunity.71.Thepassagebeginsbyimplyingthatimmigrantfamiliesmaynot_________.A.beawareoftheirownhealthneedsB.bewillingtousetheavailableservicesC.beentitledtothebasichealthcareservicesD.beabletoaffordservicesotherthanthemostbasic72.Itisdifficulttobuildtrustbetweenimmigrantclientsandcaregiversbecause_________.A.caregivershavelittleoverseasworkingexperienceB.caregiversmaynotspeaktheclients’nativelanguageC.caregivershaveastrongsenseofculturalsuperiorityD.caregiversareaversetotheclients’ethnicbackground73.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A.Understandingdifferentculturesisnecessaryinofferinggoodservices.ckofinformationandrespectisacommonproblemamongcaregivers.C.Ethnicpopulationsaregainingsignificantinfluenceinthehealthcaresystem.D.Itisunreasonabletoemphasizespecificconditionsinimmigrants’nativehomes.74.Whichofthefollowingisimportantwhenthefamilyapproachisadopted?A.Sufficientresourcesshouldbeguaranteedtoensurethesuccess.B.Thedailylifeofthefamilyshouldbecaredforfirstandforemost.C.Fearamongfamilymembersshouldberelievedatthebeginningstage.D.Whatisincludedintheprogramsshouldbebothpracticalandpracticable.75.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyfocusonintermsofservicestoimmigrantfamilies?A.Howtoestablishanimmigrant-friendlyneighborhood.B.Howtohelpimmigrantsenjoyavailablehealthcareservices.C.Howtomakeanassessmentoftheexistinghealthcareservices.D.Howtoassistcaregiversinunderstandingimmigrants’familyinfluence.Passage FourThis year mark the100th anniversary of the deadliest event in U.S.history:the Spanish influenzaepidemicof1918.Althoughscienceandtechnologyhaveadvancedtremendouslyover thepastcentury,thePandemicperilremains;arecentexerciseattheJohnsHopkinsCenterfor HealthSecurityshowedthatanepidemicofaninfluenza-likeviruscouldkill15millionAmericans inasingleyear.Themedicalcommunity’sresponsetothisdangeris,understandably,focusedonresearchang response—discoveringnewvaccines,therapeutics,anddiagnosticsandfightingongoingepidemics, suchasthecurrentEbolaoutbreakinCongo.Buttheseurgentundertakingsarenotsufficient.Ifthe Worldistotacklemanyfactorsthatraiseourriskofadevastatingpandemic,themedicalcommunity mayhavetoentertheatresofoperationbeyondthelaboratorybenchandthetreatmentunitand publiclyengagewithcontroversialissuesthatsomeobserverswouldconsidernonmedical.Indeed, Ibelievethatonlysucheffortscansaveusfromthesocialtrends,politicalmovements,andpolicy failuresthatarcelevatingourriskofapandemic.Therearethreeaspectsinparticularwherethe medicalcommunity’sinterventionisurgentlyneeded.Firstistherisingtideofisolationismandxenophobia(排外)inmanyhigh-incomenations, particularlytheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountries.Thebeliefthatisolatingourselvesfromthe worldcanpreventthespreadofdiseasesisirrational:wecanbuildnowallhighenoughtokeepout infectiousdiseasesanddiscase-bearingvectors.Thesecondtrendisthegrowingtideofantiscientificthinkingandresistancetoevidence-based medicine.Inlow-incomecountries,skepticismaboutvaccinesisaneverlastingchallenge,butwhat weareseeingintheUnitedStatesandEuropeissomethingverydifferent,andverydangerous.The growing refusal of parents in high-income countries to vaccinate their children is the tip of an icebergthatcouldsinkusallintheeventofanepidemicdemandingrapidvaccinedeploymentand acceptance.Finally,andperhapsmostfundamentally,medicalprofessionalscanstepintothepublicarena totakeonunpleasantandcontentiouspoliticalissuessuchasclimatechangeandisolationism.Many membersofthemedicalcommunityprefertoavoidbecominginvolvedincontroversialissuesthat seemtobeoutsidethescopeofmedicalconcerns,buttheirvoicesareneededtoconfrontsuchissues.76.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhefirstparagraph?A.Warntheworldagainsttheupcominginfluenzapandemic.B.Givecredittotremendousadvancesinscienceandtechnology.C.Remindthereadersofthepotentialdevastatingpandemicperils.D.ReflectontheseverityoftheSpanishinfluenzaepidemicof1918.77.Toaddresstheincreasingriskofpandemics,theauthorsuggeststhatthemedicalcommunity______.A.focusmoreontheurgentundertakingsB.paymoreattentiontoresearchandresponseC.makequickerresponseinfightingongoingepidemicsD.getmoreactivelyengagedwithissuesotherthanmedical78.AccordingtoParagraph3,whatdotheUnitedStatesandEuropeancountriesneedtodotoeventinfectiousdiseasesanddisease-beaingvectos?A.Tobuildhighwails.B.Tomaintainanoenmentality.C.Toisolatethemselvesfomeachothe.D.Toleanfomothehigh-incomenations.79.WhatcanbesaidofthesecondtendmentionedinPaagah4?A.Sketicismaboutvaccinescanbetackledeasily.B.Antiscientificthinkingisnotseiousinlow-incomecounties.C.High-incomecountiesshouldleanfomlow-incomecounties.D.Paentalesistancetovaccinatingtheichildencanbedisastous.80.Whatcanbeinfeedfomthelastaagah?A.Medicalconcensaeascontovesialasnonmedicalissues.B.Medicalofessionalsshouldbemoeconcenedwithmedicalissues.C.Moeandmoemedicalofessionalsaeinvolvedincontovesialissues.D.Themedicalcommunityshouldlayamoeactiveoleincontovesialissues.Passage FiveInmedicalteminology,thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode.Asahysician,youdonotengageaatientintheneuologicalexaminationuntilyou’ve gatheedthedetailsofhisohedebilitatingheadaches.Butatonetimeinoumedicalcaees,weaeinstuctedtoefomthemostthooughhysical examinationossiblewithoutleaningsomuchastheatient’sname.Allweaegivenisananatomy tablenumbe,anage,andacauseofdeath.Wewokouwaythoughtheanatomylab—insecting, seaching,andfeelingeveymuscle,bone,andogan-andwewiteouatients’histoiesouselves.Tobetteundestandthelifeofthewomanwhohaddonatedhebodyfomyeducation,I ceatedtheObituay(讣告）WitingPogamatGeogetownUnivesityduingmyfistyeaof medicalschool.Iwokedwithanobituaywite,EmilyLange,todeveloawokshotohel inteestedmedicalstudentseflectonthelivesthattheicosesmayhavelived.Sheinstuctedus ontheatofweavingdisconnectedmemoiesintoasinglestoy.Aseiesofceativewitingomts esultedinonestudent’sstoyofadamaticfootballinjuyoccuinginthemiddleofacometitivematch.Thismomentinhiscose’slifewasimaginedfomainkosthetic(假体的）hibeneath massivelayesofmuscle.Thefistconvesationwithmydono’ssonlastedoveanhoudesitemyinitialfeathatI wouldaskthewongquestionsooffethewongwodsofsymathy.Hismothewasasmall-town famgilfomWisconsin.D.CaolKennedy,GeogetownUnivesitySchoolofMedicine,Classof1972.ShewasadevoutCatholicwhoconsideedbeingahysicianaivilegeandanootunityto seve othes.She wanted to continue to seve even afte he death by donating he body to GeogetownUnivesityinodetoeducatefutuemedicalstudentslikeme.Wehavefinallyutthehistoyinitsightfullacebefoethehysical—studentsnowinteview thefamiliesoftheidonosbefoemakingthefistcutintheanatomylab.Oucosesaeoufistcounteats in the ivileged atient-hysician elationshi,and now we ae able to begin that atneshijustaswehoetodothoughouttheestofoumedicalcaees.81.Thestatementthat“thewodshistoyandhysicalalmostalwaysaeatogetheinthatode”canbebestinterpretedas__________.A.historytakingisusuallyprecededbyphysicalexaminationB.historytakingisusuallytaughtbeforephysicalexaminationC.historytakingisusuallyovershadowedbyphysicalexaminationD.historytakingisusuallyperformedbeforephysicalexamination82.WhatistheteachingapproachintheanatomylabdescribedinParagraph2?A.Identifyingtherealcauseofthepatient’sdeath.B.Learninganatomybytakingpatients’historiesintoaccount.C.Trainingstudentshowtodophysicalexaminationclinically.D.Writingpatients’historiesbasedonthephysicalexamination.83.What can be said of the Obituary Writing Program created by the author at Georgetown University?A.Ithelpedstudentsimprovetheirwritingskills.B.Itwasaimedtoarousestudents’interestinanatomy.C.Itwasahumanewayofpayingrespecttobodydonors.D.Itwasaimedtotrainthestudents’skillsinphysicalexamination.84.WhatcanbeinferredfromtheinformationtheauthorobtainedaboutDr.CarolKennedyfrom histalkwithherson?A.Shewasbornonafarminthe1970s.B.ShegrewupinGeorgetownasadevoutCatholic.C.Shewasagraduateoftheauthor’smedicalschool.D.Shedonatedherbodyasrequiredbyherreligiousbelief.85.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.HistoryTakingintheAnatomyLabB.WritingskillsformedicalStudentsC.Dr.CarolKennedy:aDevotedGeorgetownGraduateD.Patient-physicianRelationship:aHistoricalReviewPassage SixTheremaybenobetterexampleofwhatismeantbypreventivemedicinethanthestrategyof Vaccination.Ahealthypersonisgivenatinytasteofavirus—fluorpolio,say—that’stooweakto causeillnessbutjustenoughtointroducethebodytothepathogen.Iftheviruslatershowsupforreal,theimmunesystemisprimedandwaitingforit.That’sclosetohowacancervaccineworks,butnotprecisely.Mostexpertsseecancervaccines asahybridoftreatmentandprevention.Whileit’struethattheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration hasapprovedvaccinesagainstcervicalandlivercancer,botharedesignedtofightthevirusesmost responsibleforcausingthedisease,asopposedtotargetingcanceritself—humanpapillomavirus (HPV;人乳头瘤病毒)inthecaseofcervicalcancerandhepatitisBinthecaseoflivertumors.Usingvaccinestopreventnonviralcancersinsomeonewhoisdisease-freeisawholedifferent mater.For one thing,it’s much more difficult to determine a person’s chance of developing a。

2024年全国医学博士英语试题

2024年全国医学博士英语试题2024 National Medical Doctoral English Exam。

The English language has become an indispensable tool in the field of medical research and practice, enabling effective communication and collaboration among healthcare professionals from diverse backgrounds. As the global medical community continues to evolve, the need for proficient English language skills has become increasingly crucial for aspiring medical doctoral candidates. The 2024 National Medical Doctoral English Exam serves as a critical assessment of these essential language abilities, ensuring that future leaders in the medical field possess the necessary linguistic competence to excel in their respective areas of study and research.The exam encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of the candidates' English language proficiency, covering a wide range of topics and skills essential for successful medical research and practice. The assessment includes a thorough examination of the candidates' reading comprehension, where they are required to demonstrate their abilityto understand and analyze complex medical texts, research articles, and scientific literature. This component not only tests the candidates' grasp of medical terminology and concepts but also their capacity to critically evaluate and synthesize information from various sources.In addition to reading comprehension, the exam also assesses the candidates' writing skills, which are crucial for effective communication in the medical field. Candidates are tasked with producing well-structured, coherent, and persuasive written responses to prompts related to medical research, clinical practice, or healthcare policies. This section evaluates the candidates' ability to organize their thoughts, present arguments logically, and convey their ideas clearly and concisely.The listening and speaking components of the exam further challenge the candidates' English language proficiency. Candidates are required to comprehend and respond to audio recordings of medical discussions, presentations, or interviews, demonstrating their ability to understand and engage in professional-level discourse. The speaking sectionmay involve role-playing scenarios, where candidates are expected to demonstrate their communication skills in simulated medical settings, such as patient consultations or research team meetings.The 2024 National Medical Doctoral English Exam also places a strong emphasis on the candidates' knowledge of medical ethics and their ability to apply ethical principles in the context of healthcare. Candidates may be presented with case studies or hypothetical scenarios that require them to analyze ethical dilemmas, consider the implications of their decisions, and articulate their reasoning in clear and persuasive English.Throughout the exam, candidates are expected to showcase their mastery of medical terminology, their understanding of current trends and developments in the field, and their ability to critically analyze and discuss complex medical issues. The exam's comprehensive nature ensures that successful candidates possess the linguistic and intellectual capabilities necessary to excel in their doctoral studies and contribute meaningfully to the advancement of medical research and practice.The 2024 National Medical Doctoral English Exam serves as a crucial gateway for aspiring medical professionals, ensuring that the next generation of medical leaders are equipped with the necessary English language skills to navigate the global medical landscape effectively. By setting a high standard for English proficiency, the exam helps to maintain the integrity and excellence of the medical profession, ultimately benefiting patients and the broader healthcare community.。

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案

2024年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam Questions and AnswersPart 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new advancements and discoveries being made every day. In order to stay current and provide the best possible care for their patients, medical professionals must continuously update their knowledge and skills.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The field of medicine is stagnant.B. Medical professionals do not need to update their knowledge.C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.D. Patient care is not important in medicine.Answer: C. Advancements in medicine require continuous learning.2. Why is it important for medical professionals to stay current in their field?A. To earn more money.B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.C. To show off their knowledge.D. To become famous.Answer: B. To provide the best possible care for their patients.Part 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions:1. What is the speaker talking about?A. The benefits of exercise.B. The importance of healthy eating.C. The dangers of smoking.D. The role of genetics in health.Answer: A. The benefits of exercise.2. According to the speaker, how often should people exercise?A. Once a week.B. Every day.C. Three times a week.D. Never.Answer: B. Every day.Part 3: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:Discuss the impact of technology on the field of medicine.In recent years, technology has played a significant role in revolutionizing the field of medicine. From advanced imaging techniques to robotic surgeries, technology has had a profound impact on the way medical professionals diagnose and treat patients. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of medicine.One of the key benefits of technology in medicine is the ability to improve accuracy in diagnosis. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans allow doctors to see inside the body in ways that were not possible before. This has led to earlier detection of illnesses and more accurate diagnosis, which in turn has improved patient outcomes.Another way in which technology has impacted medicine is through the development of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Robotic surgeries, for example, allow for greater precision and control during surgery, leading to faster recovery times and reduced risk of complications. This has transformed the field of surgery, making procedures safer and more effective.In addition to improving diagnosis and treatment, technology has also revolutionized the way medical records are stored and shared. Electronic health records have made it easier for doctors to access patient information quickly and efficiently, leading to better coordination of care and improved patient outcomes.Overall, the impact of technology on the field of medicine has been overwhelmingly positive. From improved diagnosis and treatment to more efficient record-keeping, technology has revolutionized the way medical professionals provide care to their patients. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even greater innovations in the field of medicine in the years to come.Part 4: SpeakingIn this section, you will be asked a series of questions related to the field of medicine. Please answer each question clearly and concisely.1. What inspired you to pursue a career in medicine?2. How do you stay current with the latest advancements in the field of medicine?3. What do you think are the biggest challenges facing the healthcare industry today?4. How do you think technology will continue to impact the field of medicine in the future?Remember to speak clearly and confidently when answering the questions.That concludes the 2024 National Medical Doctorate English Exam. Good luck!。

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力

全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力题一：题目：How does the woman feel about her new job?听力材料：Woman: I really wonder what my new job is going to be like. I mean, I'm excited about it, but nervous too, you know? I mean, I've never worked in a place like this before.参考内容：The woman is excited but nervous about her new job. 听力题二：题目：What is the man's suggestion about the paper?听力材料：Man: You should probably add some more evidence to support your argument. Maybe you could include some statistics, or even an example or two.参考内容：The man suggests adding more evidence to the paper, such as statistics or examples.听力题三：题目：What does the woman say about the cake?听力材料：Woman: This cake is delicious! Is it a family recipe or something?参考内容：The woman thinks the cake is delicious and wonders if it is a family recipe.听力题四：题目：What will the woman probably do with the vase?听力材料：Man: I got this vase in China a few years ago. You can have it if you like. Woman: Oh, I don't know. It's really pretty, but I don't really have any use for it.参考内容：The woman thinks the vase is pretty but may not have any use for it.听力题五：题目：What does the man say about the essay?听力材料：Man: Your essay was very well-written. You could have expanded on some of your points a bit more, but overall, I thought it was great.参考内容：The man thinks the essay was well-written but suggests expanding on some points.听力题六：题目：What does the man imply about the woman's painting?听力材料：Woman: I don't know if I like this painting or not. Man: Well, it's definitely unique. I don't think I've ever seen anything quite like it before.参考内容：The man implies that the woman's painting is unique and unlike anything he has seen before.听力题七：题目：What does the woman say about her suitcase?听力材料：Woman: Excuse me, could you help me lift my suitcase into the overhead compartment? It's really heavy.参考内容：The woman asks for help lifting her heavy suitcase into the overhead compartment.听力题八：题目：What does the man say about the traffic?听力材料：Man: I don't think we're going to make it in time. The traffic is really bad today.参考内容：The man thinks they may be late because the traffic is bad.听力题九：题目：What does the woman think about the movie?听力材料：Man: So, did you like the movie? Woman: Yeah, I thought it was pretty good. Definitely not one of my favorites, but it was enjoyable.参考内容：The woman thinks the movie was pretty good but not one of her favorites.听力题十：题目：What does the man say about the weather?听力材料：Man: It's such a nice day today! I don't think we could have asked for better weather.参考内容：The man thinks it's a nice day and couldn't have asked for better weather.。

全国医学考博英语试题

全国医学考博英语试题文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end ofeach conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once,After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the bestanswers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget allher troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day beforebreakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a dayafter meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hearfive questions. After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see ifhe has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see ifhe has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in SanFrancisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part ofthe Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of theviruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .aregiven beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’semptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD.consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulfof Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’tget to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD.mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with highblood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and inthose _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD.subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD.relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ atthe lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD.vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical_______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD.endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for along time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest andgenerous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD.pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health,Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD.implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be_______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD.favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrasesbeneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart, Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-termaccumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to thedrinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD.emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest ingrowing children in the form of mental and physicalretardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD.insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself todifferent distances has been applied to automatic camera,which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was thepressure of religious persecution that exacerbated theirconflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried toobliterate the original composition by painting over it oncanvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deploredthe construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD.decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strictstandards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD.stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent innot giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD.brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for awhole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walkingaround with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of yourhead is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving upthat part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain.__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if theradiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset ofAlzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are amarker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to theelectro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The luckythings.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease ifexposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to themice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phoneradiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the factthat the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones__60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’ssure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each ofwhich is followed by five questions. For each questionthere are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probablygive little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offerrock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paidThis is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods isnot the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, accordingto the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy westbuy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, someof dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, butlittle scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraphrefers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred thatin many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from thelast paragraphA. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does notinvolve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then”statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook.This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play wellwith mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like itor not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institutein Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on howEarth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies,___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable。

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2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题
1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题
卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做
在试卷上。

3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，
先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

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最新2024医学博士英语考试真题及答案

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