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解讀柯比意的建築-以法國馬賽公寓為例一、柯比意的建築歷程柯比意1887年出生於瑞士的拉肖德芳市，他被譽為開創現代主義建築的鼻祖；與美國的萊特、德國的范德羅被視為現代主義建築的三位大師。
柯比意的父親是鐘錶設計師，早年柯比意也學工藝與設計，後還轉向建築設計，因此，柯比意從未接受過建築的正統訓練。
此外，柯比意一九○三年到法國後，受到當時運用鋼筋水泥建材與新穎工業建築思潮的影響。
柯比意認為，建築不應該再沉溺於各種無意義的樣式之中，也不該再模仿已經失去真實生活意義的古代建築形式，認為建築師必須能夠發現居住的問題，並且發揮想像力與理智來解決問題。
因此，混凝土的運用以及工程原理成了柯比意革命性的工具。
二、案例基本資料坐落地點: 法國, 馬賽,2800,boulevard Michelet 13000 Marseille, Bouches_du_Rhone設計時間: 1946竣工時間: 1952馬賽集合住宅建於馬賽工業城內，市郊九英畝之基地上，座落於密歇爾大道盡頭處，東西向共計四五0呎長，八0呎寬，一八五呎高。
可容納337戶約1600人居住的17層公寓大樓廣場公園內，公寓住宅主要門面朝向東西兩方。
為遮擋寒冷的北風，北面不設置任何窗戶。
大樓用鋼筋混凝土結構，建築物橫長165尺，縱深24公尺，高56公尺。
地面層是敞開的柱墩，共有17層，其中1-6層和9-17層是居住層，7-8為公共設施樓層。
三、設計理念1908柯比意在巴黎奧古斯督‧佩雷（Auguste Perret）兄弟工作室15個月的工作經驗，讓他進一步認識了鋼筋混凝土的運用，並確定了標準化單元在技術層面上的可能性。
柯比意運用混凝土的技術發展了各式混凝土相關工法，在1923年的「邁向新建築」一書中更提出「建築式居住的機器」的口號，展現現代主義工業生產的理性精神，以及建築幾何體組合的藝術。
從柯比意揚棄光潔而具有清潔感的機器美型態，轉變為以原始、質樸的材料，如粗石、磚塊、粗混凝土以及未刨光的木材可得知「粗獷主義」註1（Brutalism）的形式表現。
柯布西耶作品欣赏－马赛公寓大楼被设计者称之为“居住单元盒子”的马赛公寓，按当时的尺度标准是巨大的，165米长，56米高，24米宽，通过支柱层支撑在3.5×2.47英亩面积的花园，这种做法是受一种古代瑞士住宅—小棚屋通过支柱落在水上的启发，主要立面朝东和西向，架空层用来停车和通风，还设有入口、电梯厅和管理员房间。
大楼共有18层，有23种不同的居住单元，共337户，可供1500-1700名居民居住，提高了居民选择的自由度，突破了承重结构的限制，从单身住户到8个孩子的家庭，室内楼梯将两层空间连成一体，起居厅两层通高，达到4.8米高，3.66×4.80米大块玻璃窗满足了观景的开阔视野，在第7、8层布置了各式商店，如鱼店、奶店、水果店、蔬菜店、洗衣店、饮料店等，满足居民的各种需求，幼儿园和托儿所设在顶层，通过坡道可到达屋顶花园。
屋顶上设有小游泳池、儿童游戏场地、一个200米长的跑道，健身房、日光浴室，还有一些服务设施——被勒.柯布西耶称为“室外家具”，如混凝土桌子、人造小山、花架、通风井、室外楼梯、开放的剧院和电影院，所有一切与周围景色融为一体，相得益彰。
他把屋顶花园想象成在大海中航行的船只的甲板，供游人欣赏天际线下美丽的景色，并从户外游戏和活动中获得乐趣。
“户内生活像一次海上旅行”，这种思想贯穿于马赛公寓设计的始终。
确实，生活与旅行有着一些共同点，都有开始与结束，它们没有拘泥在明确的事实和具象的事物上，而是叙述一首诗，讲述一个故事或一幕话剧，塑造和架构着人类生活的发展和延续。
勒。
柯布西耶采撷、继承前人留下来的经验，加以重组、重新定义、改装，农庄里的水渠、小棚屋，甲板等都成为新的设计母体，重新出现在人们面前。
同时，马赛公寓的出现进一步体现了柯布西耶的“新建筑的五个特征”，建筑被巨大的支柱支撑着，看上去像大象的四条腿，它们都是未经加工的混凝土做的，也就是大家都知道的粗面混凝土，它是柯布西耶在那个时代所使用的最主要的技术手段，立面材料形成的粗野外观与战后流行的全白色的外观形式形成鲜明对比，引起当时评论界的争论，一些瑞士、荷兰和瑞典的造访者甚至认为表面的痕迹是材料本身缺点和施工技术差所致，但这是柯布西耶刻意要产生的效果，他试图将这些“粗鲁的”、“自发的”、“看似随意的”的处理与室内精细的细部及现代建造技术并置起来，在美学上产生强烈对比的感受。
摘 要 现代主义大师柯布西耶——“未来城市的创想者”，于20世纪初期提出的许多超前的城市建造设想，正在一一被建筑师践行而实现。
他对集合住宅的研究和实践，对于今天的青年公寓建筑设计具有非常强的启示作用。
文章指出国内公寓设计普遍存在公共配套设施不足的问题，通过对柯布西耶设计的马赛公寓的公共设施的设计及运营情况进行分析，总结出可供当下青年公寓设计参考借鉴的思路和方法。
关键词 青年公寓 公共设施 马赛公寓 弹性空间ABSTRACT Le Corbusier is a master of modernism in the history of architecture, “the creator of the future city”. His many ideas of advanced urban construction put forward in the early 20th century are being implemented by architects one by one. His research and practice of collective housing, in today’s view, has provided considerable inspirations for the architectural design of our youth apartment. With the current situation of apartment design in China, this paper points out the common shortage of public supporting facilities. Through the analysis of the design and operation of the public facilities of the Marseille Apartment designed by Corbusier, it summarizes some ideas and methods for current apartment design.KEY WORDS youth apartment, public facilities, Marseille Apartment, flexible spaceDOI 10.12069/j.na.2019Z1034中图分类号 TU241.2 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1000-3959（2019）Z1-0034-04王格WANG Ge关于青年公寓设计中配套设施的思考——以马赛公寓为例Reflections on the Facilities in the Design of Youth Apartments: A Case Study of Marseille Apartment[作者单位] 华阳国际设计集团深圳公司（广东，518048）一 青年公寓设计现状与问题过去10年，是中国地产开发的黄金时期，房地产市场上出现了大量“公寓”产品。
题记：马赛公寓代表勒·柯布希埃对于住宅和公共住居问题研究的高潮点，结合了他对于现代建筑的各种思想，尤其是关于个人与集会之间的关系的思考。
那里的居民都已经形成一个集体性社会，就像一个小村庄，共同过着祸福与共的生活。
没有任何个人的牺牲，因为每一公寓单元都是隔音的，与周围的山光水色的环境保持直接的接触，拥有雕刻般的雄浑力量。
更重要的是：他把公寓的底层架空与地面上的城市绿化及公共活动场所相融，让居民尽可能接触社会，接触自然，增进居民之间的相互交往。
他还把住宅小区中的公共设施引进公寓内部，如：商业街、游休憩绿地、娱乐设施等，使公寓成为满足居民心理需求的小社会，这些都值得当代的建筑师学习和借鉴。
AD Classics: Unite d’ Habitation / Le CorbusierBy Andrew Kroll— Filed under: A D Architecture Classics ,Housing ,Mixed Use ,Residential , Concrete, Fr ance, Le Corbusier, Marseilles/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier/After World War II, the need for housing was at an unprecedented high. The Unite d’ Habitation in Marseille, France was the first large scale project for the famed architect, Le Corbusier. In 1947, Europe was still feeling the effects of the Second World War, when Le Corbusier was commissioned to design a multi-family residential housing project for the people of Marseille that were dislocated after the bombings on France. Completed in 1952, the Unite d’ Habitation was the first of a new housing project series for Le Corbusier that focused on communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together in a “vertical garden city.”© Vincent DesjardinsThe Unite d’ Habitation was a first, both for Le Corbusier and the ways in which to approach such a large complex to accommodate roughly 1,600 residents. Especially since Le Corbusier did not have many buildings of such a substantial scale when compared to the villas. When designing for such a significant number of inhabitants natural instinct is to design horizontally spreading out over the landscape, rather Le Corbusier designed the community that one would encounter in a neighborhood within a mixed use, modernist, residential high rise. Le Corbusier’s idea of the “vertical garden city” was based on bringing the villa within a larger volume that allowed for the inhabitants to have their own private spaces, but outside of that private sector they would shop, eat, exercise, and gather together.With nearly 1,600 residents divided among eighteen floors, the design requires an innovative approach toward spatial organization to accommodate the living spaces, as well as the public, communal spaces. Interestingly enough, the majority of the communal aspects do not occur within the building; rather they are placed on the roof. The roof becomes a garden terrace that has a running track, a club, a kindergarten, a gym, and a shallow pool. Beside the roof, there are shops, medical facilities, and even a small hotel distributed throughout the interior of the building.The Unite d’ Habitation is essentially a “city within a city” that is spatially, as well as, functionally optimized for the residents.© Guzman LozanoUnlike Corbusier’s usual employment of a stark, white façade, Unite d’ Habitation is constructed from reinforced beton-brut concrete (rough cast concrete), which was the least costly in post-war Europe. However, it could also be interpreted as materialistic implementation aimed at characterizing the conditional state of life after the war –rough, worn, unforgiving.Even though Unite d’ Habita tion does not take on the same materialistic qualities as most of Corbusier’s works, there is still a sense of mechanistic influence, in addition to the Five Points developed by Corbusier in the 1920s. For example, the buildings large volume is supported on massive pilotis that allow for circulation, gardens, and gathering spaces below the building; the roof garden/terrace creates the largest communal space within the entire building, and the incorporated patio into the façade system minimizes the perception of the buildings height, as to create an abstract ribbon window that emphasizes the horizontality of such a large building.Also, it is apparent that Le Corbusier’s mechanized influences from other industries have not been lost in design. As massive as the Unite d’ Habitation is, it begins to resemble the steamship that Corbusier is so intrigued with. The massive volume appears to be floating, the ribbon windows resemble the cabin windows running along the hull, while the roof garden/terrace and sculptural ventilation stacks appear as the top deck and the smoke stacks. Even though that these elements are quite figural and open to interpretation based on perception, there is an inherent connection between the two.© Vincent DesjardinsOne of the most interesting and important aspects of the Unite d’ Habitation is the spatial organization of the residential units. Unlike most housing projects that have a “double-stacked” corridor (a single hallway with units on either side), Le Corbusier designed the units to span from each side of the building, as well as having a double height living space reducing the number of required corridors to one every three floors. By narrowing the units and allowing for a double height space, Corbusier is capable of efficiently placing more units in the building and creating an interlocking system of residential volumes. At each end of the unit there is a balcony protected by a brise-soleil that allows for cross ventilation throughout the unit flowing through the narrow bedrooms into the double height space; emphasizing an open volume rather than an open plan.Unite d’ Habitation is one of Le Corbusier’s most important projects, as well as one of the most innovative architectural responses to a residential building. So much so, that the Unite d’ Habitation is said to have influenced the Brutalist Style with the use of beton-brut concrete. Unite d’ Habitation has since been the example for public housing across the world; however, no venture has been as successful as the Unite d’ Habitation simply because the Modular proportions that Corbusier established duringthe project. Nonetheless, Le Corbusier’s first large scale project has proved to be one of his most significant and inspiring.Architect: Le CorbusierLocation:Marseilles, FranceProject Year: 1947-1952公元经典：马赛公寓/勒.柯布西耶由安德鲁克罗尔-提起下：公元建筑经典，房屋，混合使用，住宅，混凝土，法国，勒柯布西耶，马赛第二次世界大战后，住房需要前所未有的高。
