上海交通大学语言学和应用语言学基础知识2005真题

上海交通大学一九九八年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题名称普通语言学和应用语言学基本知识（用汉语）试题编号71一. 用适当的词语填空（60分）1.所谓历史比较法就是把相近似的语言或方言互相比较，找出他们的对应关系，借以确定他们的-------------------和------------------的一种方法。

2.“应用语言学”这个术语，大体上有两种用法，既--------------------的用法和-------------的用法。

前者用法的例子有-------------------------------（只要求举一个例子），后者用法的例子有-----------------------------（只要求举一个例子）。

3.行为主义心理学建立在-----------------------------所能观察到的事实基础上的心理学。

4.乔姆斯基（chomsky）的转换生成语法的一大特点是生成性，即---------------------能生成------------------------------------。

5.布龙菲尔德（Bloomfield）等人在描写和分析语言结构时采用的是-----------------法，乔姆斯基认为语言产生过程是由基础部分生成--------------------------，然后通过转换得出----------------。

布龙菲尔德强调个性的研究，即找出语言中-----------------------，乔姆斯基则相反，他强调共性的研究，即对语言的---------------的研究。

6.回答“语言是什么”这个问题，可以从两个方面着手，一是从它的------------------来看，一是从它的-----------------------来看。

就语言自身而言，它是由----------------------和-----------------------------结合而成，由--------------------------和---------------------所构成的符号系统。

上海交通大学2000年硕士生入学考试试题试题编号71试题名称普通语言学和应用语言学基本知识（用汉语）(答案必须写在答题纸上，否则答题无效)一. 填入适当词语，构成完整意义。

每空1分，共20分。

1.音素是人类语音从---------------------划分出来的最小单位。

2.音节是--------------------的最小结构单位。

3.音位是在具体语言或方言中---------------------------的语言的最小单位。

4.词是具有--------------------------，表示----------------------------，能够--------------------的最小语言单位。

5.语素是------------------------的最小的语言结构单位，是词的构成成分。

6.句子是语言中用于---------------------------的最小单位。

7.语法手段是指语言中构成---------------------------的方式：常见的语法手段有-----------------、内部屈折、---------------------、异根、---------------------、辅助词、-----------------、语调。

8.语法范畴是指词的----------------的归类：常见的语法范畴有以下八种：性、数、格、体、时、式、态、人称。

9.在“双语体”社会里。

个体在交际时往往从一种语言或方言转移到另一种语言或方言里去，这种现象叫做“--------------------------------”。

10.语言的形态分类是根据语言的------------------------------------------对各种语言所进行的分类：一般把语言分为孤立语、粘着语和溶合语。

11.根据英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀（1962）和弟子J.R.瑟恶尔（1969）提出的假说，通过话语的一些约定俗成的关联力量进行陈述、承诺等，称为“--------------------------”。

语言学考研真题和答案第一章语言学Fill in the blanks1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （人大2007研）meaning 语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北二外2003研）displacement 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北二外2006研）primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北二外2006）design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试语言学和应用语言学专业试卷Time limit: Three hoursTotal points:150All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1.Examine the following two statements about language，and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.(25 points) 1) Sapir (1921:Language): “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas，emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”(p.8). 2) Bloch and Trager (1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates”(p.5).2.What are phonemes，phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese.(15 points)3.Is it possible to separate semantics and pragmatics? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)4.It has been noticed that Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of pas tense，even at the advanced level of proficiency. What do you think are the possible causes of this problem? How call language teachers help solve this problem and why?(30 points)5.Look at the following real newspaper headlines and explain why they are considered ambiguous. Then revise the headlines so that they Call express the intended meanings unambiguously.(20 points)(1) Complaints about NBA Referees Growing Ugly(2) Milk Drinkers Are Turning to Powder(3) Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years at Checkout Counter(4)Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax(5)Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted6.In interpreting utterances such as(1)and(2)，the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is，the hearer tends to Think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom's pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why.(30 points)(1)Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2)Peter dropped the vase. It broke.参考答案北京外国语大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试语言学与应用语言学专业试卷1..Examine the following two statements about language，and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.(25 points)1) Sapir (1921:Language): “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas，emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”(p.8). 2) Bloch and Trager (1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis): “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates”(p.5).Similarities:1) Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word ‘vocal’.2) Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word ‘symbols’ and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on ‘arbitrary’ and ‘symbols’.Differences:1) Sapir’s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as bird songs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.2) Sapir also considers that language is ‘non-instinctive’ and ‘ voluntarily produced’. Thus for him language does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager’s definition do not include this feature.3) The element ‘system’in Bloch and Trager’s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules.4) The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group’s co-operation. Sapir’s definition proposes ‘communication’ as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation.Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis, and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, ‘vocal’, ‘arbitrary’, ’symbol’, ‘purely human’, ‘a system’. But either has some limitation. As for Sapir’s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both the definitio n’s description of language’s function is not precise. Sapir’s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager’s definition does not point it out at all.2..What are phonemes，phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese. (15 points)A phoneme is a minimally distinctive set of sounds in a language that can signal a difference in meaning. It is an abstract phonological unit represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. A phone is an individual phonetic unit or segment that occurs in speech. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Each of the set of which correspond to a single of a language is called an allophone. Phonemes are placed between slant lines (/ /) and phones are placed between square brackets ([ ]). Allophones of the same phoneme generally occur in different contexts and never distinguish one word from another. For example, when we pronounce the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound [p] is pronounced differently, in the word peak, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air stream; but the same stop sound is pronounced slightly differently in the word speak, the puff of air is withheld a little. The [p] sound in peak is called an aspirated [p h] and the [p] sound in speak is an unaspirated [p=]. There is a slight difference in the way they are pronounced, but such a difference dose not give rise to difference in meaning. So /p/is a phoneme in the English sound system, and it can be realized differently as aspirated or unaspirated in different contexts. The phoneme /p/ in English can be realized as aspirated [p h] and unaspirated [p=], which are allophones of the phoneme/p/.3. Is it possible to separate semantics and pragmatics? Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)Though both semantics and pragmatics have to do with the meaning of language, and link language to the world，we think it is possible to separate semantics and pragmatics in linguistic study. Semantics is the study of literal meaning of linguistic expressions, particularly meaning of words, phrases and sentences In using the term sense rather than reference, the focus of semantics is on the way people relate words to each other within the framework of their language. Pragmatics starts from the observation that people use language to accomplish many kinds of acts, broadly known as speech acts thus it is the study of how to do things with words or of the meaning of language in context. This kind of meaning in pragmatics usually refers to as speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning, or contextual meaning. Its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used. Thus the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is clear: the former is more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meanings; the latter is more closely related to the context, the more indeterminate side, or something extra.（以下问题较灵活，给出参考答案）The first implication for second language study involves the appropriate use of target language. The teaching of a foreign language in a classroom involves two types of instruction: one is informational and analytical and can be diagrammed on the axis of general semantic information about the language. But language learning also has a crucially important skill component, which involves the development of the ability to use the language, actively through speaking and writing and passively through listening and reading. This is the pragmatic turn in second language teaching. The language use should be analyzed in relation to the context of communication, and that language teaching and learning should focus on the appropriate use of the target language, oral and written, according to situational and wider social context.The second implication is concerned with vocabulary learning and translation. The learning of second language’s vocabularies involves the understanding and memory of their meanings. Since the differences between the first and second language’s culture, there may be no corresponding meaning underlying the same sayings. Teachers should explain the different usage or implication of the target language’s items. This is of much importance for cross-cultural translation practices.4. It has been noticed that Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of pas tense，even at the advanced level of proficiency. What do you think are the possible causes of this problem? How call language teachers help solve this problem and why? (30 points)Tenses are one of the most difficult aspects for Chinese to master because of the non-inflected nature of the Chinese language In English, the different forms of the verb can tell us whether something is happening in the present or in the past. This information is technically termed as tense. The tense is shown by adding related morphemes at the end of the verb. So the learners can judge the tense easily by looking at the different verb forms. However, the Chinese verb form does not have a well defined past, present or future tense. In writing or in speaking, the Chinese verb in the sentence does not necessarily inform the reader or listener as to whether they are referring to the past, present or future. Therefore, Chinese often places prepositional, phrases, as well as conjunctive adverbs (e.g. Mandarin Chinese le, guo) that indicate time at the front of the sentence so as to inform the speaker or the reader of the appropriate tense. The different ways of expressing the tense cause Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of tense. When translating into English, Chinese writers sometimes forget that English has a well-defined past/present/future verb tense. Therefore, the unconscious tendency of placing several prepositional or other phrases that indicate time at the front of the sentence is often redundant or neglect using different tense form of verb. Another factor which contributes to the difficulties is the difference in the concept of time of Chinese as compared to native speakers of English. Different concepts of time of non-native speakers with those of native speakers contribute to their difficulties in learning the English tenses.As the learning of tenses, Chinese learners are faced with a totally new set of classification of time situations that have no counterpart in their own native language. So in teaching English tenses teachers have to explain English time attributes thoroughly rather than assuming L2 learners will understand them as long as they have acquired the rules. For example, past tense is used for situations which are less probable, or more remote. A lot of Chinese do not have this concept and teachers should spend time in clarifying this to them. Teachers can also allow learners to understand the meanings of the two broad types of English and Chinese tenses and their differences in teaching Chinese learners. Through the comparison of different ways of expressing tense, the teacher can provide the students a clear framework and then students will take special notice in using verb associated with tense.5. Look at the following real newspaper headlines and explain why they are considered ambiguous. Then revise the headlines so that they Call express the intended meanings unambiguously. (20 points)(1) Complaints about NBA Referees Growing Ugly(2) Milk Drinkers Are Turning to Powder(3) Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years at Checkout Counter(4) Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax(5) Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted(1) There are two kinds of comprehension of this headline: the first is “Complaints about NBA Referees are Growing Ugly.”thus with nominal group as the subject and present tense verb is modifying ‘complaints’; the second is “Complaints about NBA Referees Who Are Growing U gly”, thus the whole headline is a nominal group and the present tense verb modify ‘NBA Referees’. We think the first interpretation is the intended meaning, thus the original headline is revised to “Complaints about NBA Referees Are Growing Ugly”(2) The word ‘powder’ is ambiguous in meaning here, because it can imply the drug or medicine in the form of powder. Thus in order to be clear in meaning, the original headline can be revised into “Milk Drinkers Are Turing to Milk Powder”(3) There are two kinds of interpretation of this headline: the first is “ two pair of sisters reunited at checkout counter after 18 years of separation.” The second interpretation is that “two girls who are a pair of sister reunited at checkout counter after 18 years of separation.”The intended meaning should be the second, and the original headline can be revised into “A Pair of Sister Reunited After 18 Years At Checkout Counter”(4) There are two kinds of interpretations of this headline: the first is “Enraged Cow Injures Farmer Who Is With Ax” thus the prepositional group is modifying the compliment ‘farmer’; the second is “Enraged Cow Which Is With Ax Injures Farmer”thus the prepositional group is modifying the subject ‘enraged cow’. However, according to the common sense, the second interpretation doesn’t occur naturally, and we think the first interpretation is the intended meaning. The original headline can be revised to “Enraged Cow Injures Farmer who is with Ax”.(5) The word ‘belt’ is ambiguous in meaning because it can mean the act of hitting or blowing hard. Thus the original headline can be revised into “Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers’Safety Belt Should Be Tightened”6. In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2) ，the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is，the hearer tends to Think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom's pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why. (30 points)(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.The phenomenon described can be illustrated by the theory of cohesion and coherence in text linguistics and discourse analysis. Text processing requires inferences for establishing coherencebetween successive sentences. Coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with “interpretation” implying interaction between the text and the reader. The property of coherence of among sentences and text are achieved partially by cohesion which is defined as "the use of explicit linguistic devices to signal relations between sentences and parts of texts." These cohesive devices are phases or words that help the reader associate previous statements with subsequent ones. M.A. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that signal coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunctionIn the example (1), the two sentences are coherent by use of repetition of the same semantic word ‘Helen’. In comprehending the two sentences, first of all, the hearer comes across the first sentence and establishes a mental model of the event’s description in his mind; then when seeing the second sentence, he sees ‘Helen‘again and try to relate it to what has been described in the former sentences and combine the description in the second sentence with the former one. Thus he establishes a continual mental model of events described in the two sentences. The specific relationship of these two sentences is cause-effect. Similarly, in the example (2), the two sentences are coherent by use of reference, particularly through pronouncial reference ‘It’. The hearer first comprehends and builds a mental model of events as described in the sentence, then when seeing the following pronoun, he will relate ‘It’ with the former ‘the vase’, and subsequent description is corresponding to ‘the vase’. The two sentences are also cause-effect relationship.。

上海交通大学2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题普通语言学和应用语言学一、填入适当词语，构成完整意义。

每空1分，共20分。

1.符号的本质特征可以归纳为替代性、任意性和认为性：语言的符号性，一般指词的语音外壳及其------------------------之间的相互关系的性质。

这种性质具有符号的特性。

2.语音是由人的发音器官发出来的代表一定意义的声音，是语言存在的---------------。

3.音节是语音的最小结构单位，是说话时的发音单位，也是-------------------单位。

4.桂诗春（1988）从---------------------------， -----------------------和------------------------三个方面简述了人类语言系统不受人类其它系统，如信念系统、智力系统和认知系统所支配的基本特征，即语言系统的独立性。

5.如果把语言看成是一门知识，则在外语教学中常常采用语法-翻译法；如果把语言看成一种工具或一种手段，强调行为主义，则在外语教学中采用---------------和---------------；有些语言学家把语言看成一个心理过程，则在外语教学中的对应于认知法：还有人把语言看出是一种社会现象，特别是一种社会规约，则在外语教学中有相应的-------------------和-------------------------。

6.克拉申在他的监察模式（the monitor model）里，把（明示的）------------------------和（隐含的）---------------------区别开来。

7.外语学习者在学习使用所学外语过程中出现错误是难免的，按照科德（Corder,1973）说法，我们可以将各种不同的错误归纳为三种不同的类型，即-----------------的语言错误、----------------------的语言错误、和----------------------语言错误。

语言学及应用语言学综合考试考研真题详解1在人类教育史上首次提出“教育遵循自然”学说的教育思想家是古希腊的______。

[暨南大学2018年研]【答案】亚里士多德查看答案【解析】亚里士多德开教育中注重人的发展之先河，在人类教育史上首次提出“教育遵循自然”的学说。

他最先提出儿童身心发展阶段的思想，赞成雅典健美体格、和谐发展的教育，主张把天然素质、养成习惯、发展理性看作道德教育的三个源泉。

2对外汉语教学的全部教学活动可概括为总体设计、教材编写、课堂教学、______四大环节，其中心环节是______。

[华侨大学2017年研]【答案】语言测试；课堂教学查看答案【解析】在学校教育中，课堂是实施教学的主要场所。

对外汉语课堂教学是对外汉语教学的基本组织形式，集中体现了对外汉语教学过程。

总体设计和教材编写必须考虑到课堂教学的特点和需要，并接受课堂教学的检验；成绩测试要从课堂教学的实际出发，并给课堂教学以反馈。

3第二语言测试按用途可分为学能测试、成绩测试、______和诊断测试。

[山东大学2016年研]【答案】水平测试查看答案【解析】学能测试，又称潜能测试或性向测试，目的在于了解受试者学习第二语言的潜在能力和素质；成绩测试又称课程测试，是一门课程或课型的测试，目的是检查学习者在某一教学阶段是否掌握了教学大纲和教材所规定的教学内容，在学习上取得什么成果；水平测试又称能力测试。

目的在于测量受试者现有的整体的语言实际运用能力，以评定是否达到胜任某项任务的要求；诊断测试是为了了解受试者在学习某一具体内容或在较短的一段学习时间里所存在的问题而进行的测试，目的是迅速直接地获得反馈信息，及时改进教学。

4活动课程论的代表人物是美国实用主义教育家______。

[首都师范大学2012年研]【答案】杜威查看答案【解析】活动课程论是指以经验为中心的课程理论。

奠定活动课程论理论基础的是19世纪至20世纪初美国实用主义教育家杜威。

他认为“学校科目相互关系的真正中心，不是科学，不是文学，不是历史，不是地理，而是儿童本身的社会活动。

外国语言学及应用语言学一、专业解析（一）学科简介外国语言学及应用语言学是外国语言文学下设的一个二级学科。

本学科以形式语言学的基本假设为理论指导，以音系学、句法学、形式语义学和语言习得为主要教学和研究内容，同时从事应用语言学具体领域的教学与研究。

本专业是国内唯一能够覆盖形式语言学四大基础理论领域（音系学、句法学、形式语义学和语言习得）的外国语言学及应用语言学专业。

（二）培养目标本专业硕士研究生的培养目标是：1. 进一步学习和掌握马克思主义基本原理,坚持党的基本路线, 热爱祖国, 遵纪守法, 具有良好的职业道德与团结合作精神, 积极为社会主义现代化建设服务。

2. 培养从事外国语言学及应用语言学研究、高校教学或口、笔译的硕士研究生。

他们必须牢固掌握本学科的基础理论与系统专门知识，较深入地了解国外语言学、应用语言学、外语教育学及翻译的理论、源流与最新发展趋势。

3. 熟练地掌握第二外国语。

4. 身心健康。

（三）研究方向01语言学及应用语言学02翻译学03双语词典学04计算机辅助英语教学05朝(韩)语语言学及翻译研究（各个招生单位研究方向略有不同，以上以南京大学为例）（四）考试科目A组（01-04方向）：①101政治②262俄语或263日语或264德语或265法语③653基础英语④963英语语言学B组（05方向）：①101政治②261英语或262俄语或263日语或264德语或265法语③650基础朝(韩)语④970朝(韩)语专业知识综合（各个招生单位考试科目略有不同，以上以南京大学为例）（五）相近学科与此专业相关的学科有：英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、西班牙语语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学等。

二、推荐院校以下院校是该专业研究生院实力较强者，建议选报：北京外国语大学、广东外语外贸大学、南京大学、上海外国语大学、中山大学、北京师范大学、上海交通大学、对外经济贸易大学、东南大学、复旦大学、中南大学、南京师范大学等。

2021上海交大《汉语基础》《语言学概论》考研真题第一部分名校考研真题说明：我们从指定王红旗《语言学概论》为考研参考书目的名校历年考研真题中挑选具有代表性的考研真题，并对其进行了详细的解答。

通过这一部分的练习，可以帮助学员巩固基础知识、夯实专业基础，从而做到全方位备考。

一、名词解释1语法［北京师范大学2010年研］答：语法是词、短语、句子等语言单位的结构规律，即说话所遵守的词句排列组合的规矩。

语法有两个含义：一是指语法结构规律本身，即平常说的语法事实；二是指语法学，即研究、描写、解释语法结构规律的科学，是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。

语法具有抽象性、生成性、层次性、递归性、系统性和稳固性等特征，一般包括词法和句法：词法是指词的构成和变化的规则；句法是指词或词组组成句子的规则。

2自然语言和算法语言［武汉大学2011年研］答：（1）自然语言自然语言通常是指一种自然地随文化演化的语言。

例如，英语、汉语、日语为自然语言。

有时所有人类使用的语言（包括自然地随文化演化的语言，以及人造语言）都会被视为“自然”语言，以区别于如编程语言等为计算机而设的“人造”语言。

自然语言是人类交流和思维的主要工具，也是人类智慧的结晶。

（2）算法语言算法语言是计算机词汇，计算机语言分为机器语言、汇编语言、高级语言。

其中高级语言又称为算法语言。

常见算法语言有BASIC、FORTRAN、COBOL、PASCAL、C、C＋＋、JAVA等。

3语言符号的任意性和约定性［武汉大学2011年研］答：语言符号的任意性和约定性是语言一对相对的特征。

（1）语言符号的任意性和约定性的差异语言符号的任意性是指作为符号系统的成员，单个语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系，只有社会约定的关系。

而语言的约定性则是指语言的音义结合虽然是没有自然联系的，但是在语言产生初期，音义一经约定俗成，就不能再更改，是全民必须共同遵守使用的规则。

（2）语言符号任意性和约定性的联系①正是由于任意性的作用，语言的音义结合必须要约定俗成，没有必然联系的音和义必须要依靠社会的约定力量才能实现实际运用的可能。

1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Cho msky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。