南京工程学院(英文文献翻译201110715)

南京工程学院Nanjing Institute of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译Translation of the English Material of Graduation Design学生姓名：陈建伟学号： 240112608Name: Chen Jianwei Number: 240112608 班级： K 暖通 111Class: K-Nuantong111所在学院：康尼学院College:K a n g n i C o l l e g e专业：建筑环境与设备工程Profession: Building Environment and Equipment Engineering指导教师：刘明会Tutor: Liu Minghui2015年 3月 7日CHAPTER 1THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLESTHERMODYNAMICS ................................................................... 1.1First Law of Thermodynamics ......................................................... 1.2Second Law of Thermodynamics ..................................................... 1.2Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles ........................... 1.3Equations of State .............................................................................. 1.3Calculating Thermodynamic Properties ............................................. 1.4COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES ................................ 1.6Carnot Cycle ........................................................................................ 1.6Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerantor Azeotropic Mixture .................................................................. 1.8Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle ................................................................... 1.9Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using ZeotropicRefrigerant Mixture ..................................................................... 1.10 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles ........................ 1.10Actual Refrigeration Systems ................................................................ 1.12ABSORPTION REFRIGERA TION CYCLES ..................................... 1.14Ideal Thermal Cycle .............................................................................. 1.14Working Fluid Phase ChangeConstraints ............................................... 1.14Working Fluids ....................................................................................... 1.15Absorption Cycle Representations .......................................................... 1.16Conceptualizing the Cycle ....................................................................... 1.16Absorption Cycle Modeling ..................................................................... 1.17Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycles ........................................................ 1.19Nomenclature for Examples .................................................................... 1.20 THERMODYNAMICS is the study of energy, its transformations, and its relation to states of matter. This chapter covers the application of thermodynamics to refrigeration cycles. The first part reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and presents methods for calculating thermodynamic properties. The second and third parts address compression and absorption refrigeration cycles, two common methods of thermal energy transfer.THERMODYNAMICSA thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated fromthe surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary. Entropy and energy are important in any thermodynamic system. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms.Stored EnergyThermal (internal) energy is caused by the motion of molecules and/or intermolecular forces.Potential energy (PE) is caused by attractive forces existing between molecules, or the elevation of the system.mgzPE=(1)wherem =massg = local acceleration of gravityz = elevation above horizontal reference planeKinetic energy (KE) is the energy caused by the velocity of molecules and is expressed as22m VKE=(2)whereV is the velocity of a fluid stream crossing the system boundary.Chemical energy is caused by the arrangement of atoms composing the molecules.Nuclear (atomic) energy derives from the cohesive forces holding protons and neutrons together as the atom’s nucleus.Energy in TransitionHeat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy is added to the system (see Figure 1).Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing pressures (or force of any kind),always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system (see Figure 1).Mechanical or shaft work W is the energy delivered or absorbed by a mechanism, such as a turbine, air compressor, or internal combustion engine.Flow work is energy carried into or transmitted across the system boundary because a pumping process occurs somewhere outside the system, causing fluid to enter the system. It can be more easily understood as the work done by the fluid just outside the system on the adjacent fluid entering the system to force or push it into the system. Flow work also occurs as fluid leaves the system.Flow work =pv (3)where p is the pressure and v is the specific volume, or the volume displaced per unit mass evaluated at the inlet or exit.A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is defined by specifying the minimum set of independent properties. The most common thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ. Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.Frequently, thermodynamic properties combine to form other properties. Enthalpy h is an important property that includes internal energy and flow work and is defined aspvuh+≡(4)where u is the internal energy per unit mass.Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how the substance arrived at that state.A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the properties of a system.A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during theprocess.A cycle is a process or a series of processes wherein the initial and final states of the system are identical. Therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning. Refrigerant circulating in a closed system undergoes acycle.A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition. It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the same in all phases.If a substance is liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure,it is called a saturated liquid. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure) or a compressed liquid (the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature).When a substance exists as part liquid and part vapor at the saturation temperature, its quality is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass. Quality has meaning only when the substance is saturated (i.e., at saturation pressure and temperature).Pressure and temperature of saturated substances are not independent properties.If a substance exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. (Sometimes the term dry saturated vapor is used to emphasize that the quality is 100%.) When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor. Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains constant. Gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly superheated vapors.FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSThe first law of thermodynamics is often called the law of conservation of energy. The following form of the first-law equation is valid only in the absence of a nuclear or chemical reaction.Based on the first law or the law of conservation of energy for any system, open or closed, there is an energy balance asNet amount of energy Net increase of stored=added to system energy in systemor[Energy in] – [Energy out] = [Increase of stored energy in system]Figure 1 illustrates energy flows into and out of a thermodynamic system. For the general case of multiple mass flows with uniform properties in and out of the system, the energy balance can be written=-++++-+++∑∑W Q gz V pv u m gz V pv u m out out in in )2()2(22 []system i i f f gz V pv u m gz V pv u m )2()2(22++-++ (5) where subscripts i and f refer to the initial and final states,respectively.Nearly all important engineering processes are commonly modeled as steady-flow processes. Steady flow signifies that all quantities associated with the system do not vary with time. Consequently,0)2()2(22=-+++-++∑∑W Q gz V h m gz V h m leavingstream all entering stream all (6)where h = u + pv as described in Equation (4).A second common application is the closed stationary system for which the first law equation reduces to[]system i f u u m W Q )(-=- (7)SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSThe second law of thermodynamics differentiates and quantifies processes that only proceed in a certain direction (irreversible) from those that are reversible. The second law may be described in several ways. One method uses the concept of entropy flow in an open system and the irreversibility associated with the process. The concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of cycles. For example, the larger the irreversibility in a refrigeration cycle operating with a given refrigeration load between two fixed temperature levels, the larger the amount of work required to operate the cycle. Irreversibilities include pressure drops in lines and heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids of different temperature, and mechanical friction. Reducing total irreversibility in a cycle improves cycle performance. In the limit of no irreversibilities, a cycle attains its maximum ideal efficiency. In an open system, the second law of thermodynamics can be described in terms of entropy asdI s m s m dS e e i i T Q system +-+=δδδ(8) wheredS = total change within system in time dt during process systemδm s = entropy increase caused by mass entering (incoming)δm s = entropy decrease caused by mass leaving (exiting)δQ/T = entropy change caused by reversible heat transfer between system and surroundings at temperature TdI = entropy caused by irreversibilities (always positive)Equation (8) accounts for all entropy changes in the system. Rearranged, this equation becomes[]I d dS s m s m T Q sys i i e e -+-=)(δδδ (9)In integrated form, if inlet and outlet properties, mass flow, and interactions with the surroundings do not vary with time, the general equation for the second law isI ms ms T Q S S out in revsystem i f +-+=-∑∑⎰)()(/)(δ (10)In many applications, the process can be considered to operate steadily with no change in time. The change in entropy of the system is therefore zero. The irreversibility rate, which is the rate of entropy production caused by irreversibilities in the process, can be determined by rearranging Equation (10):∑∑∑--=surrin out T Q ms ms I )()( (11) Equation (6) can be used to replace the heat transfer quantity.Note that the absolute temperature of the surroundings with which the system is exchanging heat is used in the last term. If the temper-ature of the surroundings is equal to the system temperature, heat istransferred reversibly and the last term in Equation (11) equals zero.Equation (11) is commonly applied to a system with one mass flow in, the same mass flow out, no work, and negligible kinetic or potential energy flows. Combining Equations (6) and (11) yields []surr inout in out T h h s s m I ---=)( (12)In a cycle, the reduction of work produced by a power cycle (or the increase in work required by a refrigeration cycle) equals the absolute ambient temperature multiplied by the sum of irreversibilities in all processes in the cycle. Thus, the difference in reversible and actual work for any refrigeration cycle, theoretical or real, operating under the same conditions, becomes∑+=I T W W reversible actual 0 (13)THERMODYNAMIC ANAL YSIS OFREFRIGERA TION CYCLESRefrigeration cycles transfer thermal energy from a region of low temperature T to one of higher temperature. Usually the higher-T R temperature heat sink is the ambient air or cooling water, at temperature T 0, the temperature of the surroundings.The first and second laws of thermodynamics can be applied to individual components to determine mass and energy balances and the irreversibility of the components. This procedure is illustrated in later sections in this chapter.Performance of a refrigeration cycle is usually described by a coefficient of performance (COP), defined as the benefit of the cycle (amount of heat removed) divided by the required energy input to operate the cycle:Useful refrigerating effectCOP ≡Useful refrigeration effect/Net energy supplied from external sources (14) Net energy supplied from external sources For a mechanical vapor compression system, the net energy supplied is usually in the form of work, mechanical or electrical, and may include work to the compressor and fans or pumps. Thus,net evapW Q COP = (15)In an absorption refrigeration cycle, the net energy supplied is usually in the form of heat into the generator and work into the pumps and fans, ornet gen evapW Q Q COP += (16)In many cases, work supplied to an absorption system is very small compared to the amount of heat supplied to the generator, so the work term is often neglected.Applying the second law to an entire refrigeration cycle shows that a completely reversible cycle operating under the same conditions has the maximum possible COP. Departure of the actual cycle from an ideal reversible cycle is given by the refrigerating efficiency:tev R COP COP)(=η (17)The Carnot cycle usually serves as the ideal reversible refrigeration cycle. For multistage cycles, each stage is described by a reversible cycle.EQUATIONS OF STATEThe equation of state of a pure substance is a mathematical relation between pressure, specific volume, and temperature. When the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium,(18)The principles of statistical mechanics are used to (1) explore the fundamental properties of matter, (2) predict an equation of state based on the statistical nature of a particular system, or (3) propose a functional form for an equation of state with unknown parameters that are determined by measuring thermodynamic properties of a substance. A fundamental equation with this basis is the virial equation. The virial equation is expressed as an expansion in pressure p or in reciprocal values of volume per unit mass v as(19)(20)where coefficients B ’, C ’, D ’, etc., and B, C, D, etc., are the virial coefficients. B ’ and B are second virial coefficients; C ’ and C are third virial coefficients, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature only, and values of the respective coefficients in Equations (19) and (20) are related. For example, B ’ = B/RT and C ’ = (C – B2)/(RT)2. The ideal gas constant R is defined as(21)where (pv)T is the product of the pressure and the volume along an isotherm, and tp is the defined temperature of the triple point of water, which is 491.69°R. The current best value of R is 1545.32 ft·lbf/(lb mole·°R).The quantity pv/RT is also called the compressibility factor; i.e., Z = pv/RT orAn advantage of the virial form is that statistical mechanics can be used to predict the lower order coefficients and provide physical significance to the virial coefficients. For example, in Equation(22), the term B/v is a function of interactions between two molecules, C/v2 between three molecules, etc. Since the lower order interactions are common, the contributions of the higher order terms are successively less. Thermodynamicists use the partition or distribution function to determine virial coefficients; however, experimental values of the second and third coefficients are preferred. For dense fluids, many higher order terms are necessary that can neither be satisfactorily predicted from theory nor determined from experimental measurements. In general, a truncated virial expansion of four terms is valid for densities of less than one-half the value at the critical point. For higher densities, additional terms can be used and determined empirically.Digital computers allow the use of very complex equations of state in calculating p-v-T values, even to high densities. The Benedict-Webb-Rubin (B-W-R) equation of state (Benedict et al. 1940) and the Martin-Hou equation (1955) have had considerable use, but should generally be limited to densities less than the critical value. Strobridge (1962) suggested a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin relation that gives excellent results at higher densities and can be used for a p-v-T surface that extends into the liquid phase.The B-W-R equation has been used extensively for hydrocarbons (Cooper and Goldfrank 1967):where the constant coefficients are Ao, Bo, Co, a, b, c, α, γ. The Martin-Hou equation, developed for fluorinated hydrocarbon properties, has been used to calculate the thermodynamic property tables in Chapter 20 and in ASHRAE ThermodynamicProperties of Refrigerants (Stewart et al. 1986). The Martin-Houequation is as follows:第1章工程热力学和制冷循环热力学........................................................................................................................1.1热力学第一定律.......................................................................................................1.2热力学第二定律.......................................................................................................1.2制冷循环的热力学分析.......................................................................................1.3状态方程.....................................................................................................................1.3计算热力学性质........................................................................................................1.4压缩制冷循环............................................................................................................1.6卡诺循环.....................................................................................................................1.6理论单级循环使用纯制冷剂或共沸混合物.....................................................1.8洛伦兹制冷循环........................................................................................................1.9理论单级循环使用非共沸的制冷剂混合物......................................................1.10多级蒸汽压缩制冷循环...........................................................................................1.10实际制冷系统..............................................................................................................1.12吸收制冷周期............................................................................................................1.14理想的热循环..............................................................................................................1.14工作流体相变约束条件............................................................................................1.14工作液..............................................................................................................................1.15吸收循环表示...............................................................................................................1.16概念化循环....................................................................................................................1.16吸收循环建模................................................................................................................1.17氨水吸收周期...............................................................................................................1.19实例命名........................................................................................................................1.20工程热力学是研究能量及其转换和能量与物质状态之间的关系。

南京工程学院专业介绍南京工程学院是江苏省属普通本科高校，坐落于历史文化名城南京。

学校是全国应用型本科院校专门委员会主任委员单位，全国效劳特需硕士专业学位研究生培养单位联盟副理事长单位，也是国家“卓越工程师教育培养方案”、“CDIO工程教育模式改革研究与实践”首批试点高校之一和江苏省协同创新中心培育建立单位。

学校还依托特色学科和行业优势，积极探索和构建多元化的科技创新与孵化机制，充分发挥产学合作的优势和产业园区的科技孵化功能，实现了学校科技产业的良性互动开展。

学校与企业申报共建了8个省级工程技术研究中心和1个博士后科技工作站，“南京工程学院技术转移中心”成为同类高校中首个省级技术转移中心;先后有3项新产品获国家重点新产品称号，3项产品获江苏省高新技术产品称号，康尼公司已成为中国最大的轨道交通门系统高新技术企业。

校办产业销售总额年均产值近12亿元，在全国高校科技产业中名列前茅。

xx年8月，康尼机电股份成功上市，成为江苏省在上证交易所上市的首家校资企业，校资产业效劳学校教学科研的能力不断增强。

今后一段时期，学校将切实遵照第二次党代会提出的“全力开创特色鲜明的高水平应用型工程大学建立新局面”的奋斗目标，狠抓“突出一个重点，构建两大特色，实现四项提升”的工作重点，坚持以工程教育为主体，以本科教育为根本，以应用型品牌专业和工程技术特色学科建立为抓手，突出师资队伍、平台载体和体制机制三大重点，努力深化内涵建立，不断彰显办学特色，着力打造应用型本科质量名校，确保我校在新一轮改革与开展中继续走在全国同类高校前列。

南京工程学院是一所工科类普通本科院校，拥有共3个最好专业(特色专业)。

南京工程学院自动化、热能与动力工程、电气工程及其自动化等专业可以说是南京工程学院最好最有特色的专业了，这些专业为同类型高校相关专业和本校的专业建立与改革起到示范带动作用。

专业名称：国际经济与贸易，本科，学制4年。

培养目标：本专业培养适应社会主义现代化建立和未来社会与经济开展需要的、德、智、体、美等全面和谐开展与安康个性相统一，富有工程意识、实践能力和创新精神，具有经济、管理和贸易方面的理论素养，能在涉外经济贸易部门、各类企业及外贸公司从事经贸工作的应用型人才。

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南京工程学院毕业论文任务书
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南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板二） (6)
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南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板四） (10)
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南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板七） (15)
南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板八） (17)
南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板九） (19)
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本文精选了南京工程学院各个学院毕业（设计）论文任务书，总共10 个不同类别的任务书模板范文，都选自南京工程学院同学的优秀毕业论文，包含各个专业类别的任务书，适合各个学院同学们撰写毕业设计论文时参考和研究。

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南京工程学院（设计）论文任务书（模板一）
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九、主要参考文献
主要参考文献
南京工程学院(设计)论文任务书(模板二)
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南京工程学院Nanjing Institute of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译Translation of the English Material of Graduation Design学生姓名：殷典学号：207100533 Name:YinDian Number:207100533班级：集控102Class:Jikong102所在学院：能源与动力工程学院College:College of Energy and Power Engineering专业：热能与动力工程Profession:Thermal Energy and Power Engineering指导教师：王金平Tutor:WangjinPing2014年3月5日汽轮机超速跳闸保护作者是总部位于德克萨斯州艾力市Lyondell/Equistar化学公司高级工程顾问查尔斯·鲁坦查尔斯（查理）鲁坦是一个高级工程顾问（工程院士），在这个位置上他可以享用总部位于德克萨斯州艾力市的Lyondell/Equistar化学公司的资源。

他的专长是在旋转设备领域，也擅长热开孔/堵漏和一些特殊的问题。

鲁坦先生曾经在孟山都化学公司，康菲公司，杜邦公司，该隐和西方等地方工作过。

他拥有两项专利，并研究思考世界各地关于涡轮机，热开孔和封堵的问题。

鲁坦先生在1973年从美国德州理工大学获得机械工程理学士学位，他已经出版并在文章中介绍过烃加工，ASME，AICHE，泵系统，振动研究所，休斯顿商务局表，得克萨斯A＆M的透平机械和国际泵用户专题讨论会，南方动力机械及气体压缩发布会和预测性维护技术大会。

鲁坦先生是AICHE过程燃气用户委员会委员，得克萨斯技术学院工程师，水利研究所/ANSI泵标准审查委员会委员，也是涡轮机研讨会咨询委员会委员。

摘要本文讨论了汽轮机超速跳闸保护以前的设计，历史的发展，当前的标准和设计，以及涡轮机超速和转子时间常数之间的关系。

南京工程学院毕业设计说明书(论文)作者：蒋为良学号：*********系部：能源与动力工程学院专业：能源与动力工程题目：660MW火电机组配套锅炉的烟、风系统设计（贾汪烟煤）指导者：辛洪祥副教授评阅者：潘效军教授2014 年 5 月18 南京毕业设计说明书（论文）中文摘要毕业设计说明书（论文）外文摘要目录第一章绪论 (1)第二章设计原理 (3)2.1 锅炉风、烟系统 (3)2.2 风、烟系统的设备及工作原理 (3)2.2.1送风机和一次风机 (4)2.2.2轴流式风机工作原理 (5)2.2.3空气预热器 (6)2.2.4除尘设备 (7)2.2.5烟囱 (7)2.3 系统介绍 (8)2.3.1二次风系统 (8)2.3.2一次风系统 (9)2.3.3烟气系统 (10)2.4 研究方向 (10)第三章热力计算 (11)3.1 设计思路 (11)3.2 计算步骤 (11)3.3 风、烟系统设备选型汇总 (29)结论 (30)参考文献 (31)致谢 (32)附录 (33)第一章绪论电厂锅炉以其容量大、参数高区别于一般工业锅炉。

电厂锅炉在火电厂中是提供动力的关键设备，因而电厂锅炉技术的进步对电力生产的发展有着直接影响。

20世纪50年代以前，电厂锅炉的发展一直落后于汽轮发电机，这限制了机组容量的提高。

最初，电厂采用火管锅炉。

这种锅炉容量小,压力低，效率低,适应不了电厂对动力日益增长的需求，因而被水管锅炉代替。

水管锅炉经历了由直水管向弯水管形式的发展。

后者与中、高参数机组配套，是电厂锅炉发展史上的一大进步。

随着材料、制造工艺、水处理技术、热工控制技术的进步，锅炉能够燃烧充分、着火稳定、运行可靠。

风烟系统中安装了省煤器、空气预热器等大大提高了燃料的利用率。

20世纪30年代，德国和苏联开始应用直流锅炉；40年代美国开发了多次强制循环锅炉。

到80年代，世界上最大的单台多次强制循环锅炉已可与1000 MW机组匹配。

西欧则发展了低倍率强制循环锅炉，最大的单台容量可配600MW机组。

南京工程学院图书馆文献传递服务部分资源简介1. Springer-LINK（全文）网址1：/app/home数据库介绍：德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)是世界上著名的科技出版集团, 通过Springer LINK系统提供学术期刊及电子图书的在线服务。

Springer公司和 EBSCO/Metapress 公司现已开通Springer LINK电子期刊服务。

目前Springer LINK按学科分为以下11个“在线图书馆”：生命科学、医学、数学、化学、计算机科学、经济、法律、工程学、环境科学、地球科学、物理学与天文学，是科研人员的重要信息源。

Springer-LINK还提供Kluwer电子期刊。

2. ACM（全文）网址1：/网址2：/portal.cfm数据库介绍：ACM Digital Library数据库收录了美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献。

请注意：目前该数据库中大多数内容可看到全文(pdf格式)，但有些文献只能看到文摘；各种文献的收录年代范围也不统一，有的收录自创刊起直到当前的最新内容，有的只收录了某几年的内容。

（目前镜像站点网址1正在升级，如无法正常访问，可选择主站点网址2访问，但需要自付国际流量费。

）3． Aerospace & High Technology Database网址1：/htbin数据库介绍：宇航及高技术数据库，是CSA众多数据库中的一个。

美国科学信息出版公司（Cambridge Scientific Abstracts，CSA）出版的剑桥科学文摘包括60多个数据库，覆盖的学科范围包括：生命科学、水科学与海洋学、环境科学、计算机科学、材料科学以及社会科学。

检索结果为文献的题录文摘信息。

4． BIOSIS Previews网址1：/数据库介绍：BIOSIS Previews由美国生物科学信息服务社 (BIOSIS)出版，是世界上最大的关于生命科学的文摘索引数据库。

Standards of Translating Poetry：Conveying Spirits and Sense of the Original——A Case Study of ＂Maple Bridge Night Mooring＂ Translated by Wang
Rongpei
作者： 刘性峰[1]
作者机构： [1]南京工程学院外语系,南京211167
出版物刊名： 哈尔滨工业大学学报：社会科学版
页码： 109-113页
年卷期： 2010年 第2期
主题词： 汪榕培;枫桥夜泊;传神达意;诗歌翻译标准
摘要：人们普遍认为诗歌不可译,或者说无法再现原作的原姿原貌。

翻译家汪榕培先后将
《诗经》、《老子》、《易经》、《邯郸记》、《陶渊明集》、《墨子》等翻译成英语,并赢得
了普遍认可。

汪榕培在翻译实践中一直遵守＂传神达意＂的翻译标准。

结合汪榕培翻译的《枫
桥夜泊》,从＂传神＂和＂达意＂两个方面,与《枫桥夜泊》的其他几个英文译本进行比较分析。

结果表明,汪榕培翻译的《枫桥夜泊》更能做到＂形神兼备＂,即＂传神地达意＂。

进一步分析＂传神＂与＂达意＂的关系,并指出＂传神达意＂是较好的诗歌翻译标准。

附件1南京工程学院英文论文及中文翻译英文论文题目：Multilevel Inverters for ElectricVehicle Applications中文翻译题目：多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用专业：车辆工程（车辆电子电气）班级：车电气101学号：215100439学生姓名：许兵指导教师：朱华教授张开林副教授说明：本页开始可直接附上打印好的pdf格式英文论文（注：不要把pdf格式的英文论文转化为word文档或其它格式），选择英文论文的要求如下：1.选择与你毕业设计（论文）内容相关或与你所学专业相关且公开发表的英文论文。

2.所选英文论文的页数4—5页为宜。

3.不要选择英文产品说明书或英文教材上的内容。

4.不要选择由中国学者翻译发表的英语论文。

多电平逆变器在电动汽车中的应用莱昂·托尔伯特，彭方Z. 托马斯·G. Habetler美国橡树岭国家实验室* 佐治亚理工学院邮政信箱2009 电气和计算机工程学院橡树岭，TN37831-8038 亚特兰大,佐治亚州30332-0250电话：（423）576-6206 电话：（404）894-9829传真：（423）241-6124 传真：（404）894-9171邮箱：tolbertlm@邮箱：tom.habetler 邮箱：pengfz@摘要：本文介绍了多电平逆变器在纯电动汽车（EV）和混合动力汽车（HEV）电机驱动上的应用。

二极管钳位逆变器和串联H桥型逆变器（1）能够产生只含基频近似的正弦电压，（2）几乎没有任何电磁干扰（EMI）和共模电压，（3）使得电动汽车更方便/更安全和对大多数电动汽车动力系统可能的开放性线路。

本文探讨了电动汽车的好处并讨论了使用电动汽车马达驱动或并联式混合动力汽车驱动和二极管钳位逆变器的一系列混合动力汽车电机驱动的串联逆变器的控制方案。

分析、仿真和实验结果表明了这些多电平逆变器在这个新领域中的优越性。

1．背景电动和混合动力汽车的发展，尤其是以牵引电机驱动为主的发展[1]，为电力电子行业提供了众多新机遇和挑战。

南京工程学院
毕业设计开题报告
课题名称：电力负荷管理系统数据传输规约
研究与应用（中心站）
学生姓名：吉继梅
指导教师：张惠刚教授
所在院部：电力工程学院
专业名称：电气工程及其自动化(电网监控技术)
南京工程学院
2008年3月8日
说明
1．根据南京工程学院《毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》，由指导教师签署意见、教研室审查，系教学主任批准后实施。

2．开题报告是毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。

学生应当在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，开题报告不合格者不得参加答辩。

3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。

其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。

第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。

4．本报告中，由学生本人撰写的对课题和研究工作的分析及描述，应不少于2000字，没有经过整理归纳，缺乏个人见解仅仅从网上下载材料拼凑而成的开题报告按不合格论。

5．开题报告检查原则上在第2～4周完成，各系完成毕业设计开题检查后，应写一份开题情况总结报告。

毕业设计(论文)开题报告。

南京工程学院毕业（设计）论文系统快速使用指南系统流程简单概述必选流程：1.指导老师进行“课题申报”（在填写课题申报时老师可指定学生做该课题或选择“盲选”给本专业的所有学生进行选择）。

2.教研室主任审核教师申报的课题。

3.教研室主任审核通过后，系教学主任进行发布课题。

4.学生进入选题。

注：如果是被老师指定选题的学生则不需要进行课题选择。

5.指导老师进行选题审核，并确认选题的学生。

6.老师审核完成后交由系教学主任审核选题并且进行“发布双选结果”（审核完成后必须进行发布否则无法进行以下流程）。

然后教研室主任就可以分配评阅教师。

7.指导老师填写任务书。

8.教研室主任进行审核任务书。

9.系教学主任进行审核任务书。

10.学生查看任务书，并且可以提交开题报告11.指导老师审核开题报告12.教研室主任审核开题报告13.系教学主任审核开题报告15.指导教师进行审核论文并进行评分。

16.指导教师审核并评分完成后由教研室主任分配论文评阅教师。

17.评阅教师进行论文评阅。

18.指导教师进行学生答辩资格审核19.答辩资格审核通过后教研室主任设置论文答辩组，并指定答辩组中答辩的论文学生及答辩秘书。

20.答辩秘书录入答辩审核意见并评分。

21.系教学秘书发布论文最终成绩并录入工作总结。

可选流程：1、学生提交校外毕业设计申请书。

2、指导教师审阅外出毕业设计申请。

3、专业负责审核外出申请。

4、系教学主任审核外出申请。

5、指导教师申报团队课题。

6、系教学主任审核团队课题。

7、团队课题组长提交项目总结。

8、指导教师下达外文翻译原文9、学生提交外文翻译10、学生提交中期检查教学秘书1 流程管理流程管理包括：各专业教师申报课题数、院内公告、优秀论文展示、汇总查询、工作总结、删除课题指定学生、取消学生答辩资格审核、成绩总评、论文终稿退回、教师审核退回、评阅审核退回、学院专家管理设置、推荐优秀指导教师、学院推荐优秀论文、优秀论文学院意见、推荐团队优秀、团队优秀论文学院意见、抽检学生信息查看、优秀论文学院专家意见；2特殊情况处理特殊情况处理包括总评成绩调整申请3截止日期设置截止日期设置分为课题申报截止日期，学生选题截止日期、提交任务书截止日期、提交开题报告截止日期、提交论文截止日期。