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Basic Knowledge of Translation TheoryI.Translation1.Definition1)The definition in the old days●“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”——贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝●“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。
音虽似别，义则大同。
”——法云(960-1279) 宋代It means that translation is a rendering from one language (Source Language) into another (Target Language), remaining the meaning.●The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into anotherlanguage, remaining the sense.”2)The current definition●The American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida wrote in 1964: Translation consists inreproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
）1)再现原文的信息(message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(formal structure)2)对等(equivalence)不是同一(identity)3)对等是最贴近、自然的对等4)意义是优先考虑的因素5)文体很重要●The British translation theorist T ytler‟s definition in 1970 about translation: “A goodtranslation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.”●Prof. Huang Long TranslatologyTranslation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)（翻译可以作以下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（源出语）的文本材料。
Translation-quality standardsLike any supplier of goods or services, a translator potentially bears ethical and legal obligations toward his patron or employer. This has turned to be of enormous importance with the development of the language industry at global scale. For the protection of both parties, standards have been developed that seek to spell out their mutual duties.HistoryStandards of quality and documentation were originally developed for manufacturing businesses. Codes for all types of services are now maintained by standardization organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization. Standards of this type include those of the ISO 9000 series.As interest in quality management has grown, specific quality standards have been developed for translation services. These have included the Italian UNI 10574, the German DIN 2345, the Austrian Önorm D 1200 and Önorm D 1201, and the Canadian CAN CGSB 131.10.In 2015, EN 15038 was replaced by ISO 17100:2015.[1]EN 15038The European EN 15038 translation-services standard went into effect on August 1, 2006,[2] replacing the previous standards of the 30 individual CEN member countries. It aims to unify the terminology used in the translation field, define basic requirements for language-service providers (human and technical resources, quality control, and project management) and create a framework for the interaction of customers and service providers in terms of their rights and obligations. It also defines certain services, in addition to translation, that may be offered by language-serviceproviders.[3]A strong focus is on administrative, documentation, review and revision processes, as well as on the functions of different specialists who guide the translation project over its duration. Appendices to the standard provide information and suggestions on how best to comply with the standard.CAN CGSB 131.10-2008On May 12, 2009, the Language Industry Association of Canada, AILIA launched the latest standards certification program in the world.[4] The certification is based on CAN/CGSB-131.10-2008, Translation Services, a national standard developed by the Canadian General Standards Board and approved by the Standards Council of Canada. It involved the participation of representatives from AILIA, professional associations, government, academia, purchasers of service, and other stakeholders.The Canadian Standard for Translation Services CAN CGSB 131.10 - 2008 establishes and defines the requirements for the provision of translation services by translation service providers.This National Standard of Canada is a modified adoption of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard EN 15038 Translation Services. This document was prepared with the intent to harmonize where possible with the provisions of EN 15038 Translation Services. Variances in wording and content with EN 15038 reflect the Canadian perspective.Conformity assessment and certification based on this standard are already in place. With the recent development of national and regional standards for translation services, many translation service providers, nationally and internationally, are now in the process of either considering or seeking certification of the services they provide in meeting the demands of the marketplace.The standard specifies the requirements for the provision of translation services by the translation service provider (TSP).There are three key points common to all standards:Select your human resources with care.Come to an agreement on your project specifications before translation begins.Follow the specifications at every step of the project.The CGSB 131.10 discuss the following:ScopeDefinitionsHuman ResourcesTechnical ResourcesQuality Management SystemClient-TSP RelationshipTSP Project Management ProceduresTranslation ProcessNotesAppendixes:A. Project RecordingB. Pre-Translation ProcessingC. Additional ServicesThe standard does not apply to interpreting or terminology services.TSPs interested in getting certified can review the AILIA Certification Preparation GuideThe AILIA Translation Committee takes care of the promotion of the Canadian Translation Standard and its certification.ASTM F2575-06The American translation-services standard is the ASTM F2575-06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation.[5] It provides a framework for customers and translation-service providers desirous of agreeing on the specific requirements of a translation project. It does not provide specific criteria for translation or project quality, as these requirements may be highly individual, but states parameters that should be considered before beginning a translation project. As the document's name suggests, it is a guideline, informing stakeholders about what basic quality requirements are in need of compliance, rather than a prescriptive set of detail instructions for the translator. Criticism: over-dependence on standardsThere is, however, a view within the translation industry that, while not doing any actual harm, an over-reliance on such standards can give a false sense of security. Blindly following translation standards does not on its own provide real assurance regarding translation quality. The argument is that the path to quality in translation is by focusing more on providing on-going training and feedback to translators.。
药品 - 高级absolute rating (noun phrase) = 绝对滤效an evaluation of a filter based on the size of the largest particle that will pass through it The absolute rating of that filter is too low. We need a filter that would take out almost all particles.⇒未提供注释。
accelerated development (noun phrase) = 加速开发governmental approval of production of a drug that is faster than normal in order to get it to critically ill patients quicklyThe government has allowed accelerated development for many AIDS drugs.⇒未提供注释。
acceptance criteria (noun phrase) = 验收标准the specifications that a drug must meet to pass a test phase in development or to meet delivery requirements from a clientThe acceptance criteria for our new drug were very strict, but we were able to deliver it on time.⇒未提供注释。
acceptance criteria (noun phrase) = 验收准则the basic requirements a product must meet to be considered soundThe buyer will define the acceptance criteria before we begin production.⇒未提供注释。
1.下列句子的翻译需要用到增补手法的是：( A )A．I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.B．The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton. C．I knew her before I ever met your mother.D．Mark his professions to my poor husband. Can anything be stronger?2.下列不属于西方最流行的翻译标准的是：( B ) A．equivalent valueB．identityC．functional equivalenceD．equivalent effect1. 指出下列所用到的翻译手法：You can never tell. ------很难说。
( A )A. omission.B. dictionC. negationD. conversion2. Air pressure decreases with altitude. -----气压随着海拔的增加而下降。
( C )A. conversionB. omissionC. amplificationD. negationWho said "convey as the original says"? BA. Yan FuB. Dao AnC. Fu LeiD. Lu XunWhat is the focus of both literal translation and liberal translation? B A. Culture B. Social background C. Linguistic transfer D. LinguisticenvironmentEnglish is a ___C__ language dominated by_____, whereas Chinese is a _____ language dominated by _____.A.semantic nouns morphological verbsB.semantic verbs morphological nounsC.morphological nouns semantic verbsD.morphological verbs semantic nounsEnglish syntactic features are the_B____, and English is_____ prominent language, but Chinese syntactic features are the_____.A.hypotaxis predicate parataxisB.hypotaxis subject parataxisC.parataxis subject hypotaxisD.parataxis predicate hypotaxisWhich is not one of devices of textual cohesion ? DA collocationB referenceC synonymyD ParataxisWhich is not one of the procedure of translation ? CA understandingB checkC lookingD expressionWhen translating long sentences, we should realize that the sentence structure of Chinese is---A--?A. bamboo-likeB. chain-likeC. circle-likeD. tree-like1 篇章是表达整体概念的—B—单位。
翻译学基本用语源语/译出语source language(SL)译语/译入语target language(TL)原作者SL author译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text译文target text, translation译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 语境context笔译translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence等效equivalent effect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/reformulation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mistranslation伪译pseudo-translation异化foreignizing /source-oriented translation归化domesticating/naturalization/target-accommodating translation 词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation还原法finding the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation/transmigration of souls信、达、雅(严复语)faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation乱译/胡译excessively- free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention 形合hypotaxis意合parataxis动态dymanic静态stative。
Qualifications (prerequisites)of Translators1. A translator must be well acquainted with the source language and target language;(1)Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her.米勒为了逢迎切斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅画。
flatter: to make better looking than the reality米勒给切斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅画，该像之美简直超过了她本人。
• 2. A translator must have considerable knowledge of the two cultures.•(1) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.•约翰是可靠的。
他不吃鱼，还玩游戏。
•英国历史上宗教斗争激烈，旧教规定在斋日教徒可以吃鱼。
新教推翻旧教后，新教教徒拒绝吃鱼表示忠于新教。
所以“eat no fish”就转译为“忠诚”。
当然就要遵守规则，“play the game”就转译为“守规矩”。
•约翰是忠实的，他斋日不吃荤，凡事都循规蹈矩。
•(2) Then he was off to Columbia Business School, where he found his Rosetta Stone of investing.•“Rosetta Stone”是埃及古碑，意为“指点迷津的东西”，喻指“帮助理解难题的事物”。
•后来他进了哥伦比亚商学院，在那里找到了自己的投资指南。
Ⅰ. Definitiontranslate:trans- : across; to or into a different direction or thingtransform, transplant, transport, transmit, transfer, transnational-late : to carry acrosstranslate转化，转移，解释，翻新，翻译translatology翻译学，译学translatorese (translationese)翻译腔, (表达不流畅、不地道的)翻译文体translatability可译性untranslatability不可译性Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.-- Eugene Nida所谓翻译，是指从语义到风格译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
