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复习重点：第一章1. word的正规定义及简略定义；2. 词汇的定义的四部分；3. sound与meaning的关系；4. 书写发音不一只的五个原因。
第二章1. Roman Language family的五个成员，Germanic language family的八个成员；2. 英语语言发展的三个时期：1）时间跨度；2）事件；3）每个事件带来的语言；4）词汇涉及的语言领域；3. 对英语词汇奉献最大的是Latin语言；对英语语言影响（含语法和词汇影响）最大的是French。
第三章1. morpheme的正规定义级简略定义。
2. allomorph的定义3. free morpheme 和bound morpheme的正规定义和简略定义4. root, stem 和base 的定义及关系。
第四章1. 英语构词法的主要构词方式和次要构词方式；2. affixation的定义，分类及其分类的定义；3. compounding的定义及特点；4. shortening的种类；5. blending的定义；6. clipping的定义；7. acronymy的定义和种类及种类的定义；8. backformation的定义第五章1. reference，concept 和sense的定义；2. 词义的两部分的定义；3. 词汇意义的分类定义，下分类的定义；第六章1. polysemy 的定义2. homonymy的定义和分类级分类定义；3. synonymy的传统和现代定义和分类及分类的定义；4. antonymy的传统和现代定义和分类及分类的定义；。
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
第一章1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.4.the printing machine fixed the written form.5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mentalassaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)4.word meaning 分类：4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。
1.词的概念。
（领会）2.词的分类。
（熟记）3.基本词汇的特点。
（熟记）4.本族语的重要性。
（熟记）Chapter21.印欧语系中的西部语系。
（熟记）2.古英语（熟记）3.中古英语（熟记）4.现代英语的发展模式。
（领会）Chapter31.词素的变体。
（熟记）2.总的词素的分类。
（领会）3.词缀法。
（熟记）4.指出例词的词素数量和类型。
（领会）1.前缀的分类。
（熟记）2.转类法的类型。
（领会）3.部分转类法和完全转类法区别.(熟记)4.拼缀法类型。
（领会）5.截断法的概念。
（熟记）6.指出给的例词属于合成词，派生词，转类法的词，拼缀法，截断法，首字母缩略词，首字母拼音词，逆生法，来自于专有名词的词中的哪一个。
Chapter51.所指的概念。
（熟记）2.词的理据。
（熟记）3.理据的分类。
（领会）4.概念意义。
（熟记）5.褒义和贬义。
（领会）Chpter61.同义词的分类。
（熟记）2.反义词的分类。
（领会）3.上下义关系概念。
（熟记）4.语义场的作用。
（熟记）Chapter71.语义的扩大和缩小。
（领会）2.语义的降格。
（熟记）3.语境的作用。
（熟记）Chapter91.习语的特点。
（领会）2.习语的变异形式。
（领会）Chapter101. 单语词典和双语词典。
（熟记）。
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词，是能独立存在并具有词义的词类；虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词，是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀：英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀，词根是词的核心部分，词缀是附加在词根上的，可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义：英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构：英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词，派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词，转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词，缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化：英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词：英语词汇中存在大量的外借词，这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词：英语词汇中存在一些同源词，这些词源于同一词根或词源，并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展：英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展，即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点，通过对这些知识点的学习和理解，可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。
词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律，提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。
下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。
1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同，词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。
名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词，如“学校”、“朋友”；动词是表示动作或状态的词，如“看”、“跑”；形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词，如“美丽”、“聪明”；副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，如“很”、“非常”。
2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。
词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。
比如，“美”+“丽”=“美丽”；“快”+“速”=“快速”；“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。
3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。
词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。
比如，“明星”原指天空中的星星，后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。
4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能，如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等；动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等；形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。
5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律，比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。
正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。
通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍，我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性，进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。
希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩，展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。
【正文结束】。
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。
例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。
3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。
5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类：动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换：同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义，如：think（动词）和thought（名词），slowly（副词）和slow（形容词）。
3. 词义辨析：同一单词有不同的含义，如：bank可以指银行，也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究：研究单词的来源和变化过程，了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
注意：考试的一个要点在这，动词性习语有哪两类划分？(1) phrasal verbs : 短语动词(2) verbal phrases : 动词短语4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature e.g. "in clover ’ or " in the clover " ( in rich comfort or having a pleasant or easy life 0 5) Sentence Idioms 9.3 Use of Idioms The rhetoric characteristics of idioms such as : stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations. 9.3.1 Stylistic Feature; Such expressions were all colloquial and informal and once confined to a limited group of people engaged in the same trade or activity. But they proved terse, vivid, forcible and stimulating so that later they broke out of their bounds and gradualy gained wide acceptance.As a result, their early stylistic features faded in part and many became part of the common core of the language and are now used in different situations. 9.3.2 Rhetorical Features ( examples are very important ) 1) phonetic manipulation (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme 2) Lexical manipuation (1) Reiteration ( duplication of synonyms ) e.g. hustle and bustle cut and carve odds and ends (2) Repetition e.g. word for word year in year out (3) Juxtaposition ( of antonyms ) e.g. up and down hit or miss rain and shine 3. Figures of speech (1) Simile e.g. as dead as a doornail sleep like a log (2) Metaphor Animals are used to refer to people, e.g. grey mare snake in the grass Inanimate things to refer to people e.g. a new broom flat tire the salt of the earth Things to refer to something else, e.g. bed of dust a wet blanket black bottle Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc. e.g. sit on the fence cut the ground from under sb. fall from grace (3) Metonymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. (4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole e.g. fall into good hands earn one’s bread (5) Personification e.g. The pot calls the cattle back (6) Euphemism 9.3.3 Variations of Idioms 1) Replacement 2) Addition or deletion 3) Position-shifting 4) Shortening 5) Dismembering 问题：classification of idioms可分为哪几类？答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups : 1) Idioms Nominal in Natural 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5) Sentence Idioms 问题：Sentence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过)答案：They embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences.In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. 注意：习语中的特例有可能是填空内容: (Exception1) This class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time. (Exception2 )Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. (Exception3)In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. (Exception4) forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical. 问题：What are the rhetorical features of idioms?答案：1)Phonetic manipulation (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme 2) Lexical manipulation (1) Reiteration (2) Repetition (3) Juxtaposition 问题：Figures of speech ( 大的修饰格6个, 小的修饰格4个)答案：1) Simile 2) Metaphor 3) Metonymy 4) Synecdoche5) Personification 6) Euphemism (1) humourous (2) ironic and sardonic in tones (3) derogatory (4) hyperbole 重点简答题: Metonymy 和Synecdoche , 这两种修饰有何区别? ( 未考过)答案：Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. 习语的分析：(挑出习语加以分析，它是哪一个类型, 然后加以解释) e.g. He goes to the service , rain or shine.答：In this sentence, rain or shine, is an idiom. rain or shine is composed in Juxtaposition. It is Idiom adverbial in nature改写后：He goes to the service, no matter what the weather looks like , no matter what and no matter what kind of difficulties. 第十章EnglishDictionaries 词典这一部分在填空或选择时出现的可能是最大的1) 词典的种类2)每一种词典的特殊性也是考试的要点：比如：CCELD它的最大特殊性是它的extra column3) 每一种词典的vocabulary stock 也是考试的要点：英语词汇学模拟测试一. Multiple choice (30%) 1. From the 1500’s through the 1700’s, over___ new words entered the English language. A. 6000 B. 7000 C. 9000 D. 10.000 2. " Nature" in the word " denaturalization " is not ___ . A. free root B. stems C. affixes D. compounds 3. A concept is universal to all men regardless of____A) culture B) race C) language D) all of the above 4. A word is a symbol that _____. A) is used by same community B) represents something else in the world C) is both simple and complex in nature D) Shows different ideas in different sounds 5. In the idiom, " fall from grace" , ____ is used. A. Metaphor B. Metonymy C. Synecdoche D. Euphemism 6. Every word that has meaning has ___, but not every word has ____ . A. reference, sense B. sense, reference C. both of them D neither of them 7. The word "greenhorn" is ___. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivatedC. semantically motiv ated D. etymologically motivated 8. The reader cann’t find ___, ___, ____in an encyclopedia. A. pronunciation, meaning, usage B. pronunciation, meaning, information C. pronunciation, usage, information D. meaning, usage, information 10. Breaking up the idioms into pieces can be called ___.A. shortening B. deletion C. dismembering D. position-shifting 11. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects A. humor B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 12. Linguistic factors of word meaning change exclude____.A. internal facotors within the language system B. the influx of borrowing C. analogy D. grammar 13. The meaning of many words often relate directly to their ___ , which is known as eymological motivation . A. structures B. sounds C. origins D features 14. ___ often lead to ambiguity. A. Polysemy B. homonymy C. Grammatical structure D. all the above 15. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A. roots B. stems C. affixes D. compounds 二. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book (10%) 16. With ____ , many Scandinavian words came into the English language. 17.It can be concluded that English has evolved from ___ to the present analytic language. 18. Idioms may be classified into five groups by the criterion of ____ . 19. When proper nouns are commonized, many of them have lost their ____. 20. Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to ___ like chains. 三. Match the words or expressions in column A with those in column B ( 10% ) 21. sunbathe ( ) A. word form proper noun 22. changeable ( ) B. prefixation 23. donate ( ) C. back-formation 24. pocket ( ) D. conversion 25. postwar ( ) E. clipping 26. perm ( ) F. blending 27. treated ( ) G. compounding 28. telequiz ( ) H. inflection 29. V-Day ( ) I. acronymy 30. Watergate ( ) J. suffixation 四. study the following words and expressions and identify ( 10%) 1) types of context clues ; 2) types of word formation 3) types of word-meaning changes 4) rhetorical features of idioms. 31. slurb ( ) 32. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( ) 33. making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( ) 34. live by one’s pen ( ) 35. kith a nd kin ( ) 36. fax ( ) 37. disobey, impolite ( ) 38. hussy: " person who worked in a villa " --- " evil or wicked person or scoundrel " 39. accident : " event" --- " unfortunate event " 40. nice : " ignorant " --- " foolish " 五. define the following terms ( 10% ) 41. conversion 42. sense 43. motivation 44. hyponymy 45. English idioms 六. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What is the difference between root and stem? 47. What is the difference between content words and functional words, illustrate your point with examples ? 48. Why do we say context take an important position in understanding? 七. Analyze the following.Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. a. It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed yesterday. b. The news says that the Royal Hotel was burnt down last night. coment on the above sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates. 50. (1) Women are flowers. (2) Women are tigers. Study the above sentences. Analyze " women’s " grammatical meaning, conceptual meaning and connotative meaning in each sentence. 此帖由nxzys539 在2006-08-25 08:53 进行编辑...。
