高中英语重点系列23现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时(无答案)

高考总复习：一般过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、将来完成时的用法及区别语法讲解一般过去时的用法1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，常和a moment ago，last year，yesterday，at that time，in the past等表示过去的时间副词连用。

Where did you go just now?2. 一般过去时表示某事在过去某个特定时间发生，也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。

一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去的事情。

She was a little girl at that time.I had breakfast about ten minutes ago.When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3.在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。

From the first day that Hitler seized power, January 30, 1933, he knew that only sudden death awaited him if he failed to restore pride and empire to post Versailles Germany.4. 表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时。

这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。

The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.5. It is time that sb. did sth. 早该……了It is time that you told me the truth.6. 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

英语语法16种时态总结（经典收藏版）奇速英语教育时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。

动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。

将这时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下16种时态形式(以do为例)：一般完成进行完成进行现在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have been doing过去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing1. 一般现在时（do/does; is/am/are）①表示现在的情况、状态和特征。

例：He is a student.他是一个学生。

② 表示经常性、习惯性动作。

例：He always helps others.他总是帮助别人。

③ 客观事实和普遍真理。

例：The earth moves the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

④ 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。

（常用于列车、客车、飞机或轮船时刻表）例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。

⑤ 主将从现：在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在表示将的来事情。

例：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们会待在家里。

.教学过程一、课堂导入时态在高考中，单选会考1至2题，完形填空里面对副词的考查也是比较多的，所以也是需要好好掌握的语法点。

.资料二、复习预习复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。

然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下，让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释，促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。

.资料三、知识讲解知识点1：现在完成时：构成：主语+ have/has + 动词的过去分词用法：1）过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，句中常有already, just, never, ever, lately,recently, , in the past+一段时间，so far等状语.资料2）、从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态3）、用在时间、条件从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作之前完成4）、“最高级+名词”或“It is the + 序数词+ time”后的定语从句中。

5）、应用现在完成时应注意：瞬间动词用于完成时表示一个动作的结束，不能和“for…”或“since…”连用，但它们的否定形式可以连用。

如：We have not heard from him for ten days.我们已经十天没他的消息了。

另外，如果把瞬间动词转变成相应的持续动词，就可和“for…”或“since…”连用。

.资料知识点2：现在完成进行时：构成：主语+ have/has + been +动词的现在分词用法：表示动作从过去一个时间开始，一直延续到现在，强调在此阶段时间里，动作一直在进行。

.资料⑴、过去开始而且现在仍在进行的动作⑵、过去开始，现在刚刚停止的动作⑶、现在看到其直接结果的动作知识点3：过去完成时：构成：主语+ had + 动词的过去分词用法：.资料1)、表示过去某时间或动作之前已发生或完成的动作。

2）、表示从过去某时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，往往和for, since引导的短语或从句连用。

高考复习：现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除教学过程一、课堂导入时态在高考中，单选会考1至2题，完形填空里面对副词的考查也是比较多的，所以也是需要好好掌握的语法点。

收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除二、复习预习复习上一单元的知识点之后，以达到复习的效果。

然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目，再老师没有讲解的情况下，让学生独立思考，给出答案与解释，促进学生发现问题，同时老师也能发现学生的盲点，并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。

收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除三、知识讲解知识点1：现在完成时：构成：主语+ have/has + 动词的过去分词用法：收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除1）过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，句中常有already, just, never, ever, lately, recently, , in the past+一段时间，so far等状语2）、从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态3）、用在时间、条件从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作之前完成4）、“最高级+名词”或“It is the + 序数词+ time”后的定语从句中。

5）、应用现在完成时应注意：瞬间动词用于完成时表示一个动作的结束，不能和“for…”或“since…”连用，但它们的否定形式可以连用。

如：We have not heard from him for ten days.我们已经十天没他的消息了。

另外，如果把瞬间动词转变成相应的持续动词，就可和“for…”或“since…”连用。

收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除知识点2：现在完成进行时：构成：主语+ have/has + been +动词的现在分词收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除用法：表示动作从过去一个时间开始，一直延续到现在，强调在此阶段时间里，动作一直在进行。

⑴、过去开始而且现在仍在进行的动作⑵、过去开始，现在刚刚停止的动作⑶、现在看到其直接结果的动作收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除知识点3：过去完成时：构成：主语+ had + 动词的过去分词用法：1)、表示过去某时间或动作之前已发生或完成的动作。

2021届高中英语新高考一轮语法复习讲义（三十二）将来完成时与现在过去完成进行时（含针对训练与解析）考点10 将来完成时。

表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成或一直在持续的动作。

经常与"before+将来时“或”by +将来时“连用。

也可与before 或by the time 构成的现在时的从句连用。

其结构为“will/shall have +动词的过去分词”如：a.By next week, they will have lived here for five months.( by +将来时)b. Before 3 o'clock p.m tomorrow , we shallhave stayed in Beijing.（before+将来时）c. Before you come back from work this afternoon , I will have(before引导时间状语从句)prepared supper for you. (表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作)考点11 现在完成进行时用法1：表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，并且还将持续下去。

其结构为“has/have been +动词的现在分词”如：I have been teaching English since 1990.我自1990年以来一直在教英语。

用法2：表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。

如：He has been waiting for her for 30 minutes.(她现在还没来，他还要等)用法3：现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别：1）现在完成进行时可表示动作的重复而现在完成时不能。

比较：a. Mary has phoned you .玛丽给你打电话了。

（打了一次没打通就再没得）b.Mary has been phoned you.玛丽一直在给你打电话。

（反复打而且说话时还在打）2）现在完成进行时强调动作而现在完成时强调结果。

I. 一般过去时一般过去时：在过去发生的动作，现在已经结束。

基本用法：1.过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

表示过去时间的时间状语：last+时间、时间+ago、yesterday、just now、the other day、once upon a time、at that time、then2. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，可与频度副词always、usually、often等连用。

表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用动词过去式外，还可以用used to do sth、would do sth3.表示说话人始料未及的事情I didn’t know it was you.I never thought you would bring me a gift.4.宾语从句时态：主现从、主过从5.表示已去世者的情况或过去的历史。

II. 现在完成时一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)二．句型：否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定) No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)三．用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）③since+时段+ago④主句（现在完成时）since+从句（一般过去时）→主完从过●⑤It is/ has been +时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.⑥It is + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（现在完成时）四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 五．现在完成时的标志1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:* 以already, just和yet为标志He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。

课后作业一、真题演练：单句语法1.When I die,I____________(give)everything to you.2.That was definitely not an attractive idea,so I politely declined her invitation,.____________(close)m y book and walked away.3.His fear of failure__________(keep)him from classroom games that other students played with joyo usabandon.4._______________(speak)out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed,on the contrary,5._____________(complete)the project as planned,we’ll have to work two more hours a day.6.It was raining lightly when I___61___(arrive)in Yangshuo just before dawn.7. This cycle 48 (go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.8. In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland，Ohio.It 61 (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.9. Be patient！Tai Chi 66 (call) “shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water：10.Unless some extra money (find)，the theatre will close11.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough 46 (cool) the house during the hot day；at the same time，they warm up again for the night.12. In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without 44 (use) electric equipment.13. The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 41 (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.二、单选题1. When I was young, I ________ with my grandma in the countryside, which is unforgettable.A. livedB. have livedC. was livedD. had lived2. –Excuse me, is the book Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now?-Sorry, but it _________ so well that we don’t have any in store.A. sellsB. is soldC. has soldD. has been sold3. The tourism of Linyi _________ rapid growth over the last decade. Now it’s the second most visited city in Shandong Province.A. sawB. had seenC. is seeingD. has seen4. Great changes _____place in my hometown during the past three decades.A. tookB. have takenC. were takenD. have been taken5．Leave me alone. I ________ an article all the afternoon and haven’t finished yet.A. writeB. have been writingC. have writtenD. wrote6. When the power of love _______ the love of power, the world will likely be in peace.A. overcomesB. will overcomeC. is overcomingD. overcame7. Mr. Black ________ Shanghai in a few days. Shall we have a party?A. leavesB. is leavingC. leftD. has left8. –Look, it _________ again.–Yeah. This is the third snow we __________ this spring.A. will snow, are havingB. has snowed, had hadC. is snowing, have hadD. snows, have had9. Mr. White ____ in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.A. workedB. has workedC. had workedD. would work10. The project ________ to developing the economy and reducing poverty when it is completed.A. has contributedB. had been contributedC. will contributeD. is contributed11. Nelson Mandela __________ peacefully at his Johannesburg home on Thursday, President Jacob Zuma said.A. diesB. diedC. has diedD. was died12. –I thought you _____________ for vacation tomorrow.-I had planned, but I have a very important meeting to attend tomorrow.A. will leaveB. are leavingC. have leftD. were leaving13. Our manager ________for Shanghai in a few days and he has asked me to find out when the earliest plane ________ next Wednesday.A. is leaving, takes offB. will leave, is taking offC. leaves, will take offD. is to leave, is going to take off14. I’m calling about the apartment you ______the other day .Could you tell me more about it?A .advertised B. had advertised C. were advertising D. will advertise15. Whenever you______a present, you should think about it from the receiver’s point of view.A. boughtB. have boughtC. will buyD. buy16. I walked slowly through the market, where people ______ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.A. sellB. were sellingC. had soldD. have sold17. The twins, who _______ their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.A. will finishB. finishC. have finishedD. had finished18. The journey was tiring! All the seats in the train _______. I had to stand all the way.A. were occupiedB. would be occupiedC. would occupyD. had occupied19. Yesterday afternoon, I ______my homework when Mary called.A. had doneB. was doingC. would doD. am doing20. Close the door of fear behind you, and you ______ the door of faith open before you.A. sawB. have seenC. will seeD. are seeing21. Tommy is planning to buy a car. By next month ,he____ enough for a used one.A. saves B .saved C. will save D. will have saved22. She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything!A. had been eatingB. had eatenC. have eatenD. have been eating23. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement______ so far by the two sides.A. has been reachedB. was reachedC. will reachD. will have reached24. More expressways _______in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.A. are being builtB. will be builtC. have been builtD. had been built25 After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it _____.A. was decoratedB. had decoratedC. had been decoratingD. was being decorated三、语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

高三英语完成时态知识点完成时态是英语语法中的一个重要部分，它用于描述已经发生的动作、事件或状态，并与现在或过去的时间有关。

在高三英语学习中，掌握完成时态的用法和构成方法对于提高语言运用能力至关重要。

本文将详细介绍高三英语中完成时态的知识点，帮助读者更好地理解和运用。

一、完成时态的基本构成完成时态是由助动词“have”和动词的过去分词构成的，不同的人称和数需要使用不同的助动词形式，如下：1. 一般现在完成时：主语 + have/has + 过去分词例如：- I have finished my homework.（我已经完成了作业。

）- She has traveled to many countries.（她已经去过很多国家。

）2. 一般过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词例如：- They had already left when I arrived.（当我到达时，他们已经离开了。

）- He had never seen such a beautiful sunset before.（他以前从未见过如此美丽的日落。

）3. 一般将来完成时：主语 + will have + 过去分词例如：- By this time next year, I will have graduated from university.（到明年的这个时候，我将已经从大学毕业。

）- They will have finished the project before the deadline.（他们会在截止日期之前完成这个项目。

）二、完成时态的用法1. 表示过去发生的动作或事件对现在产生的影响或结果：例如：- I have lost my keys. Now I can't get into the house.（我把钥匙丢了，现在我无法进屋。

）- They have lived in Japan for five years. That's why they can speak Japanese fluently.（他们在日本生活了五年，这就是他们能够流利地讲日语的原因。

英语语法16种时态总结（经典收藏版）时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。

动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。

将这时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就1. 一般现在时（do/does; is/am/are）①表示现在的情况、状态和特征。

例：He is a student.他是一个学生。

② 表示经常性、习惯性动作。

例：He always helps others.他总是帮助别人。

③客观事实和普遍真理。

例：The earth moves the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

④表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。

（常用于列车、客车、飞机或轮船时刻表）例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。

⑤ 主将从现：在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在表示将的来事情。

例：If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们会待在家里。

④现在进行时与频度副词连用，表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。

例： He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。

（褒义）④过去进行时和频度副词连用可以表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。

例：When he lived in country，he was always helping the poor.住在乡下时，他总是帮助穷人。

4. 一般将来时①基本结构是will do。

例：We will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。

②表示“打算…，要…”时，可用 am/is/are going to do。

（英语语法）四种完成时态LESSON EIGHT四种完成时态主系表现在：You are rich.过去：You were rich.将来：You will be rich.过去将来：You would be rich.There be现在：There is a book on the desk .过去：There was a book on the desk.将来：There will be a book on the desk.过去将来：There would be a book on the desk.主谓宾状现在：You study English in the school.过去时：You studied English in the school.将来时: You will study English in the school.You are going to study English.You are to study English.are about to study Englishwould study English in the scho You were going to study English.You were to study English.You were about to study English.You are studying English.You were studying English.You will be studying English.You woud be studying English.课堂练习1：你知道你们⽼师的爸爸昨天为什么要打beat他？2：你知道你们班的那个⼥孩⼦怎样成为你们班最好的学⽣吗？3：你知道昨天他们家的狗为什么咬bit bite你吗？4：我妈妈昨天问我我打算在哪学英语.5：你知道你们学校的图书馆去年有多少图书吗？6:你知道他的⽗亲什么时候死的吗？7：你知道⽼⿏mouse为什么爱⼤⽶rice吗？8：你知道你们⽼师明年打算写多少本书吗？9：你知道你们⽼师现在在哪吃午饭的吗?10：你知道昨天晚上7点半你爸爸和你妈妈在客厅⾥做什么呢吗？11：那个医⽣告诉我他临时在这个医院帮忙。

2023年高中英语语法精讲：将来完成时和现在完成时用法解析英语动词时态用法归纳:将来完成时1.构成will/ shall+ have +过去分词。

2.基本用法(1)表示到将来某个时间已经发生或完成的动作。

如:I shall have finished this book next week. 下周我就会读完这本书了。

When we get there, she'll have gone home.我们到那里时她会回家了。

On Monday he'll have been in Britain for three years.到星期一，他在英国就满三年了。

(2)有时表示推测。

如:They will have aired there by now.这时候他们可能已到那儿了。

3.现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别(1) 现在完成时以现在时间为参照点，表示在“现在”以前完成的动作或持续到“现在”的状态;过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点，表示在“过去”某一时间以前发生的动作或持续到“过去”某一时间的状态;将来完成时则以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某一时间为止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某一时间的状态。

如:He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了他的小说。

He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year.去年年底他就写完了他的小说。

He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year到明年年底他就会写完他的小说了。

(2)在表示时间或者条件的状语从句，用现在完成时来表示将来完成时。

如:I will go with you when I have finished my work.等我完成工作之后我就同你去。

将来完成时主要用法归纳1.表示将来完成即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。

高三英语过去完成进行时与将来完成时知识点归纳一、过去完成进行时(一)构成：过去完成进行时是由had been +现在分词构成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?(二)用法:1. 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。

过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。

和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。

过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态, 上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去的时间。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着。

They had only been waiting for the bus a few minutes when it came. 他们只等了几分钟车就来了。

2. 表示反复的动作。

He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。

3. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。

The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。

I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天呆在哪儿。

4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有突然之意的when分句。

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。

She’d only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。

一般过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、将来完成时的用法及区别真题再现1.—Is Peter coming?—No, he ____ his mind after a phone call at the last minute.A. changesB. changedC. was changingD. had changed2.In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat______ cut.A. will have beenB. will beC. wasD. has been3.Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement _______ so far by the two sides.A. has been reachedB. was reachedC. will reachD. will have reached4.Mary ____ r eally hard on his book and thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.A. workedB. has been workingC. had workedD. has worked5.The reason why prices ________ , and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.A. wereB. will beC. have beenD. had been6.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _____________ thankfully by the shop windowA. am held backB. held backC. hold backD. was held back7.—Where is Peter? I can't find him anywhere.—He went to the library after breakfast and _______________ his essay there ever since.A. wroteB. had writtenC. has been writingD. is writing8.To my delight, I __________ f rom hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.A. was chosenB. was being chosenC. would chooseD. had chosen9.—Did you enjoy the party?—Yes. We ___ well by our hosts.A. were treatedB. would be treatedC. treatedD. had treated10.I n the last few years, China ______ great achievements in environmental protection.A. has madeB. had madeC. was makingD. is making11.I wasn't able to hide my eagerness when I _________ , "What do you wish me to do now?"A. askB. have askedC. am askingD. asked答案与解析：1.B。

一、表示完成动作的动词时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时1．现在完成时：have(has) done.1）表示从现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在动作或状态。

这种现在完成时的特点：1）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。

2）动作发生在过去，但是这一动作持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。

3）与现在完成时连用的时间状语通常是表示“一段时间”的时间状语，以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。

如：I have lived there for three years.我已经住在那里三年了。

She has taught in the school since I came here.自从我来到这里她就在学校里教书。

与这种现在完成时搭配的时间状语如下：a.) since+时间点如：I have worked in this company since 1998.自从1998年我就在这家公司工作b).for +时间段如：I have worked in this company for three years.我在这家公司工作三年了。

c) “到目前为止”until now, up until now, up to now, so far如：We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that wouldfurther communication between nation.到目前为止，我们尚未采取任何行动来决定一门国际通用语言，以促进国际间交流。

d) “在最近几世纪/年/月以来”in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, through centuries等。

如：Through history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.自古以来，人类就必须接受这样的事实：一切生命体都会消亡。