孙老师课堂 虚拟语气

第25课虚拟语气导言与传统讲法不同。

我们试图从句子时态的改变来推论出虚拟的构成。

只要同学理解了这一点，就可以举一反三。

掌握虚拟语气。

虚拟语气是用来表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的情况。

主要是通过动词的变化来体现的。

▲虚拟语气动词时态变化的规则对于一个已经学过从句，又能正确使用时态的学生来说，掌握虚拟语气并不难。

英语的虚拟语气是将句子动词原本应该使用的时态向后退一步，以表示该句与事实相反。

后退的方法如下：现在时────退──过去时现在完成时──退──过去完成时过去时────退──过去完成时一般将来时──退──过去将来时过去将来时──退──过去将来完成时注：在虚拟语气中不用was，所有人称都用were。

1、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用。

●If I have money I will lend it to you.●If I it to you.第一句话没有使用虚拟，表示我很可能会借你钱。

第二句话使用了虚拟，表示我不可能借你钱。

用虚拟只是一种委婉的说法。

对比两句的时态，正像我们上面所讲的，现在时退到过去时，一般将来时退到过去将来时。

●If I have time, I will go to see you.●If请注意比较上面两句话不同的含义与时态的变化。

╳（假设句）●If that car.由于我不可能是你，所以第一句话必须虚拟，因而第一句是错误的句子，但我们可以从中看出时态的变化。

为了方便理解在下面的例句中都会给出一个假设句，但必须指出，例句中的假设句只是为了逻辑说明。

在实际应用中是不存在的，也就是说是错的。

╳假设句If it snows in summer, it will be great fun.虚拟句If it如果夏天能下雪，那该多有意思。

现在时────退─过去时（从句）snows──────snowed一般将来时──退─过去将来时（主句）will be ─────would be1．Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night _____, too cold for us to live.A. would be freezing coldB. will be freezing coldlyC. would be frozen coldD. can freeze coldly1．A 对将来时的虚拟退过去将来时。

╳假设句If I bought my checkbook yesterday, I would pay by check.虚拟句如果昨天我带支票来了，我就会付支票。

过去时────退─过去完成时（从句）bought──────had bought过去将来时──退─过去将来完成时（主句）would pay────would have paid╳假设句If I had your address in New York, I would call on you before I came back to China.虚拟句如果我有你在纽约的地址，我回中国以前，就去看你了。

过去时────退─过去完成时（从句）h ad───────had had过去将来时──退─过去将来完成时（主句）would call on ───would have called on2．I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she ______, she would have met my brother.A. has comeB. did comeC. cameD. had come表示对过去时间的虚拟，过去时退过去完成时，过去将来时，退过去将来完成时。

╳假设句If you haven’t finished the homework by now, you will not be allowed to see the film this evening.虚拟句the homework by now, you如果你到现在还没做完作业的话晚上就不让你去看电影了。

现在完成时──退──过去完成时（从句）haven’t finished───hadn’t finished一般将来时──退──过去将来时（主句）will be allowed───would be allowed╳假设句If he took my advice, he will be a scientist.虚拟句If he had taken my advice, he would be a scientist.如果他以前听我的建议，他将会成为一个科学家。

过去时──退──过去完成时（从句）took─────had taken一般将来时──退──过去将来时（主句）will be ──────would be╳假设句If you were there, the meeting might go smoothly.虚拟句If you had been there, the meeting might have gone smoothly.如果你要是在，会就会开得更顺利。

过去时────退─过去完成时（从句）were───────had been过去将来时──退─过去将来完成时（主句）might ──────might have gone注：情态动词的时态倒退的方法与一般动词一样，如can, may等情态动词可以把它们看作将来时，could, might看作过去将来时，could have done, might have done看作过去将来完成时。

╳假设句If there was more snow last year, we will hav e a good harvest this fall.虚拟句If如果去年多下一点雪，今年秋天就会有个好收成。

过去时────退──过去完成时（从句）was────────had been一般将来时──退──过去将来时（主句）will have─────would have注：上面的一些例句在传统教学中称为错综句，理解上比较困难。

用时态后退的方法，做起来就容易了。

2、虚拟条件句中if的省略。

如果虚拟条件句中有were或had done通常可将were或had 放在句首，if可省略。

●If I had studied more, I would have passed the test.●Had I studied more, I would have passed the test.如果我多学习点，我就会通过考试。

●If I were in your place I wouldn’t say so.●Were I in your place, I wouldn’t say so.如果我处在你的位置，我就不会这样说。

1．______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.A. If it is notB. Were it notC. Had it not beenD. If they were not虚拟条件句省略if 条件句必须倒装，因条件句是过去时，所以应退过去完成时。

3、用介词短语表示虚拟条件。

╳假设句Without your help, we will not be able to finish the work in time.虚拟句Without your help,to finish the work in time.没有你的帮助我就不能按时完成这项工作。

一般将来时──退──过去将来时will not be─────would not be╳假设句But for his good education, he would not get the job.虚拟句But for his good education过去将来时──退─过去将来完成时would get ────would have got4、在if only, wish, as if(as though)后的句子用虚拟。

╳假设句If only this rain will stop!虚拟句If only如果雨会停就好了。

一般将来时──退──过去将来时will ──────would╳假设句If only o ur team scored one more point!虚拟句If only our team had scored one more point!如果我们的队多得1分就好了。

过去时──退──过去完成时scored ─────had scored1．If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.A. liesB. layC. had lainD. should lieif only后用虚拟，从句是对过去的虚拟，应用过去完成时。

主句是对将来的虚拟，应退到过去完成将来时，该句是错综虚拟语句，既主句和从句跳跃两个时间。

╳假设句I wish the semester is over now.虚拟句I wish the semester我希望这个学期现在就结束。

现在时──退──过去时is──────were注：wish后的从句可以用were也可以用was假设句I wish I didn’t get rid of those old letter.虚拟句I wish those old letters.过去时──退──过去完成时di dn’t get rid of ─hadn’t gotten rid of╳假设句He treats me as if I’m a child.虚拟句He treats me as if他对我就像我是个孩子似的。

现在时──退──过去时am──────were╳假设句He talks as if he saw it himself.虚拟句He talks as if他讲话的样子好像是他亲眼看见似的。

过去时──退──过去完成时saw ──────had seen1．When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _____.A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been brokenas if 后用虚拟，现在时退过去时。