下载文档原格式
2014理工A阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章复习资料目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2014年教材新增文章第二部分阅读判断*第八篇What Is a Dream?*第十篇The Biology of Music+第十一篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity+第十四篇 Stage Fright第四部分阅读理解*第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach第五部分补全短文第四篇The Bilingual Brain*第十篇How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear+第十五篇 A Memory Drug?理工A复习说明：2014 阅读理解带加号，重点要求17篇，第34-50篇，较2013年增加了7篇文章（这7篇原来是2013理工B的文章）这里注意下，第35篇Putting Plants to Work（非2013新增文章）是2013年理工B的真题，2014年应该不会考到。
专业第28课卫生A阅读押题机会只给有准备的人。
Opportunities are only for the prepared person. 卫生今年阅读没有新增文章，押题也就变成了猜题，极不靠谱，请大家做好无原题或押不中的准备！！！卫生阅读押题共1篇文章第三十九篇 Sauna 卫生A 第42篇 Sauna 综合A桑拿浴本文中心：第一句Ceremonial bathing has existed存在for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americas used sweat lodges.仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。
芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。
它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。
日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土着人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。
用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
第一篇Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim WomenThere is a range of reasons1 why thin women think they‘re too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. 1According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society‘s "ideal" female body is moving toward an un derweight physique. 2To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index2 was at the low end of normal3. 3Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. 4In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. 5词汇：distort /d?'st??t/ vt.扭曲,歪曲Danish /'deini?/ adj.丹麦的underweight /?nd?'we?t/ adj.重量不足的physique /f?'zi?k/ n.体形questionnaire /,kwest??'ne?; ,kestj?-/ n.调查表dash /d??/ vt.使（希望、计划等）破灭,挫败traumatic /tr??'m?t?k; tra?-/ adj.使人不快的,令人痛苦而难忘的adulthood /'?d?lth?d/ n.成年marital /'m?r?t(?)l/ adj.婚姻的;夫妇间的注释：1.a range of reasons ：一系列原因2.body mass index：体质指数3.at the low end of normal：正常值的下限4.The same was true of...：……也同样如此练习：A. The same was true of4 women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one‘s) own body weight may be established early in life," Kjaer and her colleagues write.D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.答案与题解:1.B文章第一段已经提到,使身体瘦削的女性自认为身体肥胖的原因有很多,但一项新的研究表明,对身体形象所存有的不正确的态度有可能与儿时的经历有关。
专业第30课总结孙老师特别提示：通过职称的三个要素1.选择一个好的适合自己的方法2.认真练习与总结3.运气一、押题---阅读与完型二、出题人的人品最后要做的三件事1.牢记神表，熟练应用。
2.充分准备押题。
3.淡定的应试心态。
很多人在做题时反复地犯着同样错误，并不是因为他们没有记住-----神表！而是匆匆忙忙，慌慌张张, 心态已乱！每篇文章平均有20多分钟完成，何不气定神闲，从容面对！职称英语考的不是英语，是悟性与心态在这个世界上，我们永远不要过分相信技巧。
也就是说，没有人可以摆脱环境而生存。
当我们都面对恶劣环境的时候，就要看我们内心所酝酿的心境如何。
当一个人的心境可以抵消外在恐惧的时候，这个人才成为真正的勇者，这个人的技巧才有发挥的空间。
如果你的心境已经被环境挫败的时候，你做任何事情都将一事无成。
职称英语考试六大题型解题顺序1. 第2部分阅读判断(共7分) 时间0分钟分数 3 分2. 第4部分阅读理解(共45分) 时间65 分钟分数？3. 第6部分完型填空(共15分) 时间10 分钟分数15分4. 第1部分词汇选项(共15分) 时间15分钟分数10 分5. 第3部分概括大意(共8分)时间10分钟分数？6. 第5部分补全短文(共10分)时间10分钟分数？第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) 3-4分军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，将在外君令有所不受。
Kicking the HabitWhat is a bad habit? the most definition is that it is something that we do regularly, almost without thinking about it, and which has some sort of negative consequence. this consequence could affect those around us, or it could affect uspersonally. those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. bad habit are part of what makes us human.Many early habits, like sucking out thumb, are broken when we are very young. we are either told to stop doing it by our parents, or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit, and we gradually grow out of it. it is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem. unless we can break that habit early on, it becomes a part of out life, and b ecomes “programmed” into our brain.A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change out habits, it is the old ways that tend to win, especially in situations where we are rushed, stressed or overworked. habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back. during the study program, the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them. they then showed the volunteers the same picture again, and gave them new words to associate with them,A few days later, the volunteers were given a test. the researchers showed them the pictures, and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one. it came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and second. two weeks later, they were given the same test again. this time, most of them only gave the first set of words. they appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.The study confirms that the responses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time. we may try to change out ways, but after a while, the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned. the more that response is used, the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.The study therefore suggests that over time, our bad habits also become automatic, learned behavior. this is not good news for people who pick up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them. even when we try to put new, good intentions into practice, those previous learned habits remain stronger in more automatic, unconscious forms of memory.16. Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.A. RightB. wrongC. not mentioned17.We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do.A. rightB. wrongC. not mentioned18.Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.A. RightB. wrongC. not mentioned19.Researchers were surprised by the answer that the volunteers gave in the first test.A. RightB. wrongC. not mentioned20.The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time.A. RightB. wrongC. not mentioned21. The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond what we learn first.A. rightB. wrongC. not mentioned22. If we develop bad habits early in life , they are harder to get rid of.A. rightB. wrongC. not mentioned●阅读解题四大原则：此项特别重要4. 注意：(1) 绝对原则：有all, every, only等绝对词一般为不正确！(但不是绝对的！！)(2)相对原则：有may, might, can, could, likely, sometimes，some , probably……一般为正确！第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分) 2分In Your Face16 Paul Ekman studies people’s faces in different cultures.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17 Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18 Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New Guinea.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19 Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20 Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21 Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22 People of different cultures smile when they understand each other.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分) 4分Promising Results from Cancer Study16 The vaccine cured all the participants in the trial.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17 Over forty people participated in the study.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18 Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19 All the patients were from Dallas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20 Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21 The vaccine activates the immune system.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22 The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第4部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)阅读理解解题程序当你拿到一篇文章时，应按下列顺序解题：先扫一眼文章中的中文注释。
2014年职称英语_国家指定教材_完形填空_所有文章中英文对照版 (3)完形填空文章_综合类_C级 (3)第一篇 A Life with Birds【有鸟陪伴的生活】 (3)第二篇 A Lucky Break【幸福的骨折】 (5)第三篇Global Warming 【全球变暖】 (6)第四篇 A Success Story【一个成功的故事】 (8)第五篇Traffic in Our Cities 【城市的交通】 (10)完形填空文章_综合类_B级 (12)第六篇Teaching and Learning【教与学】 (12)第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer 【人与电脑的区别】 (14)第八篇Look on The Bright Side 【看光明的一面】 (16)第九篇The First Bicycle【第一辆自行车】 (18)第十篇Working Mothers 【职业母亲】 (19)完形填空文章_综合类_A级 (21)第十一篇School Lunch【学校午餐】 (21)第十二篇 A Powerful Influence【强大的影响】 (23)第十三篇The Old Gate【古老之门】 (25)第十四篇Family History【家族史】 (27)第十五篇Helen and Martin【海伦和马丁】 (29)完形填空文章课后练习参考答案__综合类 (32)2014年职称英语_国家指定教材_完形填空_所有文章中英文对照版阅读下面的短文。
短文中有十五个空白，在文章的后面，每一个空白都列了四个备选答案。
请根据文章的内容选择合适的词或短语填在空白处。
完形填空文章_综合类_C级第一篇 A Life with Birds【有鸟陪伴的生活】For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's Yeoman Warders, ____1____ known to tourists as Beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the ___2_____ of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. “____3____ our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames. ”says David.The Tower of London is famous ___4____its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was ____5___ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no ____6____ i n accepting it. “The birds have now become my life and I'm always ____7___ of the fact that I am ___8____ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to ____9____ sure this doesn't happen!”David ____10____about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the ____11____ that he lives right next to them is ideal. “I can ____12____ a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working.” ____13____, David's wife Mo was not ____14____ on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. “When we look out of our windows we see history ___15_____ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memor ies. ”文章翻译：有鸟陪伴的生活作为伦敦塔的守卫者之一David Cope在那里工作了近17年，被游客们称为Beefeaters。
第八篇 What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about thestrange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that thisnighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an importantpart of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us abouta person‟s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought thatdreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century thatpeople started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person tostudy dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are anexpression of a person‟s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people toexpress the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express inreal life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2wasonce a student of Freud‟s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose ofa dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people couldlearn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, peoplewho dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion ofthemselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learnthat they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to developtheories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‟s daily life,thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connectionbetween dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as muchas adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time todevelop.He has also found a link between dreams andgender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. Forexample, the people in men‟s dreams are often other men, and the dreams ofteninvolve fighting. This is not true of women‟s dreams.3 Domhoff found thisgender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves?Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible isgoing to occur, you shouldn‟t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it doesnot mean that someter rible event will actually take place. It‟s important toremember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist/ saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst / n．心理学家psychiatrist/sai' kaiətrɪst/ n．精神病学家(医生)Austrian/ ˈɔstrɪən / adj．奥地利的gender/ ˈdʒendə / n．性别注释：1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
2014年职称英语综合A真题答案(代码13)第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.A. pointB. tendencyC. result d. finding2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.a. amazingb. depressingc. predictabled. dull3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.a. furnishb. copyc. publishd. summarize4. The group does not advocate the use of violence.a. limitb. regulatec. opposed. support5. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicate.a. reproducedb. inventedc. designedd. reported6. The department deferred the decision for six months.a. put offb. arrived atc. abided byd. protested against7. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.a. easedb. appearedc. improvedd. relieved8. The uniform makes the guards look absurd.a. seriousb. ridiculousc. beautifuld. impressive9. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.a. silentb. motionlessc. seatedd. true10. The country was torn apart by strife.a. povertyb. warc. conflictd. economy11. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.a. actb. homeworkc. justiced. model12. A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.a. equalb. certainc. larged. opposite13. His professional career spanned 16 days.a. startedb. changedc. movedd. lasted14. His stomach felt hollow with fear.a. sincereb. respectfulc. terribled. empty15. This was disaster on a cosmic scale.a. modestb. hugec. commerciald. national第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
职称英语课程专业技术职称英语等级考试----应试技巧知己知彼，百战不殆。
主讲：孙伟1979年开始从事英语教学及翻译工作。
而后进入美国波音公司任翻译，获该公司四种专业翻译执照。
1988年赴英，在伦敦大学进修教育学，主修中西方比较文学。
1994年回国从事教育工作。
1996年赴加拿大，在加拿大国际航空公司及温哥华学院进修，先后于多所大学任教。
第一课建立英文思维及应试简介不是因为有些事情难以做到，我们才失去自信，而是我们失去了自信，这些事情才难以做到！一. 了解英国人，了解英国人的思维方式，了解他们的语言。
了解英国人，了解英国人的思维方式，了解他们的语言Even if he is alone, An Englishman, forms（形成）an orderly queue of one.即使剩下一个人，英国人也整整齐齐地排成一队。
其实英语只有三种基本句型▲英文句子的三种基本模式1 主+系动词+表（表示状态）1 这个人是一个老师。
The man is a teacher.主语系表语主语系表语（名词）How are you?How old are you?2 这个人（是）很忙。
The man is busy.主语系表语主语系表语（形容词）3 这个人（是）在教室里。
The man is in the classroom.主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语）介词in on from around▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。
通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。
看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。
●The man is in the classroom on the second floor in the building in the schoolin BEIJING .那个人在北京市一所学校的大楼的二层的教室里。
2谓+主+状该句型通常用于表达某地存在某物（人）（表示存在）There 某人某物某地1 There is a book on the desk .桌子上有一本书。
2014年职称英语综合类新增ABC级文章及答案详解第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream?（B级）For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‟s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‟s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2was once a student of Freud‟s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‟s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men‟s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women‟s dreams.3Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn‟t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It‟s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist / saɪ' kɔlədʒɪst / n．心理学家psychiatrist /sai' kaiətrɪst/ n．精神病学家(医生)Austrian / ' ɔstrɪən / adj．奥地利的gender / ' dʒendə / n．性别注释：1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
![2014年全国职称英语等级考试(卫生类C级)真题及详解[视频讲解]【圣才出品】](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/e4917c7ec1c708a1294a44a5.png)
2014年全国职称英语等级考试（卫生类C级）真题及详解[视频讲解]第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. Lack of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.A. receivesB. deservesC. preventsD. accepts【答案】C【解析】句意：因篇幅所限，本文不便对此话题做进一步阐述。
forbid禁止，阻止。
prevent阻止。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
receive接收。
deserve应得。
accept接受。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
2. His knowledge of French is fair.A. very usefulB. very limitedC. quite goodD. rather special【答案】C【解析】句意：他的法语知识很不错。
fair相当好。
quite good 相当好。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
very useful 很有用。
very limited 很有限。
rather special 相当特别。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. The new service helped boost pro-tax profits by 10%,A. returnB. increaseC. realizeD. double【答案】B【解析】句意：这项新的服务帮助提高了l0％的税前利润。
boost提高。
increase增加。
二者意思相近，可相互替换。
return归还。
realize意识。
double加倍。
因此，本题的正解答案为B。
4. He made a number of rude remarks about the food.A. commentsB. signsC. mannersD. noises【答案】A【解析】句意：他对这里的食物作了许多无礼的评论。
第一篇 (2102.2013.2014)Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write.词汇：backdrop /'b k,dr?p/ n. 背景interchangeable /int? 't?end??bl/ adj. 可转换的注释：1. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 就像本杰明富兰克林和海伦凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。
职称英语卫生类等级考试B级专项突破阅读判断专项突破一P34想要活到一百岁吗？听听这五个百岁老人的话住在Missouri中心退休社区的五个全是百岁老人的邻居总是被问到：“您们是怎么活到一百岁的？”如果你想活到一百岁，这五个黄金女孩组成的珍贵群体说长寿的关键是努力干你喜欢的工作，并且工作时好好照顾自己的身体。
尽管国内预计大约有七万人现在达到一百岁或者超过一百岁，但是发现五个一百岁的老人住在同一个地方还是很罕见的。
“我认为这是个悲伤的事。
年老是一种态度，我并不感觉到老。
”以前从事教育工作，并且现在仍然开着他的别克车的Leaver这样说道。
不需要太长时间你就会发现Leaver和他的邻居们除了长寿和长寿的健康习惯之外还有许多其他的共同点。
除了stuart是101岁，其他都是一百岁。
尽管他们的视力和听力不如从前，他们都避开了许多老年人常被困扰的疾病。
从leaver 战胜第一次和唯一的一次癌症到现在已经50年了。
联系这五个女性的共同线索是几十年从事她们喜爱的工作，作为农民，设计师，学校督导，图书管理员和秘书。
在他们生命的早期，像她们一样的全职女性就想今天的百岁老人一样罕见。
阅读判断专项突破二P35艾滋世界卫生组织说世界范围内有一千万人携带艾滋病病毒。
专家认为大约有35万人患有艾滋病。
并且，在接下来五年中，会有超过一百万人患上艾滋病。
在美国，大约有五万人死于艾滋病。
美国最高医疗机关说五年前携带艾滋病病毒的美国人中90%以上已经死亡。
艾滋病不能治疗也没有预防艾滋病的疫苗或药物。
然而，专家们对艾滋病的了解已经比几年前多了许多。
现在我们知道。
艾滋病是由病毒引起的。
病毒侵袭健康细胞，包括作为抵抗疾病的防御系统的一部分的白细胞。
它控制健康细胞的遗传物质，强制细胞进行病毒复制。
然后细胞就会死亡。
然后病毒引起的物质继续侵袭，杀死健康细胞。
艾滋病病毒携带在病人的体液中。
艾滋病病毒可以通过性传播或者公用注射静脉药物的工具传播。
也可以通过血液制品或者从艾滋病孕妇传给正在生长的胎儿。
第三十一篇Hurricane Katrina（卡特里娜飓风）飓风是一种猛烈、强力、螺旋形式的热带风暴。
直径可达124到1240英里。
飓风（hurricane）一词是由Hurican一词衍生而来，指印第安人风暴之神的名字。
飓风的特征是其中心的无风区域，那里的气压低，直径在12到60英里之间，被称做风眼。
它们在热带区域出现。
在飓风肆虐的整个过程中，有一种飓风可释放相当于1万颗核弹的能量。
飓风形成的原因是由于雷暴聚集在温暖的热带水面之上。
只有当海平面的温度超过27摄氏度并且周围的空气稳定时，飓风才能形成，壮大。
在六月到十一月之间的北半球这些条件可被达到。
在这种情况下，大量的水蒸气凝结成云和雨，并在此过程中释放热量。
正是这些热能，加上地球的自转驱动着飓风。
当海平面的柱状暖气流首次开始上升时，它会引起一片低气压区。
而这连带地形成了风，因为空气被吸引流动进这一低气压区域。
这一旋转运动的风带起了海面上更多的充满水汽的空气。
这一过程增大了暴风的威力。
冷空气通过暴风中心降回海面，落到暴风外围。
一开始，当风速达到每小时23英里时，这些温和、潮湿灰色的气候系统被称做低气压区。
2005年的8月23日，卡特里娜飓风以这种方式在巴哈马群岛东南形成。
卡特里娜飓风对美国的墨西哥湾沿岸造成了毁灭性打击。
其后留下了面积为9万平方英里的受灾区域——几乎和英国的面积一样大。
数以千计的人因此伤亡。
五十多万人被迫离开家园，如此大规模的人道主义危机是美国自大萧条以来还未经历过的。
此次飓风造成的破坏可能超过l千亿美元。
1 飓风眼是指？C 中心的无风区域的气压低，直径在12到60英里之间2 下面第二段，飓风形成的要求不包括？A 热带水域的水温较暖，水面平静3 第三段，单词drive的最好解释是？C 提供动力，并促使形成4 第四段当暖空气从海平面上升时，B 它形成了低气压5 关于卡特里娜飓风，不正确的一项是？D 造成的人道主义危机如经济大萧条一样严重第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine（读心机）一个加州的研究团队开发了一种可以通过扫描人体大脑所发生的变化从而预测出这个人正在看一些什么样的物体的方法。
欢迎来到孙老师课堂一般网络课件上的英语“神表”比较简单，真正意义的英语“神表”一般人是很难得到的，她特别详细，“神表”是无价之宝，非金钱等俗物可买！内含我三十年之心血，收费课堂内免费赠送的也只是简单的神表，而且是三张--1 阅读-2 补全短文-3概括大意。
必须经我讲解并反复操练，否则废纸一张！！！类似武林秘笈的详细神表很少人能得到,如下：老师对阅读理解的两个基本要求1 正确率应在90%。
2 五篇文章应控制在35分钟之内。
（否则将没有时间完成其它部分的考试）知己我们的困难：1.词汇不够①扩大；②上下文推论；③躲避；2.看不懂文章①提高水平；②抓中心推理；③上下文推论；④避开枝节3.阅读速度慢①提高速度②只读中心③避开枝节4.判断模棱两可①围着中心转②注意段落结构—段落中心(段落第一句)及段落结论（段落最后一句）；③注意连词. ④注意主从句—●宾语从句看从句●状语从句看主句●定语从句看主句—先行词与从句看懂一个就行.5.出题人故弄玄虚-------没辙. 因此，孙老师建议：尽可能地不要做模拟考卷，因为模拟考试的质量及出题老师的水平参差不齐（很多都是为了赚钱，粗织滥造）这种题往往会对学生产生误导，挫伤学生的信心，浪费学生的时间。
应该做历年的高考原卷。
阅读文章视觉上的分类1.信息类--①内容：广告、计划书、通知、产品说明、查阅地图等②识别特点：文章不成段落，长短不一，有价钱电话号码，附有表格或地图③解题要领------只查不读注：此类试题比较简单，我将在本课最后讲解。
2.文章类--视觉上成段落。
包括小论文，说明文，科技文章，人物介绍及讲故事等等。
注：此类在试题中所占比例较大，比较复杂，需要应试技巧较多，是本课讲解重点。
英文文章结构三项基本原则：牢牢地抓住英文写作的“三步曲”l 中心l 举例说明●作者观点或文章结论注：以下总结多为条文，在记忆及理解上都有困难，但在实际考试中至关重要，同学们可在后面结合做题逐条理解并牢记心中。
各中考试高分在握，切记！切记！！！如何抓住文章和句子的重心1. 围着中心转-----中心( 第一句) 结论（最后一句）。
2. 注意段落结构---段落中心(段落第一句)及段落结论（段落最后一句）。
3. 第二段—第一句有but “…….”----- today this day so yet therefore however .中心应在第二段第一句，第一段可不读。
4. 注意连词-------- but“…….”---- today this day now so yet therefore however….这些连词后为重心。
5. 注意主从句--- ●宾语从句看从句●状语从句看主句●定语从句—看主句(先行词从句看懂一个就行)6. 并列疑问句或在一段中并列地名、人名、国名、一般最后一个为重心。
并列多个形容词修饰名词时，最后一个为重心。
（或最接近名词的）7. 在答案中A、B、C、D有三个至四个重复单词，此单词为重心（即关键词）阅读理解解题程序当你拿到一篇文章时，应按下列顺序解题：2．先将文章分类——信息类，一般文章。
注意：讲故事的文章中人物较多时，阅读时不可过快！造成反复阅读，欲速则不达-----切记搞清人物关系非常重要，通常这样的文章要多花一些时间。
2．先扫一眼文章中的中文（如高考卷中常标出几个中文）。
3．抓住文章中心思想。
4．不读文章直接读问题，并将问题分类，按不同类型解题用不同的方法解题。
一. 牢牢抓住中心—围着中心转如何抓住文章中心(1) 文章的中心思想—第一句，如第二句是but “…….”---- today this day now so yet therefore however…..应在第二句。
(2) 第二段—第一句but “…….”----- today this day so yet therefore …,中心应在第二段第一句，第一段可不读。
(3) 如第一段以人物故事开头, 第一段一般是引子,中心应在第二段。
(4) 如第一段第一句以介绍人物开头, 第一句应是引子.中心应第二句。
补全短文___猜测补全短文题答案技巧：1．细节句可能是答案（尤其是涉及到数字的选项可能是答案）；2．涉及到篇章逻辑连词/逻辑副词可能是答案；3．最长选项可能是答案；4．细节句可能接连出现；概括大意题答题技巧1.概括大意题出题特点:(1)段落中有明显的段落主题句（通常出现在段落的开头部分, 如段首句；有时还可能出现在段落的结尾处）(2)段落中含有明显的段落主题词(3)段落中没有明显段落主题词及段落主题句提示：当段落中没有明显主题词及主题句时还可采取：1.反向排除法； 2.细节信息确定主题法；2.概括大意答题技巧:(1)利用段落中的段落主题句直接判断段落主题：是直接涉及文章主题的观点性话语，因此很可能是段落主题句补充：英语通常写作逻辑：观点句/概括句+ 分析解释(2)借助段落中主题词直接判断段落主题（段落小标题中应该直接/间接包含段落主题词）。
提示：段落主题词是在段落中反复出现（至少出现3次以上），而且几乎贯穿全段出现的词语；段落中的某个词语/短语结构在段落中与其近义词/家族词汇共出现在至少3次以上，则这个词语连同其近义词/家族词汇均为其所在段落主题词。
完成句子题出题特点被选项语法特征一致；针对文章中的长句，观点句，概括句，或重要的细节句设置考点；文章开头/文章结尾/段落开头/段落结尾处常设考点。
完成句子答题技巧：1．直接借助问题句搭配句意或搭配结构的特点直接判断答案；2．关注文章中容易设置为考点的语句或借助空格前后结构中的特征词/细节信息词共同作为答案线索，在文章中查找答案相关句，确认答案。
提示：段落主题词出现的句子可能是段落主题句或直接与段落主题相关。
提示：通常出现在段落开头部分或结尾部分的权威机构/权威人士的观点/发言/研究发现往往直接揭示段落主题。
阅读理解一、阅读理解出题特点1．阅读理解考题中通常三篇文章语言难度相当，其中C级难度阅读理解考题中大部分语句为简单句，文章中的词汇绝大部分为英语中常见的基本单词；2．阅读理解部分3篇文章中，通常有1篇文章来自当年职称英语考试用书上阅读理解部分练习题（但有时文章后面的问题表达方式，被选项的表达方式及内容，或被选项顺序都可能发生调整，有时甚至会出现文章后的部分问题重新设置的情况），另外2篇文章都是来自职称英语考试用书以外的文章；3.阅读理解考题考点呈现多样性，有的考题涉及文章主题（主旨题），涉及文章主题的问题在考题中出现频率不高（职称英语阅读理解部分的主旨题分为两种：1. 文章主旨题； 2. 段落主旨题（涉及文章中某个段落主题）；但大部分考题属于细节题（针对文章中某个句子，或某几个句子设置考点（尤其是文章中重要的观点句，重要的细节信息句，文章中的长句及复合句）），细节题中有些题专门针对书面英语中常见语法结构或句法结构设置考点，如：被动语态结构，非谓语动词结构，从句结构（尤其是名词性从句和定语从句），“it”句型，祈使句结构，倒装结构等；有些细节题考察考生的阅读理解能力：利用上下文判断单词/短语的含义，确认篇章词汇（主要是代词）在上下文中的指代内容，把握上下文之间的意义关系，根据上下文进行推断。
4．文章后面问题的设置顺序通常是按照文章的发展顺序设置，因此建议对文章后面的问题按照问题排列顺序依次进行解答；二、阅读理解题答题技巧通读问题句，根据其句意判断问题类型：是细节题还是主旨题？1、如果是主旨题，需要判断是文章主旨题还是段落主旨题。
如果是文章主旨题，则可借助文章标题内容（标题中的核心词），文章开头，文章结尾处的句子及文章中各个段落段首句的内容特点综合判断文章主题；如果是段落主旨题，则可借助段落段首句或段落结尾处的句子，及/或段落中出现的具体例子综合判断段落主题，判断答案；2、如果是细节题，则首先找出问题句中的特征词（专有名词，数词）和描述细节信息的词语与结构（如：时间／地点／条件／原因状语，表示人及事物名称的词语），也可参考问题句中的核心谓语动词及问题句中出现的修饰词，利用这些词语与结构作为答案线索，在文章中找到与之相呼应的语句（答案相关句），对比答案相关句与问题句的结构和句意，判断答案。
提示(一)：1．通常被选项也会提供重要的解题线索：如果被选项结构相似或句意相关，或涉及到同一词语或结构，则答案可能就出自这些在句子结构上，在意义上，或在用词上相关的被选项。
如果被选项中出现了特征结构，细节信息结构或含有修饰词的结构，则也可同时利用被选项中的这些结构作为答案线索，在文章中查找答案相关句。
2．虽然有时找到的答案相关句不能直接帮助答题，但是往往真正的答案相关句通常就在其周边的语句中。
3．如果与备选项相呼应的内容出现在文章中的并列结构中，则这些被选项都不是答案。
提示(二)：如果问题问“下列哪个选项正确/不正确”，答案常常出现在B， C和D这三个选项中；提示(三)：一篇阅读理解题的答案中通常同一个选项成为答案的次数最多不会超过两次提示(四)：并列结构通常以逗号加以连接，或出现在and的左右，或出现在一些典型的并列结构中，如：not only ...but also。
（不但...而且...）； both。
and。
（不但...而且）, from ...to...（从...到...）三、阅读理解题高频词：1、名词：research（研究）, researcher（研究者），study(研究), scientist(科学家)，professor （教授）,a team leader(团队领导者), finding (研究发现)，conclusion(结论) ， result(结果)，reason(原因)， cause (原因), idea(观点)， opinion (观点)， attitude(态度), factor (因素), problem(问题)， question (问题), passage (短文)， paragraph (段落), influence /impact/effect (影响) ， example (例子)，case(情况), remark/comment(评论)2、动词：report(报告), mention(提及)， infer(推断), replace(代替)，suggest(暗示，建议)，show(显示)，cause(造成)，lead to(造成), attribute …to…(把...归因于…)，have to…(不得不…)，learn (了解), have (something, noth ing ) to do with…(与...相关/无关), happen/occur/take place (发生)， mean (意谓)， refer to (指) , start/begin (开始), affect (影响)， explain (解释) , think (想，认为)，argue(争论), consider/take...as... (把...看作/认为是...), agree to （同意...）， object(反对), be able to do sth.（能够...）3、形容词：true(正确的)，false(错误的)，related to(与…相关)，concerned about (关注…,关心….), following(下列的)， based on (建立在…基础上的)， active(积极的，活跃的)， different(不同的)， same(相同的)， similar(相似的)， indifferent(漠不关心的), interested(感兴趣的)，serious(严肃的)， positive (肯定的，绝对的)， certain (确定的，必然的)， likely(可能的)，possible/probable (可能的), hard (困难的)， difficult (困难的)， easy (容易的), some(一些的), many(许多的), most(大多数的), few (很少的), little (很少的)，either(任一的), neither(两者都不的), all(所有的), whole(所有的，完整的) secret/reserve/mystery/privacy（秘密的）4、介词短语结构：according t o…(根据….) ，due to (因为…), because of …(因为…)，in the opinion of...(根据...的观点)5、副词：partly(部分地), mostly (主要地，大部分地) ， for example/for instance (例如), however(然而), therefore(因此), consequently(因此), moreover (而且), besides(此外) , in addition (另外)， as a result(结果), to sum up(总之), in conclusion (总之),hardly/rarely/seldom(几乎不, 很少) , too...to...(太...而不能...)， much(非常)6、逻辑连词：but(但是)， yet四、职称英语阅读理解题关键语法知识：英语句子的基本语序（一）除疑问句和祈使句外，英语句子的语序一般为“主语+动词（谓语）+（宾语）+（状语）”：e.g. I bought (谓语) a hat yesterday（时间状语）.（主语+谓语+宾语+时间状语）e.g. The children ran （谓语）home .（主语+谓语+地点状语）提示1:1．英语句子的谓语表现形式是“谓语动词以各种时态的形式出现”；2．位于谓语之前的名词性结构或代词就是句子主语；3．英语句子的基本结构（主语 + 谓语）反应了英语句子的大意，因此阅读英语句子时首先应该抓住英语句子的基本结构；4．复习中应该主要掌握的时态为：一般现在时（happen/happens；结构意义：总是，习惯，经常）,一般过去时（happened，；结构意义：曾经）, 一般将来时（will/shall/be going to/be to/ be about to + happen；结构意义：将...），过去将来时（would/was/were going to + happen；结构意义：将...），现在完成时态（have/has + happened；结构意义：已经...了）,过去完成时态（had + happened；结构意义：已经...了）；(二)英语句子的语态：英语句子的主语与谓语之间可能是一种主动关系: 以主动语态的形式出现，体现动作的执行者与动作之间的关系(I like books. )；也可能是一种被动关系: 以被动语态的形式出现，体现动作的承受者与动作之间的关系（I was praised by my father. ）；1、被动语态：被动语态结构的构成形式为“任意形式的be动词+ 行为动词的过去分词”（am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had been/ to be / having been + remember ed）。
