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Ⅰ.认阅读单词1．heritage n．遗产(指国家或社会长期形成的历史、传统和特色) 2．temple n．庙；寺3．relic n．遗物；遗迹4．clue n．线索；提示5．dam n．水坝；拦河坝6．protest n．抗议v i.&v t.(公开)反对；抗议7．committee n．委员会8．fund n．基金；专款9．document n．文件；公文；(计算机)文档v t.记录；记载(详情) 10．republic n．共和国11．archaeologist n．考古学家12．pyramid n．(古埃及的)金字塔；棱锥体13．sheet n．一张(纸)；床单；被单14．parade n．游行；检阅v i.游行庆祝；游行示威15．digital adj.数码的；数字显示的16．cave n．山洞；洞穴17．quote v t.引用18．paraphrase n．，v i.&v t.(用更容易理解的文字)解释Ⅱ.记重点单词1．mount n．山峰v t.爬上；骑上v i.爬；登上2．former adj.以前的；(两者中)前者的3．preserve v t.保存；保护；维持n．保护区4．likely adj.可能的ad v.可能地5．department n．部；司；科6．within prep.&ad v.在(某段时间、距离或范围)之内7．issue n．重要议题；争论的问题v t.宣布；公布8．conduct n．行为；举止；管理方法v t.组织；安排；带领9．attempt n．&v t.企图；试图；尝试10．worthwhile adj.值得做的；值得花时间的11．download v t.下载n．下载；已下载的数据资料12．entrance n．入口；进入13．process n．过程；进程；步骤v t.处理；加工14．overseas adj.海外的ad v.在海外15．exit n．出口；通道v i.&v t.出去；离去16．mirror n．镜子17．roof n．顶部；屋顶18．dragon n．龙19．image n．形象；印象20．throughout prep.各处；遍及；自始至终21．quality n．质量；品质；素质；特征adj.优质的；高质量的22．further ad v.(far的比较级)更远；进一步23．opinion n．意见；想法；看法24．contrast n．对比；对照v t.对比；对照25．forever ad v.永远；长久地Ⅲ.知拓展单词1．creatively ad v.创造性地；有创造力地→creative adj.创造性的；有创造力的；有创意的→create v t.创造→creativity n．创造性；创造力→creation n．作品；创造2．promote v t.促进；提升；推销；晋级→promotion n．提升；推销；晋级3．application n．申请(表)；用途；运用；应用(程序)→apply v t.&v i.申请；应用；涂；敷→applicant n．申请人→app n．应用程序；应用软件(application的缩略形式)4．balance n．平衡；均匀v t.使平衡→balanced adj.平衡的；均衡的5．proposal n．提议；建议→propose v t.提议；建议6．establish v t.建立；创立→establishment n．建立；创立7．limit n．限度；限制v t.限制；限定→limited adj.有限的；受限制的→limitless/unlimited adj.无限的；无尽的→limitation n．限制；局限；极限8．prevent v t.阻止；阻碍；阻挠→prevention n．防止；预防→preventive adj.预防性的；防备的9．loss n．丧失；损失→lose v t.丢失→lost adj.迷路的；失去的10．contribution n．捐款；贡献；捐赠→contribute v i.&v t.捐献；捐助11．investigate v i.&v t.调查；研究→investigation n．调查；研究12．donate v t.(尤指向慈善机构)捐赠；赠送；献(血)→donation n．捐赠物；捐赠；赠送→donor n．捐赠者；捐赠人13．disappear v i.消失；灭绝；消亡→disappearance n．消失；灭绝→(反义词)appear v i.出现→appearance n．出现；外表14．professional adj.专业的；职业的n．专业人员；职业选手→profession n．专业；职业→professor n．教授15．forgive v t.&v i.(forgave，forgiven)原谅；宽恕v t.对不起；请原谅→forgiveness n．原谅；宽恕16．tradition n．传统；传统的信仰或风俗→traditional adj.传统的17．historic adj.历史上著名(或重要)的；有史时期的→history n．历史→historian n．历史学家→historical adj.(有关)历史的；历史上的18．comparison n．比较；相比→compare v t.&v i.与……相比较19．identify v t.确认；认出；找到→identity n．身份；个性→identification n．识别；身份证明(文件)1．attendance n．出席人数；出席；参加2．awful adj.可怕的3．bacterium(复bacteria)n．细菌4．baggage n．行李5．banquet n．宴会，盛宴6．bare adj.空的；赤裸的7．bargain n．(经讨价还价之后)成交的商品；廉价货v i.讨价还价8．barrier n．障碍；隔阂Ⅳ.背核心短语1．take part in参与(某事)；参加(某活动)2．give way to让步；屈服3．keep balance保持平衡4．lead to导致5．make a proposal提出建议6．turn to向……求助7．prevent...from...阻止；不准8．donate...to...向……捐赠……9．make sure确保；设法保证10．all over the world在世界各地Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．There comes a time when the old must give way to the new，and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future.(There comes a time when...)新旧更替的时代已经到来，在走向未来的过程中，我们不可能将过去的一切都保存下来。
建筑遗产保护整体性原则的重新解读第33卷第2期2010年2月合肥工业大学(自然科学版) JOURNALOFHEFEIUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYV ol-33No.2Feb.2010建筑遗产保护整体性原则的重新解读吴尧,FranciscoVizeuPinheiro(1.江南大学设计学院,江苏无锡214122;2.澳门民政总署,中国澳门999078)摘要:整体性原则是建筑文化遗产保护中的一项基本原则,对整体性原则概念与内容的分析是制定保护方法和政策的重要依据,此外,对此原则概念发展过程的分析为中国建筑遗产保护工作提供了经验借鉴,并可以促进中国与世界在文化遗产保护工作方面的协同一致..关键词:整体性;遗产保护;引申中图分类号:TU80文献标识码:A文章编号:1003—5060(2010)02—0279—04 AnotherlookattheintegratedconservationinarchitectureheritagesWUY ao.FranciscoVizeuPinheiro(1.SchoolofDesign,Jiangn~University,Wuxi214122,China;2.GvicandMunidpalAffairs BureauofMacau,Macau999078,CNm)Abstract:Integratedconservationisanessentialprincipleinarchitectureheritageconservati on,which providesanimportantbasisforworkingoutsomeprotectionmethodsandsomepolicies.This paper analyzestheconceptoftheintegratedconservationintheprocessofdevelopment,SOastooff ersomegoodexperiencefortheprotectionofChinesearchitecturalheritages.FinallyitishopedthatC hina couldcoordinatewiththeworldtoprotecttheirculturalheritages.Keywords:integration;heritageconservation;explication0引言整体性原则是建筑遗产保护的基本原则之一,简而言之,整体性原则是指在建筑遗产保护中不仅要保护建筑文化遗产本身,还要保护其整体的环境,其中包含着有形与无形的大范围,多维复杂的相互关系,这样才能体现出历史原有风貌.例如街区应包括居民的生活活动及与此相关的所有环境对象.这条原则也是国际社会公认的确定建筑遗产价值和保护目标的重要标准之一}1].1整体性原则的提出与发展1931年,国际博物馆办事处组织在罗马举行了一次国际会议,讨论保护建筑纪念物的问题,会议通过了《雅典宪章》[1],这个宪章的出现标志着在文化遗产保护方面新阶段的开始,即放弃风格修复,保护历史纪念物和艺术品所包含的真实信息.1964年5月31日,在联合国教科文组织的倡导下成立了"国际文化财产保护与修复中心",这个组织是"国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOM0S)[2lj,'的前身,并且在威尼斯召开会议通过了《国际古迹保护与修复宪章》,即着名的《威尼斯宪章》.宪章里第一次提出完整性(整体性)原则,即古迹遗址必须成为专门的照管对象,以保护其完整性,将纪念物和遗址的原真性的形式,材料和制作技术作为一个整体加以保护.此处的完整性只是希望通过周边环境的缓冲来确保纪念物的价值.《威尼斯宪章》成为国际文化遗产保护实践的理论基石,成为该组织共同遵守的主要思想原则,并对许多国家的文化遗产保护都产生了重要的影响[2].2O世纪7O年代之后,整体性原则从建筑环境保护的范围进入城市整体风貌保存及非物质文化遗产保存阶段.1975年,欧洲议会发起"欧洲建筑遗产年"并召开建筑遗产大会,并通过了《建收稿日期:2008—09-08基金项目:国家教育部人文社科科学基金资助项目(06JC760002)作者简介:吴尧(1973一),男,安徽淮南人,博士,江南大学副教授,硕士生导师280合肥x-,_lk大学(自然科学版)第33卷筑遗产欧洲宪章》和《阿姆斯特丹宣言》.宣言从保护技术,规划制定,社会公正等方面提出了保护方法与策略,即城市整体风貌保护(integratedconservation)L3J.在这2个宣言提出之时,"国际风格"的城市建设在世界各地风行,由于缺乏系统而整体性保护方法与策略,这种大规模的拆除行为和不适当重建工程对各地的历史建筑及地区带来严重的损害.对于这种状况,1976年,UNEsC0通过了《关于历史地区的保护及其当代作用的建议》(即《内罗毕建议》),提出从技术与管理的角度出发,从局部与总体的2个层面保护历史地区.由此,以历史城区或历史建筑群整体方式申报世界文化遗产日益增多.2005年我国澳门特区也将其历史建筑群作为一个整体申报世界文化遗产,并获通过.2005年,ICOM0S第15届大会在我国古都西安召开,会议通过的《西安宣言》中指出:文化遗产的价值不仅仅在于其社会,历史,艺术,审美,自然,科学和其他文化价值,也来自视觉的,精神的以及其他文化背景和环境之间的重要联系,所有这些要素均是需要保护的对象.宣言还指出:文化遗产及其环境包含着大范围,多维复杂的相互关系,包含着相关的方方面面,人为与自然,传统与现代的,有形与无形要素等各方面的因素.这是人类对文化遗产所关联地域的新认识,扩展了文化遗产的整体性内涵.此外,宣言还要求在遗产保护中应强调变化的管理与检测,希望通过规划与制定相关原则规定有效控制与保护文化遗产及其环境.体现出当前国际组织对建筑遗产保护中全方位及整体性保护原则的一种官方理解和认知.2整体性原则内涵拓展《威尼斯宪章》奠定了建筑遗产保护的科学基础,确定了完整性(整体性)和原真性两大保护原则.实际上,整体性原则在相当长的时间内未能引起足够的重视,首要原因就是其在建筑遗产保护中的概念不清,在很长时间内只是作为评估自然遗产的标准,在建筑文化遗产领域并未得到足够重视.关于完整性(整体性)的内涵,首先在《威尼斯宪章》中指出:古迹遗址必须成为专门照管对象, 以保护其完整性,并确保用恰当的方式进行清理和开放.此处的"完整性"只是希望通过周边环境的缓冲来确保纪念物的价值.1976年,《内罗毕建议》第34条中规定:在农村地区,所有引起干扰的工程和经济,社会结构的所有变化应严加控制,以使具有历史意义的农村社区保持其在自然环境中的完整性.此处的"完整性"不仅考虑到物质环境的安全,还考虑到经济,社会方面的影响[4].1987年UNISCO通过的《世界遗产公约操作指南》规定:一项自然遗产被提名列入《世界遗产名录》时,委员会将认定是否符合自然遗产的4条标准之一.这些要素包括:时间上的连续性;地域上的关联性;生态系统的完整和类型的多样性;具有持续且完备的立法,监管和保护措施等.还规定:任何一项世界自然遗产的评定都必须至少符合4条认定标准中的一条所对应的完整性条件.从《威尼斯宪章》到《西安宣言》,整体性的内涵有了很大扩展.最初,建筑遗产的整体性只是为了确保纪念物的安全而保护其周边环境.之后,又考虑到经济,社会等方面因素对遗产的影响.当前,整体性概念又包括历史与现在,人工与自然等多方面因素;维护古城风貌的整体性也成为保护古城文化遗产重要方法和目的[5].由于概念内涵日益拓展和不断丰富,如何依照规定要求,实现整体性保护内容,就显得非常重要,因此,立足实际操作层面的方法与技术研究逐渐加强,以具体而实际的方法原则,再现对建筑遗产的整体性保护原则.由此,大量关于明确保护细节和指导保护过程的立法和宣言被制定与通过,在2O世纪9O年代,国际组织和世界各国就通过大量此类规章,其数量超过以往任何一个时代,其中包括:《关于古建筑,建筑群,古迹保护教育与培训的指南》,《奈良文件》,《保护木结构历史建筑群的原则》和《古迹保护项目》[6]等.这些文件使得致力于建筑遗产保护工作的组织和个人,专业和非专业人士都能够得到具体指导与启示.此外,在包含内容方面,整体性原则的概念也有新的拓展.从实质上看,整体性原则是要保留建筑遗产具有价值的历史信息和文明痕迹,并指引出未来可能的发展方向,这不仅涉及有形的物质实体,还涉及到"无形遗产".从某种角度讲,正是对遗产保护中整体保护原则概念不断拓展,才推动了对"无形遗产"保护的认知和发展,在这种思想的推动下,国际组织还通过《保护无形文化遗产公约》.关于"无形遗产"的概念,早在1950年,日本在《文化财产保护法》中,就已经综合考虑了"有形文化财产"和"无形文化财产"的问题."无形遗第2期吴尧,等:建筑遗产保护整体性原则的重新解读281 产"是指涉及各种人类实践,表演,表现形式,知识和技能,以及有关的工具,实物,工艺品和文化场所.保护无形遗产的实质是能够从更深刻的角度了解有形遗产背后的人和这些人的日常生活,以及它所传递的价值观,道德观及思考方式,这些都是构成一个社会生活的基础.这是对整体性保护原则的又一次概念充实.至此,建筑遗产保护组织形成了较为完整的内容保护体系,涉及建筑遗产本身,周围环境,区域环境,城市环境及有形与无形等.总体上看,建筑遗产保护整体性原则发展历程由开始的确立纪念物的保护内容,方法与形成历史环境保护观念,逐步演变成为城市整体环境及风貌的保护方法,并且又强调涉及建筑遗产文化背景的保存问题,体现出在建筑遗产整体性保护认识方面的不断拓展.3保护策略研究建筑文化遗产保护的过程和目标需要系统而理性梳理,而参考文化遗产保护原则制定的遗产保护框架,则是一种非常直接和有效的形成方法.3.1建筑遗产保护内容对应上述分析整体性原则保护的概念,建筑遗产的内容不仅涉及"有形"的物质实体,还涉及"无形遗产".建筑遗产保护有形范围可以具体划分为以下几项内容:①文物古迹,历史建筑及其周边空间环境的保护和历史地段的保护,包括如何处理新旧建筑的关系等问题;②历史地段包括文物古迹地段和历史街区,是指保存有一定数量和规模的历史建筑物且风貌相对完整的生活地区,历史街区内的整体环境和秩序反映了某一历史时期的风貌特色,这个空间序列和组织形式也是重要保护的对象;③古城风貌特色的保持与延续,通常包括古城空间格局,自然环境及建筑风格等内容;④古城空间格局,包括古城的平面形状, 方位轴线以及与之相关联的道路骨架,河网水系等;⑤非物质文化的继承和发扬,如传统艺术,民间工艺,民俗精华,名人轶事及传统产业等.3.2保护评价指标体系整体性保护内容给出了明确而具体的保护目标,在历史城市发展更新过程中,选择保护与更新内容,以及如何在保留原有历史建筑传统的基础上,进行现代城市发展更新的过程,也是一个非常重要的内容,这就必然涉及一个历史建筑价值评价的问题.1972年,联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)在《保护世界文化和自然公约》中,提出文化遗产的评价选定标准,即:符合艺术美学代表性,历史悠久性,重大人物事件发生地,传统建筑或住区的典型实证等.每个历史建筑单体均包含不同的文化价值,如何评价分析这些不同因素,而最终获得较为理性与客观的评价,是保护的基础,关于此方面的研究就显得尤为重要.关于评价体系标准的概念,实际上也是整体性的另一个方向的引申,这个体系基本上包含了整体性原则中的各种内容,并将每个包涵要素进行适当的排序和分割.一个历史文化村镇保护评价体系,见表1所列.表1历史文化村镇保护评价体系3.3多种保护方法的协同使用建筑遗产保护同自然科学与社会科学等诸多学科有着紧密的联系,应该相互补充与完善.因此,建筑遗产保护作为综合,全面,系统的学科,应与其他学科的理论和实践建立更为密切的合作关系,对于相关学科领域的发展与建设都会具有显着的促进作用.在多种方法协同保护过程中,首先应该突出城市规划的宏观控制作用,将文化遗产保护的思想贯彻到城市规划的各个层面,避免文化遗产保护与其他工程建设的割裂,并将建筑遗产保护融入城市设计之中.建议在建筑遗产保护及历史文化名城保护中推行"有机更新",而不应进行高强度和破坏力很强的"旧城改造".旧城要实施整体保护,旧城内282合肥工业大学(自然科学版)第33卷的传统建筑重在加强日常修缮和采取"有机更新" 方式加以改善,以自助力量进行小规模整治与改造,既有利于保护传统特色和原有社区结构,也有利于住宅产权制度的改革.3.4完善建筑遗产保护法制政府采取积极,有效的政策,加强立法管理,制定监管体系是建筑文化遗产保护的前提和基础条件.在城市更新发展的进程中,建筑遗产保护的软环境格外重要,这个软环境主要包括有关建筑文化遗产保护的法律制度,决策者和执行者的保护理念,社区及公民的保护意识.在《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》中规定:对历史建筑的保护应具有持续且完备的立法,监管和保护措施等.在软环境诸要素中,法律制度因具有强制性而最为刚性.在国家法律制定之后,单项法规成为国家法律的外延或执行细则,是对具体的建筑文化遗产最直接的法律支持.多年来,我国的建筑遗产和历史名城等保护立法工作已在宏观层面上展开,有些地区还制定了地方法规,但是总体看来,在许多地方仍然采用统一的保护模式,缺少对不同地域,不同地段及不同文化背景分析下的,具有针对性的建筑遗产和历史名城保护规划管理办法.3.5政策和资金的支持在《实施世界遗产公约操作指南》中规定对历史建筑的保护应具有持续监管和保护措施等.这一原则还可以引申为对建筑遗产保护方面资金的支持,这也是建筑遗产得以保护的重要保证.整体性原则下的建筑遗产保护涉及不同的利益团体,为了实现建筑及其包含内容的完整性,政府必须作出有效引导.目前,我国城市建设迅速, 高强度的土地开发和缺乏有效的控制是造成城市整体风貌破坏的主要原因.在以城市历史文化保护与发扬为主要目标的城市更新改造中,完全依靠市场的运作,难以取得良好的效果,需要政府加大对保护资金的投入.关于日常维护资金保障制度,我国与其他发达国家也有差距,在英国,历史地段保护所获得的财力以政府补贴和贷款为主,辅以税收和间接支持手段,主要目的在于补偿房屋业主的额外维护与保养支出.保护建筑的维修或改造可以获得一定的减免税的优惠.在法国,国家对保护的投资也十分可观,有时高达80的保护和修缮费用是政府部门付给业主的,另外还有奖励措施,如果被保护的文物建筑或历史建筑向公众开放,就有可能获得免征最高达100的土地税[7].4结束语当前,中国城市正在急速发展,对整体性原则的分析可以提供较为明晰的政策及技术导向,明确建筑遗产的保护过程和目标,指导"新建"与"保留"的问题,同时也可以为中国建筑文化遗产保护工作与世界接轨提供一条最为基本的原则和方法.而整体性原则所体现出的综合保护的方法,将为建筑遗产保护提供更为全面和理性的方法, 最终希望建筑遗产成为推动城市发展与进步的文化源泉E.[参考文献][11张松.历史城市保护学导论:文化遗产和历史环境保护的一种整体性方法FM].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001:11O一120.[2]东南大学建筑学院.东亚建筑遗产的历史和未来[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006:39—4l_E33J?柯克?欧文.西方古建古迹保护理念与实践[M].秦丽,译.北京:中国电力出版社,2005:2O5—289.E4]阮仪三.历史文化名城保护理论与规划[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1999:27—51.E5]王建国.后工业时代产业建筑遗产保护更新FM].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:25—28.E6]朱晓明.当代英国建筑遗产保护FM].上海:同济大学出版社,2007:32.E7]沈海虹."集体选择"视野下的城市遗产保护研究[D].上海: 同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,2006.E8]镇雪峰.文化遗产的完整性与整体性保护方法[D].上海:同济大学建筑与建设规划学院,2007.(责任编辑闫杏丽)。
Text B Worlds within WorldsNew Words1.planet n.行星2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转3.solar a.太阳的, 日光的；利用太阳光的rgely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地5.glitter vi.闪闪发光, 闪烁n.闪光6.cloudless a.无云的, 晴朗的7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的8.astronaut n.宇航员9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的, 震颤的10.outer a.外部的11.whereas conj.而, 却；反之12.lesser a.较小的, 更少的, 次要的13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的, 担心的14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的, 细微的15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然, 尽管16.plateau ([复]plateaus或plateaux) n.高原17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的18.coloured a.有色的19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况, 环境；境遇Phrases and Expressions1.a great many 很多2.above all 首先, 首要3.as a rule 通常；一般说来together with 和First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us torealize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas."In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ―peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people , the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.词汇讲解：1.revolve v.旋转, 绕转The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
演讲稿英语作文保护遗产When we talk about heritage, we often think of grand monuments, historical sites, and cultural artifacts. These tangible manifestations of our past are undoubtedly important, and their preservation is essential for understanding our collective history. However, heritage encompasses far more than just physical structures and objects. It also includes the intangible aspects of our culture, such as our traditions, beliefs, languages, and knowledge systems. These intangible elements are just as vital to our identity and well-being as our tangible heritage, and they deserve the same level of protection and preservation.Unfortunately, both tangible and intangible heritage are under threat from a variety of factors, including natural disasters, climate change, urbanization, and economic development. These threats can cause irreparable damage to our heritage, and they can also lead to the loss of cultural diversity and the erosion of our collectivememory.It is therefore imperative that we take steps to protect our heritage, both tangible and intangible. This can be done through a variety of means, including:Raising awareness of the importance of heritage: The first step to protecting our heritage is to raise awareness of its importance. This can be done through educational campaigns, public outreach programs, and media coverage.Developing and implementing policies to protect heritage: Governments and other organizations can play a vital role in protecting heritage by developing and implementing policies that safeguard both tangible and intangible heritage. These policies can include measures such as heritage preservation laws, tax incentives for heritage conservation, and funding for heritage projects.Supporting heritage organizations: Heritage organizations play a crucial role in protecting our heritage by documenting, preserving, and interpreting it.These organizations rely on public support to continuetheir important work.Taking personal responsibility for protecting heritage: Each of us can play a role in protecting our heritage by learning about it, respecting it, and passing it on tofuture generations. We can also support heritage organizations and advocate for policies that protect heritage.By taking these steps, we can help to ensure that our heritage is preserved for future generations. In doing so, we will not only protect our past, but we will also secure our future.Heritage and Identity.Our heritage is an essential part of our identity. It shapes who we are, and it gives us a sense of belonging. When we connect with our heritage, we gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our place in the world.Heritage can be a source of pride and inspiration. It can motivate us to achieve great things and to make a positive contribution to our communities. It can also help us to cope with difficult times and to find strength in our shared experiences.Heritage and Culture.Heritage is a product of culture, and it is an important part of cultural expression. Through heritage, we can learn about the values, beliefs, and practices of different cultures. This knowledge can help us to appreciate the diversity of human experience and to build bridges between different cultures.Heritage can also be a source of cultural renewal and innovation. By drawing on our heritage, we can create new cultural expressions that are both relevant to our present and rooted in our past.Heritage and Education.Heritage is an important part of education. It can help students to develop a sense of identity, to understand the world around them, and to appreciate the diversity of human experience.Heritage education can take place in a variety of settings, including schools, museums, and community centers. It can involve learning about local history, visiting historical sites, and participating in cultural activities.Heritage and Tourism.Heritage can be a major driver of tourism. Tourists are often drawn to destinations that have a rich cultural heritage. This can provide economic benefits to local communities and help to promote cultural understanding.However, it is important to ensure that tourism doesnot damage heritage sites or exploit local cultures. Sustainable tourism practices can help to protect heritage while also providing economic benefits.Heritage is under threat from a variety of factors, including:Natural disasters: Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and fires, can cause irreparable damage to heritage sites.Climate change: Climate change is also a major threat to heritage. Rising sea levels, for example, can damage coastal heritage sites.Urbanization: Urbanization can lead to the destruction of heritage sites and the loss of traditional cultural practices.Economic development: Economic development can also have a negative impact on heritage. The construction of new infrastructure, for example, can damage or destroy heritage sites.It is essential that we take steps to protect our heritage from these threats. This can be done through a variety of means, including:Raising awareness of the importance of heritage: The first step to protecting our heritage is to raise awareness of its importance. This can be done through educational campaigns, public outreach programs, and media coverage.Developing and implementing policies to protect heritage: Governments and other organizations can play a vital role in protecting heritage by developing and implementing policies that safeguard both tangible and intangible heritage. These policies can include measures such as heritage preservation laws, tax incentives for heritage conservation, and funding for heritage projects.Supporting heritage organizations: Heritage organizations play a crucial role in protecting our heritage by documenting, preserving, and interpreting it.These organizations rely on public support to continuetheir important work.Taking personal responsibility for protecting heritage: Each of us can play a role in protecting our heritage by learning about it, respecting it, and passing it on tofuture generations. We can also support heritage organizations and advocate for policies that protect heritage.By taking these steps, we can help to ensure that our heritage is preserved for future generations. In doing so, we will not only protect our past, but we will also secure our future.。
文化遗产英文作文题纲回答例子1:Cultural heritage is an important aspect of any society's identity and history. It refers to the customs, traditions, beliefs, artifacts, and other forms of cultural expressions that have been passed down from generation to generation. In this article, we will explore the significance of cultural heritage and the challenges that it faces in the modern world.Firstly, cultural heritage plays a crucial role in preserving a society's identity and history. It provides a sense of continuity and belonging to the people who inherit it. Cultural heritage can be seen in the architecture, art, literature, music, dance, and language of a society. It reflects the values, beliefs, and practices of a community, and helps to define their unique cultural identity.Secondly, cultural heritage is also an important source of knowledge and inspiration. It offers insights into the past, and provides a foundation for understanding and appreciating different cultures. The preservation and promotion of culturalheritage can also foster creativity and innovation, as artists and designers draw inspiration from traditional practices and techniques.However, cultural heritage faces many challenges in the modern world. One of the biggest threats is globalization, which can lead to the homogenization of cultures and the loss of traditional practices. The rapid pace of urbanization and development can also result in the destruction of historic buildings and sites, as well as the displacement of communities.Another challenge is the lack of funding and resources for the preservation of cultural heritage. Many cultural sites and artifacts are in need of restoration and conservation, but there is often a shortage of funds and skilled professionals to carry out this work. In addition, there is often a lack of public awareness and appreciation for cultural heritage, which can result in neglect and indifference.To address these challenges, there are several strategies that can be employed. Firstly, there needs to be a greateremphasis on education and awareness-raising about the value of cultural heritage. This can be done through the promotion of cultural tourism, the inclusion of cultural heritage in school curricula, and the use of social media and other platforms to showcase and celebrate cultural diversity.Secondly, there needs to be greater investment in the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage. This can be done through government funding, private sector partnerships, and international cooperation. There also needs to be greater emphasis on capacity-building and training for professionals in the field of cultural heritage preservation.In conclusion, cultural heritage is an important aspect of any society's identity and history. It provides a sense of continuity, belonging, and inspiration to the people who inherit it. However, it faces many challenges in the modern world, including globalization, urbanization, and a lack of resources and awareness. To ensure the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage, there needs to be greater education, investment, and cooperation at the local, national, and international levels.回答例子2:Title: Cultural HeritageIntroduction:- Definition of cultural heritage- Importance of preserving cultural heritage- Brief overview of the topicBody:1. Historical Significance of Cultural Heritage:- Explanation of the historical value of cultural heritage- Examples of famous historical sites and artifacts- How cultural heritage helps us understand our past2. Cultural Diversity and Identity:- Discussion on how cultural heritage reflects the diversity of human civilizations- Importance of cultural identity in shaping individual and collective identities- Role of cultural heritage in promoting tolerance and understanding3. Economic Impact of Cultural Heritage:- Explanation of how cultural heritage can contribute to the economy- Examples of cultural tourism and its benefits- Employment opportunities created by cultural heritage preservation4. Challenges in Preserving Cultural Heritage:- Discussion on the threats faced by cultural heritage- Natural disasters, urbanization, and modernization- Role of governments, organizations, and individuals in preservation efforts5. Methods of Cultural Heritage Preservation:- Explanation of various preservation techniques- Conservation and restoration of historical sites and artifacts- Digital preservation and documentation of cultural heritage6. Education and Cultural Heritage:- Importance of incorporating cultural heritage in education- Role of museums, libraries, and educational institutions - Promoting awareness and appreciation among the younger generation7. International Efforts in Cultural Heritage Preservation:- Overview of international organizations dedicated to cultural heritage preservation- Examples of UNESCO World Heritage Sites- Collaborative efforts to protect and promote cultural heritage worldwideConclusion:- Recap of the importance of cultural heritage preservation - Call to action for individuals to contribute to preservation efforts- Emphasis on the need to pass on our cultural heritage to future generationsNote: The outline provided above is just a suggested structure for the essay on the topic of cultural heritage. Youcan add or modify sections as per your preference and include specific examples or case studies to support your arguments.。
Unit 1 Cultural Heritage——Assessing Your Progress一、用过去分词完成下列句子1. The mountain village _____(surround)by beautiful natural landscape looks amazing.2. The scientist attended the meeting ____(hold) in the Great Hall of the People.3. Tsinghua University, _____(found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.4. With all the tasks _____(finish) ahead of time, he decided to set out on his travel.5. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ____(remind ) of his own dreams.二、完形填空I was frustrated at not being entered into the national IT competition I ’d applied for. I sat in the car, lost in 1 , chewing on my lip and staring outside.I went upstairs, 2 and desperate. Grandpa ’s door was open for me as usual. There, he was waiting for my 3 with great excitement. I stood silently, forcing a smile to cover my sadness. He seemed to 4 me immediately, giving me a hug.I was astonished that such a 5 body was full of so muchenergy.Only then did my emotions start 6 out. I told him that all my 7were for nothing, and that I was feeling discouraged. Grandpa smiled at me gently and said, “Don ’t worry. You ’re far stronger than you think. ” Then he 8 , “Life can be full of ups and downs so what we need do is to still have our hopes and 9 , neglecting the anxiety that makes it easy to give up. ”He 10 me on the shoulder, with a determined look, before saying, “ Cheer up. I firmly 11 that you have the ability to succeed. ” Grandpa ’s encouragement soon made my sadness disappear.The next day, I thought about all my problems and 12 a plan. Now, I believe that with a positive attitude towards failure, I ’ll 13 reach my goals.Looking back, I realize that we should share our setbacks and progress in life with our 14 ones. As my grandpa showed, the 15 of our family members will benefit us forever.1. A. joy B. despair C. love D. need2. A. weak B. strongC. sweetD. simple3. A. suggestion B. commentC. discoveryD. arrival4. A. ignore B. inspectC. readD. order5. A. fine B. fit C. thin D. healthy6. A. dying B. turningC. checkingD. pouring7. A. offers B. effortsC. promisesD. profits8. A. added B. sharedC. helpedD. served9. A. decisions B. respectsC. desiresD. pains10. A. patted B. hitC. beggedD. picked11. A. permit B. believeC. expectD. change12. A. turned into B. came acrossC. cared aboutD. worked out13. A. merely B. actuallyC. eventuallyD. instantly14. A. deserved B. belovedC. determinedD. excited15. A. company B. gratitudeC. supportD. defence三、阅读填句Thanks to world-famous Colombian writer Garcia Marquez, many people think of Latin America as a land of magic. In his books, impossible things happen.1 It may come from the mix of different cultures and ethnicities in Latin America. Although some of these differences have caused conflicts, they have also been a source of beauty, as well as encouraged people in Latin America to be more open-minded.Latin America includes more than 30 countries and areas located south of the United States in the American continent. From north to south, it starts from Mexico in North America, goes through the Caribbean and ends at the southernmost tip of South America.2 People can enjoy sunshine in the Caribbean islands, ride horses on the green grasslands of the Pampas, and explore volcanoes and snow-capped mountains in the Andes. It even has the world ’s biggest rainforest—the Amazon. Many of the world ’s most unique plants and animals live there.There is also diverse mix of people in Latin America. 3In countries like Mexico and Columbia, over half of the population is of mixed ethnicity. However, most of them speak the same languages—Spanish or Portuguese.4Latin American people have created the samba, rumba, cha cha and tango. These dance styles require dancers to hold each other closely and move passionately. 5 Latin America is an open and romantic place. Its impressive natural environment, historical contributions and cultural traditions have made it unique and influential.A. It has natives, Africans and Europeans.B. Latin America ’s environment is quite diverse.C. Where does the magic in his books come from?D. They are cheerful and can bring strangers together.E. Many people in Latin America have open and romantic hearts.F. The music and dance of Latin America are quite well-known.G. To most people, Latin America is a land of happiness and passion.一、用过去分词完成下列句子1.surrounded2.held3.founded4.finished5.reminded二、完形填空1.B。
1．heritage n．遗产2．civilization n．文明；社会文明；文明社会，文明世界3．pyramid n．金字塔4．clay n．黏土，陶土5．sculpture n．雕像，雕塑品；雕刻术6．missile n．导弹7．conflict n．(军事)冲突，战斗；争论；矛盾，不一致v i.冲突，抵触·come into conflict with与……争执/冲突in conflict处于矛盾中in conflict with与……冲突·conflict with与……抵触/冲突8．civil adj.国民的；国家的；民事的9．status n．身份，地位；状况，情形10．internal adj.内部的；国内的11．outcome n．结果，效果12．reef n．礁，礁脉13．coral n．珊瑚adj.珊瑚色的14．agenda n．计划，方案；日程表，议事日程15．pagoda n．佛塔16．nail n．钉子；指甲v t.固定17．panel n．专家咨询组，讨论小组；嵌板；仪表盘18．specialist n．专家；专科医生adj.专业的19．collapse v i.倒塌，坍塌；昏倒n．昏倒；倒塌20．suspend v t.暂停；悬，挂21．dam n．水坝22．incident n．事件；冲突23．forecast v t.(forecast，forecast；forecasted，forecasted)预测，预报n．预测，预报24．motion n．提议，动议；运动；动作25．vote v i.& v t.投票，表决n.选票；投票vote for...投票支持vote against...投票反对26．canal n．运河27．migration n．迁徙，迁移，移居28．legacy n．遗产29．splendour n．(AmE splendor)壮丽，雄伟30．basin n．盆地，洗脸盆；盆；流域31．intense adj.很大的，十分强烈的；有强烈感情的，热切的；激烈的32．primitive adj.简陋的，落后的；原始的，远古的33．humble v t.使感到谦卑，使感到自惭adj.谦虚的，谦卑的34．corridor n．走廊，地带；通道35．pursue v t.追求，致力于，执行；追逐pursue a goal/an aim/an objective 追求目标36．emerge v i.出现；暴露；露头37．string n．一批，一连串，一系列；线；弦38．cotton n．棉织物；棉，棉花39．cave n．山洞，洞穴40．Buddhist adj.佛教的n．佛教徒41．initiative n．倡议，新方案；主动性42．milestone n．重要阶段，里程碑43．equator n．赤道44．showcase n．展示的场合；玻璃柜台45．elsewhere ad v.在(或去)别处46．entry n．进入；参与，加入；参赛47．fee n．费；报酬48．awe v t.使惊叹，使敬畏n．敬畏，惊叹→awful adj.极讨厌的；可怕的，惊人的→awesome adj.令人惊叹的；很好的(或极好玩的等)→awfully ad v.非常；极其49．preserve v t.维护，保护，保存；维持→preservation n．维护；保护；保存；维持→well-preserved adj.保存良好的50．urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的；催促的，急切的→urge v t.敦促，力劝；竭力主张n．强烈的欲望，冲动→urgency n．紧急，紧迫51．incredible adj.极好的，极大的；不能相信的，难以置信的→incredibly ad v.令人难以置信；极其52．violence n．暴力，暴行；狂热，激情→violent adj.暴力的，粗暴的；强烈的，剧烈的→violently ad v.猛烈地，强烈地53．ecology n．生态，生态学→ecological adj.生态的，生态学的→ecologist n．生态学家54．assess v t.评估，评定；估算→assessment n．评定；评估55．consultation n．咨询，商讨；就诊→consult v．咨询，请教；商量；查阅；参看→consultant n．顾问consult (with) sb about/on sth 就某事与某人商量56．division n．分歧；分开，分隔→divide v．分割；划分；分配57．architect n．建筑师；设计师→architecture n．建筑学；建筑设计58．operator n．操作人员，技工；接线员→operate v．工作；运转；操作；动手术→operation n．手术；运转59．cooperation n．合作，协作；协助，配合→cooperate v i.合作，配合60．interrupt v t.打扰，插嘴；使暂停，使中断v i.打扰；插嘴→interruption n．打扰，插嘴，打岔；阻断物·be interrupted by...被……打断/阻断·without interruption连续地；不断地61．conservation n．保护；保持→conserve v t.保护；保存62．reserve n．自然保护区；储备v t.预订；保留；预留→reservation n．预订；保留·nature reserve 自然保护区·reserve sth for sb为某人保留某物be reserved for...留作；(专)供……之用·make a reservation预订63．wool n．毛织物；羊毛→woollen (AmE woolen) adj.毛纺的；羊毛的64．expansion n．扩展，扩大，膨胀→expand v．扩展，扩大，增加65．wear down(使)磨损，(使)逐渐磨平66．wear and tear (正常使用造成的)磨损，损耗67．belong to属于68．at risk有危险；冒风险69．lead to导致70．a great deal of大量的71．break out爆发72．on purpose故意地73．contribute to 促成，导致74．in addition to 除……以外(还)75．serve as 充当……76．I have the belief that some of you have heard about UNESCO heritage sites or maybe even visited one! (that引导同位语从句)我相信你们当中有些人听说过联合国教科文组织遗产地，甚至可能已经去过一处了！77．In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out，fighters have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose.(where引导定语从句)在一些经常爆发内战的冲突地区，战士甚至会故意毁坏遗产地。
Unit 2 Let''s celebrate ——Presenting ideas一、单句语法填空1．Listening to loud music have caused hearing _____(lose) in some teenagers.2．Not only you but also he _____(know) the answer.3．You can't imagine what difficulty they have existing _____ the money he's earning.4．To our astonishment，the disabled girl played the guitar so wonderfully that she won first prize in the ________(compete)．5．The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater _________(effort)．二、阅读理解Nowadays, social media like Instagram, Facebook, Snapchat and Twitter are becoming more and more popular.People have completely made social media part of their daily lives.As a result,many people have developed an Internet personality. The Internet personality I am talking about is the one we shape on our social media sites.We are always posting information about ourselves for other people to know even when it can becompletely untrue.Some people even go so far as to spend money in buying flowers or “likes” or buying a very expensive camera for their friends to take photos of them.I find it unbelievable.The time and energy spent on these silly things can only make us want to be accepted by more people.Social media are also a modern cause of depression(沮丧):People see the perfect lives of others and consider their own imperfect lives as bad.Even kids deal with this.They don’t realize that the reason why they struggle to love themselves is that they spend all day receiving untrue information.I find that many people spend more time and energy in making sure that their online personality is worth accepting rather than caring for their real presence.So many times I have seen confident and beautiful girls on social media.But in the real world,they are extremely shy.They hardly talk to anyone and spend all their time using the phone.Social media have gone so far as to even negatively affect marriages.This is because of the fact that there are now “Instagram husbands”—people whose use is to take perfect photos of their partners throughout the day.They spend a lot of time doing that whether they like it or not.Needless tosay,social media likely influence relationships in a negative way.I think everyone should stop using social media at least fora few months to experience the difference it makes to them.They may find life is very different and much better.1.What does “the Internet personality” in the passage refer to?A.The hope to develop a better personality.B.The personality developed through social media.C.The true personality shown by us on social media.D.The information we get about others on social media.2.Why are social media a modern cause of depression?A.We may read some upsetting news.B.We have to try very hard to be accepted.C.We can’t really find much useful information.D.We feel sad about ourselves through comparing.3.What does the example given in Paragraph 4 show?A.Shy people can also become confident.B.Social media make people become more energetic.C.Social media make people ignore their true presence.D.People today don’t consider their presence important.4.What’s most probably the author’s attitude towards people’s using social media?A.Uninterested.B.Negative.C.Uncertain.D.Supportive.三、语法填空China has many 1 (tradition) festivals attracting people such as Dragon Boat Festival, Spring Festival,Lantern Festival and so on.People prepare 2 (decorate) them with flowers, lanterns and fancy 3 (decoration).In many places, people like to set 4 fireworks.Till today, some of them 5 (hold) around the country, 6 (attract) countless visitors to participate in them.There are 7 (variety) activities in these festivals 8 people hold lots of competitions to entertain themselves. 9 (interesting), guessing lantern riddles is an essential part of the festival.What’s more,celebrating western festivals is becoming 10 common phenomenon around the country.1. 2. 3.4. 5. 6.7. 8. 9.10.答案和解析一、单句语法填空1.loss2.knows3.onpetition5.efforts二、阅读理解1.B。
