WIRELESS LOCAL AREA AND HOME NETWORKS Wireless LAN Access Network Architecture for
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什么是WLAN?WLAN是英文Wireless Local Area Network(无线局域网络)的缩写,指应用无线通信技术将计算机设备互联起来,构成可以互相通信和实现资源共享的网络体系.无线局域网本质的特点是不再使用通信电缆将计算机与网络连接起来,而是通过无线的方式连接,从而使网络的构建和终端的移动更加灵活.什么是WIFI?WIFI英文全称Wireless Fidelity(无线保真技术),是一种在办公室和家庭中使用的短距离无线技术.该技术使用的是2.4GHz附近的频段,它的最大优点就是传输速度较高,有效距离也较长,同时也与已有的各种802.11 DSSS设备兼容. WIFI与WLAN有何区别?WIFI属于WLAN技术中的一种,是无线局域网的一种连接方式.WLAN是什么意思和wifi是一回事吗?可以理解为相同不同的地方很专业WLAN 是无线局域网,Wireless Local Area Network,是一个概念,相应的还有无线广域网WWAN,无线城域网WMAN、无线个人网WPAN,是按照通信距离来分的。
WiFi是WLAN具体采用的技术,也是目前WLAN的主流技术,绝大部分WLAN都用的这个技术,WiFi也是推动这个技术的组织的名称。
WiFi采用的技术从专业角度讲,是IEEE 802.11系列协议,比如,802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802,11n,可以认为主要是速度的差别,现在主流的是802.11g,速度是54MbpsWALN 无线局域网络(Wireless Local Area Networks;WLAN)是相当便利的数据传输系统,它利用射频(Radio Frequency;RF)的技术即微波,取代旧式碍手碍脚的双绞铜线(Coaxial)所构成的局域网络,使得无线局域网络能利用简单的存取架构让用户透过它,达到「信息随身化、便利走天下」的理想境界。
WIFI WIFI就是一种无线联网的技术,以前通过网线连接电脑,而现在则是通过无线电波来连网;常见的就是一个无线路由器,那么在这个无线路由器的电波覆盖的有效范围都可以采用WIFI连接方式进行联网,如果无线路由器连接了一条ADSL线路或者别的上网线路,则又被称为“热点”。
如何处理无线网络技术组建局域网的常见问题摘要:近年来,无线局域网由于其自身的优势已被广泛应用于数据通信领域,并受到不少家庭网络用户以及中小型办公用户的喜爱。
但是,在无线局域网的运行和使用中,难免会出现因硬件安装错误、接入点连接不可靠等问题,从而导致整个网络无法正常工作,影响网络运行的可靠性。
本篇文章现对无线网络技术组建局域网的常见问题作详细论述。
关键词:无线网络技术;无线局域网;常见问题;处理方法中图分类号:tn925.93随着电子通信技术的不断发展与进步,无线局域网的应用也越来越广泛。
相比于旧式的,由双绞铜线构成的局域网络,无线局域网的组网方式更加灵活,信号的传输速度更快。
无线局域网在人们的学习和办公中发挥着重要作用,但由于无线网络技术具有多元化和多样化的特点,因此在网络组建过程中,难免会发生一些无法避免的网络运行问题。
如此一来,对无线局域网组建和运行中的故障问题进行分析,并作有效处理便显得尤为重要。
1 无线局域网的概念无线局域网络(wireless local area networks),简称“wlan”,它的本质是一种数据传输系统,与有线网络相对,可以实现用户上网,但是不会受到电缆和电线的限制。
无线局域网中信号的传递是利用红外线或者射频技术来完成的,这种技术代替了原有的由双绞铜线构成的传统的局域网络,实现了信息的随身化。
2 对无线网络技术组建局域网的常见问题的处理利用无线网络技术所组建的局域网,其在运行或者组建时往往会因为诸多原因导致网络无法连接,或者网络信号偏低。
现对其网络无法正常运行的原因进行分析,并给出相应的解决和处理对策。
2.1 硬件排错在利用无线网络技术组建局域网时,如果只有一个无线客户端口出现连接故障,或者说,如果只有一个无线网络接入点的连接出现了问题,那么我们自然可以快速找到问题的根源,并采取相应手段,对问题进行解决。
但是,如果有多个无线客户端口同时接入,无线网络的覆盖率较大时,再向直接找出问题根源的难度便变得相对较大。
无线局域网无线局域网(WirelessLAN ,WLAN),顾名思义,是一种利用无线方式,提供无线对等(如PC 对PC 、PC 对集线器或打印机对集线器)和点到点(如LAN 到LAN)连接性的数据通信系统。
WLAN 代替了常规LAN 中使用的双绞线或同轴线路或光纤,通过电磁波传送和接收数据。
WLAN 执行像文件传输、外设共享、Web 浏览、电子邮件和数据库访问等传统网络通信功能。
无线局域网络(WirelessLocalAreaNetworks ;WLAN)是相当便利的数据传输系统,它利用射频(RadioFrequency ;RF)的技术,取代旧式碍手碍脚的双绞铜线(Coaxial)所构成的局域网络,使得无线局域网络能利用简单的存取架构让用户透过它,到达「信息随身化、便利走天下」的理想境界。
无线局域网-概述无线局域网拓扑结构概述:基于标准的无线局域网允许在局域网络环境中使用未授权的2.4或5.3GHz 射频波段进行无线连接。
它们应用广泛,从家庭到企业再到Internet 接入热点。
简单的家庭无线LAN :在家庭无线局域网最通用和最廉价的例子,如图1所示,一台设备作为防火墙,路由器,交换机和无线接入点。
这些无线路由器可以提供广泛的功能,例如:保护家庭网络远离外界的入侵。
允许共享一个ISP 〔Internet 服务提供商〕的单一IP 地址。
可为4台电脑提供有线以太网服务,但是也可以和另一个以太网交换机或集线器进行扩展。
为多个无线电脑作一个无线接入点。
通常基本模块提供2.4GHz802.11b/g 操作的Wi-Fi ,而更高端模块将提供双波段Wi-Fi 或高速MIMO 性能。
双波段接入点提供2.4GHz802.11b/g 和5.3GHz802.11a 性能,而MIMO 接入点射频速度。
2.4GHz 范围经常拥挤不堪而且由于成本问题,厂商避开了双波段MIMO 设无线局域网无线局域网 简单的家庭无线LAN备。
无线局域网技术的概念及其特点1.前言通信网络随着INTERNET的飞速发展, 从传统的布线网络发展到了无线网络,作为无线网络之一的无线局域网WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network),满足了人们实现移动办公的梦想,为我们创造了一个丰富多彩的自由天空。
2.WLAN的概念WLAN是利用无线通信技术在一定的局部范围内建立的网络,是计算机网络与无线通信技术相结合的产物,它以无线多址信道作为传输媒介,提供传统有线局域网LAN(Local Area Network)的功能,能够使用户真正实现随时、随地、随意的宽带网络接入。
3.WLAN的特点WLAN开始是作为有线局域网络地延伸而存在的,各团体、企事业单位广泛地采用了WLAN 技术来构建其办公网络。
但随着应用的进一步发展,WLAN正逐渐从传统意义上的局域网技术发展成为“公共无线局域网”,成为国际互联网INTERNET宽带接入手段。
WLAN具有易安装、易扩展、易管理、易维护、高移动性、保密性强、抗干扰等特点。
4.WLAN的标准由于WLAN是基于计算机网络与无线通信技术,在计算机网络结构中,逻辑链路控制(LLC)层及其之上的应用层对不同的物理层的要求可以是相同的,也可以是不同的,因此,WLAN 标准主要是针对物理层和媒质访问控制层(MAC),涉及到所使用的无线频率范围、空中接口通信协议等技术规范与技术标准。
4. 1 IEEE 802.11X(1)IEEE 802.111990年IEEE802标准化委员会成立IEEE802.11WLAN标准工作组。
IEEE 802.11(别名:Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) 无线保真)是在1997年6月由大量的局域网以及计算机专家审定通过的标准,该标准定义物理层和媒体访问控制(MAC)规范。
物理层定义了数据传输的信号特征和调制,定义了两个RF传输方法和一个红外线传输方法,RF传输标准是跳频扩频和直接序列扩频,工作在2.4000~2.4835GHz频段。
手机新词汇bluetooth:蓝牙技术(无线耳机接听)Wi-Fi:wireless Fidelity 无线保真(即―小灵通‖所采用的技术)Hi-Fi: High Fidelity 高保真3-G:Generation Three 第三代PHS:Personal Handyphone System 个人手提移动电话系统Walkie-Talkie:步话机Gotone:全球通------这个应该太熟悉不过了吧GPS:Global Positioning System 全球定位系统Monternet:Mobile+Internet 移动梦网GPRS:General Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务--这个很重要哦,要掌握SMS:Short Message Service 短信服务---------最最流行的serviceMMS:Multi-media Messaging Service 多媒体信息服务SIM卡:Subscriber Identity Module 客户身份识别卡-------现在知道SIM的全称是什么了吧GSM:Global System For Mobile Communications 全球移动通信系统WAP:Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议(即使手机具有上网功能)PAS:Personal Access System 个人接入系统(如―小灵通‖)CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access 码多分址-----------超级重点哦pre-paid Phone Card:储值卡Roaming:漫游Voice Prompt:语音提示WLANs:Wireless Local Area Networks 无线局域网DV:Digital Video 数码摄像机3-D:Three-Dimension 三维LCD:Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示全面理解手机中的英文短语1、TACS TACS的英文全称是TotalAccessCommunicationsSystem,它是一种全入网通信系统技术。
什么是wlanwlan和wifi有什么区别很多⼈在上⽹时就会发现家⾥⽤的电脑⽆线上⽹是WLAN,⽽⼿机或是平板电脑上⽹⼜叫WIFI。
都是⼀样的⽆线上⽹,怎么会有⼆个不同的名字,那么wlan和wifi的意思是什么呢?wlan和wifi的的区别⼜在那⾥?下⾯我们就介绍⼀下这⼆种上⽹⽅式的具体意思及wlan和wifi的区别。
什么是WLANwlan(Wireless Local Area Networks)意思是⽆线局域⽹络,是⼀种数据传输系统。
它利⽤射频(RF)技术进⾏数据的传输,,实现⽆⽹线、⽆距离限制的通畅⽹络。
WLAN 使⽤ISM (Industrial、Scientific、Medical) ⽆线电⼴播频段通信。
WLAN 的 802.11a 标准使⽤ 5 GHz 频段,⽀持的最⼤速度为 54 Mbps,⽽ 802.11b 和 802.11g 标准使⽤ 2.4 GHz 频段,分别⽀持最⼤ 11 Mbps 和 54 Mbps 的速度。
⽬前WLAN所包含的协议标准有:IEEE802.11b协议、IEEE802.11a协议、IEEE802.11g协议、IEEE802.11E 协议、IEEE802.11i协议、⽆线应⽤协议(WAP)。
wlan技术要求:由于⽆线局域⽹需要⽀持⾼速、突发的数据业务,在室内使⽤还需要解决多径衰落以及各⼦⽹间串扰等问题。
具体来说,⽆线局域⽹必须实现以下技术要求:(1)可靠性:⽆线局域⽹的系统分组丢失率应该低于10-5,误码率应该低于10-8。
(2)兼容性:对于室内使⽤的⽆线局域⽹,应尽可能使其跟现有的有线局域⽹在⽹络操作系统和⽹络软件上相互兼容。
(3)数据速率:为了满⾜局域⽹业务量的需要,⽆线局域⽹的数据传输速率应该在1Mbps以上。
(4)通信保密:由于数据通过⽆线介质在空中传播,⽆线局域⽹必须在不同层次采取有效的措施以提⾼通信保密和数据安全性能。
(5)移动性:⽀持全移动⽹络或半移动⽹络。
无线局域网的组网方式、无线局域网1、定义无线局域网(Wireless Local Area Networks,简写为WLAN)是计算机网络技术与无线电通信技术相结合的产物,它采用无线电波、红外线或激光,通过无线信道传输媒介代替传统网线,提供传统有线局域网(Local AreaNetwork,简写为LAN)的功能,能够使用户实现随时、随地接入宽带网络。
2、特点优点:(1)灵活性和移动性。
在有线网络中,网络设备的安放位置受网络位置的限制,而无线局域网在无线信号覆盖区域内的任何一个位置都可以接入网络。
无线局域网另一个最大的优点在于其移动性,连接到无线局域网的用户可以移动且能同时与网络保持连接。
(2)安装便捷。
无线局域网可以免去或最大程度地减少网络布线的工作量,一般只要安装一个或多个接入点设备,就可建立覆盖整个区域的局域网络。
(3)易于进行网络规划和调整。
对于有线网络来说,办公地点或网络拓扑的改变通常意味着重新建网。
重新布线是一个昂贵、费时、浪费和琐碎的过程,无线局域网可以避免或减少以上情况的发生。
(4)故障定位容易。
有线网络一旦出现物理故障,尤其是由于线路连接不良而造成的网络中断,往往很难查明,而且检修线路需要付出很大的代价。
无线网络则很容易定位故障,只需更换故障设备即可恢复网络连接。
(5)易于扩展。
无线局域网有多种配置方式,可以很快从只有几个用户的小型局域网扩展到上千用户的大型网络,并且能够提供节点间"漫游"等有线网络无法实现的特性。
缺点:(1)性能。
无线局域网是依靠无线电波进行传输的。
这些电波通过无线发射装置进行发射,而建筑物、车辆、树木和其它障碍物都可能阻碍电磁波的传输,所以会影响网络的性能。
(2)速率。
无线信道的传输速率与有线信道相比要低得多。
目前,无线局域网的最大传输速率为54Mbit/s,只适合于个人终端和小规模网络应用。
(3)安全性。
本质上无线电波不要求建立物理的连接通道,无线信号是发散的。
中国电信四川公司家庭网关(e8)技术规范4.0中国电信股份有限公司四川公司二〇一四年三月1 适用范围1.1编制内容本文档是《中国电信家庭网关(e8)技术要求v3.0》技术规范的补充,本文档中未涉及的内容以《中国电信家庭网关(e8)技术要求v3.0》技术规范为准。
本规范针对提升公众客户网络质量感知所需终端支持的业务,包括:终端下发、性能监控、故障处理、自助诊断、业务仿真及其他业务等提出规范要求,是公众终端业务开展和业务管理的补充依据。
1.2适用范围本规范适用于四川省电信公司实施公众客户终端的运营和管理;适用于天翼宽带终端开发人员进行终端开发和测试的依据。
本规范仅针对四川省目前使用终端类型:E8-C(PON上行)。
2 引用标准本规范主要引用了下列标准包含的条文。
在本规范制定时,所示版本均为有效。
所有标准都有可能会被修订,使用本规范的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。
《中国电信家庭网关(e8)技术要求v3.0》《中国电信“我的e家”技术规范-终端综合管理系统(V3.0)》《中国电信家庭网关与ITMS接口技术要求V3.0》《中国电信四川公司家庭网关(e8)技术规范V3.0+》《中国电信家庭网关统一外观需求规范》《中国电信公客〔2011〕25号关于在光进铜退工作中实施家庭网关优化配置流程的通知》《中国电信EPON设备技术要求V3.0》《中国电信EPON运维(2010)29号北向接口规范》《TR-069 Issue 1 Amendment 2 CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.1》《TR-098 DSLHomeTM Internet Gateway Device Version 1.1 Data Model for TR-069》《TR-143 Enabling Network Throughput Performance Tests and Statistical Monitoring》3 缩略语4 术语定义下述术语定义适用于四川电信宽带运营体系所有涉及的文档。
一、汉译英1、时分多址:TDMA Time Division Multiple Address/ Time Division Multiple Access2、通用无线分组业务:GPRSGeneral Packet Radio Service3、国际电报电话咨询委员会:CCITT4、同步数字体系:SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字序列5、跳频扩频:FHSS frequency hopping spread spectrum6、同步转移模块:STM synchronous transfer module7、综合业务数字网:ISDNIntegrated Services Digital Network8、城域网:MAN Metropolitan Area Network9、传输控制协议/互联网协议:TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol10、服务质量:QOS Quality of Service11、中继线:trunk line12、传输速率:transmission rate13、网络管理:network management14、帧结构:frame structure15、移动手机:Mobile Phone 手机 Handset16、蜂窝交换机:Cellular switches电池开关cell switchcell 蜂房17、天线:Antenna18、微处理器:microprocessor19、国际漫游:International roaming20、短消息:short message21、信噪比:SNRSignal to Noise Ratio22、数字通信:Digital communication23、系统容量:system capacity24、蜂窝网:cell networkcellular network Honeycomb nets25、越区切换:Handover26、互联网:internet27、调制解调器:modem28、频谱:spectrum29、鼠标:Mouse30、电子邮件:electronic mail E-mail31、子网:subnet32、软件无线电:software defined radios33、网络资源:network resources 二、英译汉1、mobile communication:移动通信2、Computer user:计算机用户3、Frame format:帧格式4、WLAN:wireless local area network 无线局域网络5、Communication protocol:通信协议6、Transmission quality:传输质量7、Remote terminal:远程终端8、International standard:国际标准9、GSM:全球移动通信系统Global System for Mobile Communications10、CDMA:码分多址Code Division Multiple Access11、ITU:国际电信联盟International Telecommunication Union12、PCM:pulse code modulation 脉冲编码调制13、WDM:波分复用Wavelength Division Multiplex14、FCC:联邦通信委员会Federal communications commission15、PSTN:公用电话交换网Public Switched Telephone Network16、NNI:网络节点借口Network Node Interface17、:万维网World Wide Web18、VOD:视频点播Video-On-Demand19、VLR:访问位置寄存器Visitor Location Register20、MSC:移动交换中心Mobile Switching Centre21、HLR:原籍位置寄存器Home Location Register22、VLSI:超大规模集成电路Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits23、Bluetooth technology:蓝牙技术24、Matched filter:匹配滤波器25、ADSL:非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop非对称数字用户线路Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line26、GPS:全球定位系统Global Position System27、ATM:异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer Mode1、脉冲编码调制PCM依赖于三个独立的操作:抽样、量化和编码;PCM is dependent on three separate operations: sampling, quantizing and coding;2、像TCP和IP那样的协议已经被设计出来,当然,它们还需要被更新和维持;Protocols like TCP and IP have already been designed,of course,but they need to be updated and maintained;3、码分多址是一种前景广阔的宽带数字工作系统;One form of digital wide band operation which has good future potential is CDMA;4、互联网是可提供很多网络资源的最大的信息库;The internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources.5、开发蜂窝式移动电话系统并将其在许多城市中推广应用的原因之一是传统的移动电话系统存在容量有限、服务性能差、频谱利用率低的缺点;One of many reasons for developing a cellular mobile telephone system and deploying it in many cities is the operational limitations of conventional mobile telephone system; limited servile capability,poor service performance,and inefficient frequency spectrum utilization.6、来自发端借口不见的定时新号被加到数据调制解调器上,以使计算机与数传机同步;在接收端,从数据流中取出同步脉冲式计算机同步;Timing signals from the interface assembly at the transmitter are applied to the data modem to synchronize the computer and the data set. At the receivers synchronization pulses are derived from the data stream to synchronize the computer.7、我们正处于通信网络革命的开始,越来越大的容量需求,各种各样的应用,以及服务质量正在对光网络提出巨大的需求;We are at the beginning of a revolution in communications networks, where increasing capacity, variety of applications, and quality of service are placing enormous demands on the optical network.8、目前在欧洲正在开发第三代移动通信系统,其目的是要综合第二代系统的所有不同业务并覆盖更广泛的业务话音、数据、视频、多媒体范围,而且还要与固定电话网络的技术发展保持一致和兼容;The third generation mobile communication system currently being developed in Europe, intended to integrate all the different services of the second generation system and cover a much wider range of broadband services Voice、data、video、multimediaconsistent and compatible with technology developments taking place within the fixed telecommunication networks.9、在现代对多媒体的描述中,我们所具有的技术已开始向人类具有的能力迈进;通过使用计算机技术、软件和其他技术,如CD-ROM;不仅能将视频图像和音频综合在一起,而且可以与其他计算机用户进行交互工作;In the modern presentation multimedia we now have the technology that can begin to move towards an ability already held by the human beings in that by using computer, technology, software and other technology, such as CD-ROM not only can we bring together audio and visual images but interactive with other computer users.10、为弥补这些问题,要在基本结构中加入大量的高效中继线;高效中继线用于直接连接有大量的节点间通信业务量的各交换中心;通信量常常是通过网络中可用的最低层次传送的;To compensate for these problems, a large number of high usage trunks augment the basic architecture. High-usage trunks are used for direct connection between switching centers with high volumes of internodes traffic. Traffic is always routed through the lowest available level of the work.11、光纤网络的革命刚刚开始,并正快速向未来的带宽无线、可靠和低费用的在线世界发展;The revolution of optical network is just beginning, and is advancing very swiftly toward a future online world in which bandwidth is essentially unlimited、reliable and low-cost.12、实际设备通常使用8kHz的采样速率,而如果每个样值用8位码的话,则话路是由一个重复速率64kHz的脉冲流来表示;Practical equipments, however, normally use a sampling rate of 8 kHz, and if 8 digits per sample value are used the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64 kHz. 13、是由于SDH设备在这些方面的标准化,才提供了网络运营者所期望的灵活性,从而能低价高效地应付带宽方面的增长并为后十年中出现的新的用户业务作好准备;It is the standardization of these aspects of SDH equipment that will deliver the flexibility required by network operators to cost effectively manage the growth in bandwidth and provisioning of new customer services expected in the net decade.1、The cellular concept is defined by two features, frequency reuse and cell splitting. Frequency reuse comes into play by using radio channels on the same frequency in coverage areas that are far enough apart not to cause co-channel interference. This allows handling of simultaneous calls that exceed the theoretical spectral capacity. Cell splitting is necessary when the traffic demand on a cell has reached the maximum=m and the cell is then divided into a micro-cellular system. The shape of cell in a cellular system is always depicted as a hexagon and the cluster size can be seven, nine or twelve.蜂窝的概念由两个特点决定,频率复用和小区分割;在相邻覆盖区域足够远的而不至于引起共用信道干扰的,通过使用同一频率的无线信道,频率再利用才起作用;这样可以出来同时出现的呼叫并超出理论频谱容量;当小区的业务需求增到最大时,就要被划分,小区就要被划分成更小的蜂窝系统区域,蜂窝系统的小区形状常被描述成六边形,一群小区数量可以是9个或12个;2、Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC. This link may be a high-speed data communication circuits, a local area network LAN, a telephone line or a radio channel. Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet. Naturally, the quality of your Internet connection and service, like many other things in life, is dictated by the amount of money you are willing to spend.Although all these services can well satisfy the needs of the users for information exchange, a definite requirement is needed for the users. Not only should the users know where the resources locate, but also he should know some operating commands concerned.在使用Internet之前,必须使用一种方法在呢的PC机和Internet之间传递数据,这种连接的链路可以是高速数据通道电路,局域网,电话线路或无线信道;最有可能的是,你使用Modem连到电话线上与Internet对话;当然像生活中许多其他事物一样,与Internet连接服务和质量是由你花钱的数量来决定的;虽然这些所有的服务可以很好满足用户交换信息需要,但用户仍旧需要具有特定的先决条件,用户不但要知道信息资源的位置而且要知道一些有关的操作命令;3、Packet switching achieves the benefits discussed so far and offers added features. It provides the full advantage of the dynamic allocation of the bandwidth, even when messages are long. Indeed, with packer switching, many packets of the same message may be in transmission simultaneously over consecutive links of a path from source to destination, thus achieving a ‘pipelining’effect and reducing considerably the overall transmission delay of the message as compared to message switching. It lends to require smaller storage allocation at the intermediate switches. It also has better error characteristics and leads to more efficient error recovery procedures, as it deals with smaller entities. Needless to say, packer switching presents design problems of its own, such as the need to reorder packets of a given message that may arrive at the destination node out of sequence.分组交换除具有以上讨论的有点之外,还具有一些特点;它提供带宽动态分配的全部优势,甚至当报文很长时依然如此,由于有分组交换,一个报文的多个分组确定可以通过原点到终点通路中多个链路同时传送,因而道道“管道”传送的效应,与报文交换相比,他大大的减少了报文整体传送时延;在中间交换设备中这种方式只需要较小的存储分配区域;分组交换的误码特性较好,由于它只涉及很短的长度,因而导致更高效的纠错方式;当然,分组交换也有自身设计上的麻烦,例如,当报文无序到达目的节点时,需要重新对该报文进行分组排序;4、As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community, with its own tradition and customs.随着越来越多的系统连接到互联网,越来越多的信息被转化为数字形式,互联网用户可利用的资料持续增长,在不久的将来当国内互联网的规模增加到一定程度时,人们开始把互联网当做社区对待,并且拥有自己的传统和习惯;5、Three components are involved in a basic optical fiber system: the light source, the photo detector, and the optical transmission line. The optical light source generates the optical energy which serves as the information carrier, similar to a radio wave source supplying electromagnetic energy at radio wave wavelengths as the information carrier. The optical photo detector detects the optical energy and converts it into an electrical form. The optical fiber transmission line is the equivalent of copper wires and function as the conductor of optical energy.基本的光纤系统涉及到3个部分:光源、光检测器和光缆;光源产生的能力作为信息的载体,类似于具有电磁能的无线电波用波长作为信息载体,光检测器检测光能并将其转化为电能的形式,光缆等效于铜线具有传导光能的作用;6、The fixed telephone service is global and the interconnection varies from coaxial cable to optical fiber and satellite. The national standards are different, but with common interfaces and interface conversion, interconnection can take place. For mobile the problem is far more complex, with the need to roam creating a need for complex networks and system. Thus in mobile the question of standards is far more crucial to success than fixed systems.The GSM system is based on a cellular communications principle which was first proposed as a concept in the 1940s by Bell System engineers in the U.S. The idea came out of the need to increase network capacity and got round the face that broadcast mobile networks, operating in densely populated areas, could be jammed by a very small number of simultaneous calls. The power of the cellular system was that it allowed frequency reuse.全球范围内的固定电话通过同轴电缆、光缆和卫星相连;尽管各国的通信标准不同,但是由于有共同的接口和接口转换设备,互连问题得以解决;对于移动通信存在漫游问题,网络和系统就比较复杂,所以移动通信的标准问题就更关键; 1940年有美国贝尔系统工程师提出的蜂窝通信原理是GSM系统的基础,其思路是在人口密集的区域由于一些同时发起的呼叫导致网络拥塞,采用蜂窝系统可以增加系统的容量,蜂窝系统的优点在于频率的重复利用;7、The advantage of SDH are mainly reflected in the following:1Lower network element costs: With a common standard, compatible equipment will be available from many vendors. In a highly competitive market prices will be vary attractive. 2 Better network management: With better network management, operators will be able to mote efficiently use the network and provide better service. The concept of TMNTelecommunication Management Networksis under study by CCITT. Some TMN standards defining management system interfaces already exist.3Faster provisioning: If new circuits can be software defined to use existing spare bandwidth then provisioning will be mush faster. The only new connection needed will be from the customer’s premises to the nearest network access node.SDH的优点是:1、较低的网络成本:由于具有共同的标准,许多供应商提供的设备可以兼容,激烈的时长竞争可以降低成本,2、更好的网络管理:运营商有能力提供更有效的业务,电信网管标准正在由CCITT指定,定义管理接口的相关标准已经出台;3、快速准备:如果新的电路可被软件来定义,利用现有的空闲频段从用户到最近的网络节点,接入的准备工作将更快;8、If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detection the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal; parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path. Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways; perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the parking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of most interest to the communication engineer.如果进行二进制传输,通过检测脉冲的有无就可获得报文的全部信息,相比之下,其他传输系统携带信息是通过波形和信号电平,这些参数容量收到噪声和传输信道衰减的影响,因此数字通信具有克服噪声环境的内在优势;噪声可能通过不同的方式进入传输信道,附近的闪电、汽车点火系统或者通信设备内部的热噪声,通信工程师最感兴趣的是信噪比;9、Most of the subscribers on the network ate telephones. The telephone contains a transmitter and receiver for converting back and forth between analog voice and analog electrical signals. With the introduction of the digital data system, some subscribers that transmit digital signals have been incorporated into the network.网络中大多数用户都是电话机;电话机包括一个送话器和一个受话器,用料在模拟话音和模拟电信号之间进行变换;随着数字、数据系统的引入,有些传输数字信号的用户已经并入该网;。
A BSTRACT
The evolution of IP-based office applications has created a strong demand for public wireless broadband access technology offering capacity far beyond current cellular systems. Wireless LAN access technology provides a perfect broadband complement for the operators’ existing GSM and GPRS services in an indoor environment. Most commercial public wireless LAN solutions have only modest authentication and roaming capability compared to traditional cellular networks. This article describes a new wireless LAN system archi-tecture that combines the WLAN radio access technology with mobile operators’ SIM-based sub-scriber management functions and roaming infra-structure. In the defined system the WLAN access is authenticated and charged using GSM SIM. This solution supports roaming between cellular and WLAN access networks and is the first step toward an all-IP network architecture. The proto-type has been implemented and publicly verified in a real mobile operator network.
I NTRODUCTION
Seamless access to modern office tools is one of the most valuable assets for mobile business pro-fessionals today. Most corporate information sys-tems and databases can be accessed remotely through the Internet (IP) backbone, but the high bandwidth demand of typical office applications, such as large e-mail attachment downloading, often exceeds the transmission capacity of cellu-lar networks. Mobile professionals are looking for a public wireless access solution that could cover the demand for data-intensive applications and enable smooth online access to corporate data services.
Wireless local area networking (WLAN) radio technology provides superior bandwidth compared to any cellular technology. The state-of-the-art Wi-Fi™ wireless LAN standard (IEEE 802.11b) offers a maximum throughput of 11 Mb/s over a license exempt 2.4 GHz frequency band [1, 2]. The maximum data rate of a single user in a public WLAN radio network is 11 Mb/s (typical 6.5 Mb/s), while a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) handset offers a data rate up to 172 kb/s (typically 42 kb/s) and the third-genera-tion terminal up to 2 Mb/s (typically 144 kb/s). From the end users’ perspective the perfor-mance difference is huge, which makes WLAN a competitive option to cellular data indoors.
Most WLAN terminals are laptops or PDAs with separate WLAN network adapters. The market analysts forecast a major growth of WLAN PC card market in 2001. The WLAN terminal business is gradually moving toward more integrated devices; the leading high-end laptop models shall have integrated wireless LAN interfaces during 2001. Furthermore, the terminal category is expanding with WLAN PDA phones and integrated PDA devices.
The business professionals’ desire for broad-band public data access and the rapidly growing WLAN terminal penetration create a fascinating business opportunity for mobile operators to extend their services to cover WLAN access. Today, there are about 50 million mobile laptop users, of which 30 million also have GSM sub-scription [3]. WLAN can complement mobile operators’ traditional wide-area GPRS and GSM service portfolio by offering a cost-efficient wire-less broadband data solution indoors. Target places for WLAN access services are airports, railway stations, hotels, business parks, and office buildings where most mobile laptop users typically work.
The key question is how to utilize mobile operator strengths: large GSM customer base, cellular infrastructure investments, and well estab-lished roaming agreements in operator WLAN networks. The authors have been involved in the development of a new WLAN system architecture which is targeted to mobile operators. The defined solution, called an operator WLAN (OWLAN) system, combines GSM subscriber management and billing mechanisms with WLAN access technology. The OWLAN enables IP roam-ing between different operator access networks. The operator WLAN solution is available for
Juha Ala-Laurila, Jouni Mikkonen, and Jyri Rinnemaa, Nokia Mobile Phones W IRELESS L OCAL A REA AND H OME N ETWORKS。