词汇表-大物上(全)(2)

Chapter 1Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 第一章：引言，测量，估算water flow: 水流constant: 常数，保持不变的conservation of energy: 能量守恒course grade: 课程成绩reference book: 参考书specialized vocabulary: 专业词汇estimate: 估计classical mechanics: 经典力学relativity: 相对论quantum mechanics: 量子力学ideal model: 理想模型main factor: 主要因素approximation: 近似precision: 精度mass point: 质点translational motion: 平动rigid body: 刚体rotational motion: 转动uncertainty: 不确定度significant figures: 有效数字unit: 单位SI: 国际单位制mass: 质量prefix: 前缀dimensional analysis: 量纲分析order of magnitude: 数量级gravitational constant: 引力常数Chapter 2Kinematics in one-Dimension第二章：一维运动学one dimension: 一维mechanics:力学kinematics: 运动学dynamics:动力学reference frame:参考系orbit:轨道coordinate system:坐标系specify:详细说明rectangular coordinate system:直角坐标系axis:坐标轴position:位置motional equation:运动方程displacement:位移distance traveled:路程average speed:平均速率average velocity:平均速度time elapsed:经过时间period:周期circular motion:圆周运动instantaneous velocity:瞬时速度infinitesimal:微元time interval:时间间隔derivative:导数，微商with respect to:相对于changing rate: 变化率integral/integration: 积分acceleration:加速度free fall motion:自由落体运动analyze:分析simple harmonic motion:简谐振动origin:原点initial time:初始时间initial conditions:初始条件diver:跳水运动员vertical:竖直的differential equation:微分方程separation of variables:分离变量Chapter 3Kinematics in More Dimensions; Vectors 第三章：多维运动学，矢量more dimensions:多维vector:矢量，向量scalar:标量magnitude:大小，模direction:方向force:力momentum:动量torque:力矩vector algebra:矢量代数diagram:图unit vector: 单位矢量addition:加法subtraction:减法scalar product:标量积，点乘，内积vector product:矢量积，叉乘right-hand rule:右手定则position vector:位置矢量path equation:轨道方程projectile motion:抛体运动parabola:抛物线ellipse:椭圆component:分量superposition principle:叠加原理uniform circular motion:匀速圆周运动horizontal:水平的strategy:策略slingshot:弹弓range:射程cannonball:炮弹maximum:最大minimum:最小angular coordinate:角坐标angular velocity:角速度angular acceleration:角加速度frequency:频率tangent:相切，正切nonuniform circular motion:非匀速圆周运动tangential acceleration:切向加速度centripetal/radial/normal acceleration: 向心/径向/法向加速度perpendicular:垂直curved:弯曲的relative motion:相对运动Galilean transformations:伽利略变换relative to: 相对于relative velocity:相对速度subscript:下标30°north by west:北偏西30°Chapter 4& 5Dynamics: Newton's Laws and Its Application 第四、五章：动力学：牛顿定律及其应用Newton's laws:牛顿定律mathematician:数学家physicist:物理学家work:功angular momentum:角动量spring scale: 弹簧秤idealized experiment:理想实验，思想实验friction:摩擦net force:合力inertia:惯性tendency:倾向inertial reference frame:惯性系noninertial reference frame:非惯性系distinguish:区分，判别hold:有效mass:质量weight:重量，重力proportional to:正比于inversely proportional to:反比于acting on:作用于acted by:被…作用limitation:限制条件macro world:宏观世界exert:施加，作用reaction:反作用normal force:法向力contact force:接触力weight loss:失重elevator:电梯kinetic friction:动摩擦static friction:静摩擦coefficient:系数materiel:材料smoothness:光滑程度lubrication:润滑identify:确定，识别free-body diagram: 隔离体受力图convenient: 方便的formula: 公式rope: 绳子hang: 悬挂uniformly distributed: 均匀分布的catenary: 悬链线literature: 文献pulley: 滑轮air friction:空气阻力centripetal/radial force:向心力/径向力tension:张力conical pendulum:圆锥摆hoop:圆环highway:公路banked:倾斜的skating:溜冰bowl:碗track:轨道slide:滑semi-circular：半圆的plane:平面velocity-dependent: 和速度相关的*Chapter 6 Gravitation and Newton’s synthesis *第六章：万有引力及牛顿的演绎（自学）Chapter 7 Work and Energy第七章：功和能量alternative description of dynamics: 动力学的其他表述方式significance:意义，重要性conserved:守恒的varying force:变力line integral:线积分conservative force:保守力nonconservative force:非保守力path independent:与路径无关calorie:卡路里fat:脂肪stretch:拉长unstretched: 未变形的spring:弹簧kinetic energy:动能translational kinetic energy:平动动能work-energy principle:功能原理elliptical motion:椭圆运动effective mass:等效质量，有效质量mechanical energy:机械能heat / thermalenergy:热能，内能electromagnetic energy:电磁能chemical energy:化学能nuclear energy:核能fission:核裂变fusion:核聚变chain reaction:链式反应nuclear bomb:核弹shock wave:冲击波radiation:辐射γ ray:伽马射线neutron:中子Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy第八章：能量守恒loop integration:环路积分closed path：闭合路径elastic force:弹性力potential energy:势能associated with:和…关联configuration: 形状，结构release:释放capacity:能力arbitrary:任意的interaction system:作用系统partial derivative:偏导数system of particles:质点系internal force:内力external force:外力principle of conservation of mechanical energy:机械能守恒定律frictionless:无摩擦的skier:滑雪运动员sphere:球dissipative:耗散的transform:转换transfer:转移compress:压缩center of mass: 质心attraction force: 吸引力launch:发射satellite:卫星cosmic velocity:宇宙速度escape velocity:逃逸速度bound state:束缚态unbound state:非束缚态black hole:黑洞Schwarzschild radius:史瓦西半径power:功率diatomic molecule:双原子分子equilibrium point:平衡点slope:斜率repulsion force:排斥力stable equilibrium:稳定平衡unstable equilibrium: 非稳定平衡saddle:马鞍面Chapter 9Linear Momentum and Collisions 第九章：线动量和碰撞linear momentum: 线动量，动量collision:碰撞impulse:冲量impulse-momentum theorem:冲量定理impulsive force:冲击力stiff-legged:挺直腿的bent:弯曲jet:喷射splashing back:溅射回linear density:线密度isolated system:孤立系统recoil: 反冲rifle:步枪billiard ball:台球strike:撞击identical:完全相同的half sphere:半球elastic collision:弹性碰撞target:目标，靶子baseball:棒球bat:球棒，球拍rebound:反弹slingshot effect:弹弓效应spacecraft:飞船，航天器Voyager II:旅行者2号Jupiter:木星planet:行星inelastic collision:非弹性碰撞restitution coefficient:恢复系数stick together: 连成一体ratio:比值center of mass (CM): 质心rotation: 转动vibration: 振动weighted average: 加权平均stone: 棋子continuous object: 连续体thin rod: 细棒segment: 一段right triangle: 直角三角形rocket propulsion:火箭发射Tsiolkovsky equation:齐奥科夫斯基方程Chapter 10 Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis 第十章：定轴转动rigid body: 刚体definite shape:固定形状vibrate:振动deform:形变rotational motion:转动axis of rotation:转轴fixed axis:固定轴angular quantities: 角参量platter:（磁盘）盘片hard disk:硬盘rpm (Revolutions Per Minute):每分钟转数reading head:读磁头writing head:写磁头bit:比特spinning top:陀螺similarity:相似性analogous:类比的point of action:作用点Archimedes’lever:阿基米德的杠杆fulcrum:支点lever arm / moment arm:力臂torque:力矩seesaw:跷跷板rotational inertia:转动惯量rotational theorem about fixed axis:定轴转动定理distribute:分布uniform:均匀disk:（薄）圆盘cylinder:圆柱sphere:球parallel-axis theorem:平行轴定理perpendicular-axis theorem:垂直轴定理point of intersection:交点plane figures:平面图形diameter:直径massive:有质量的pivot:转动angular momentum:角动量figure skating:花样滑冰helicopter:直升机posture:姿态injury:受伤platform:平台rotational kinetic energy:转动动能rolling motion:滚动slipping:滑动incline:斜坡Chapter 11 General Rotation第十一章：一般转动torque vector relative to O: 对参考点O的力矩determinant:行列式central force:有心力，中心力Kepler’s 2nd law:开普勒第二定律area:面积spiral line:螺旋线frame of the CM:质心参考系gyroscope:陀螺仪precession:进动trick:技巧，窍门inertial force:惯性力fictitious force:虚拟力centrifugal force:离心力virtual:虚拟的Coriolis force:科里奥利力whirlpool:漩涡Foucault pendulum:傅科摆Chapter 12 Oscillations第十二章：振动oscillation: 振动mechanical oscillations:机械振动string of a guitar:吉他弦vocal cords:声带electrical:电的optical:光学的atomic:原子的simple harmonic motion:简谐振动compose:构成Hooke’s law:胡克定律equilibrium position:平衡位置restoring force:回复力exhibit:展示angular frequency:角频率dynamic equation:动力学方程cube:正方体float:漂浮amplitude:振幅cycle:循环phase:相、相位、位相initial phase / phase angle:初始相位、初相、相角in phase:同相inverse phase:反相phase difference:相位差attach to:连接rotational vector method:旋转矢量法projection:投影far left:最左端physical pendulum:复摆simple pendulum: 单摆vertical plane:竖直平面tunnel:隧道superposition:叠加constructive superposition:叠加增强destructive superposition:叠加减弱beat:拍、节拍amplitude modulation:调幅frequency modulation:调频Lissajous figures:李萨如图形damped harmonic motion:阻尼振动damping force:阻尼力underdamped:欠阻尼mean:平均lifetime: 寿命overdamped motion:过阻尼critical damped motion:临界阻尼forced vibration:受迫振动driving force:驱动力resonance:共振nuclear magnetic resonance:核磁共振Chapter 13 Wave Motion第十三章：波动mechanical wave: 机械波propagation:传播wave source:波源pulse:脉冲medium:介质wave pattern:波形transverse wave:横波longitudinal wave:纵波characteristics:特征sinusoidal:正弦的wavelength:波长periodicity:周期性crest:波峰trough:波谷wave velocity:波速elastic modulus:弹性模量（杨氏模量）bulk modulus:体变模量liquid:液体transmission:传递，透射plane harmonic wave :平面谐波wave surface:波面spherical wave:球面波isotropy:各向同性absorption:吸收wave number:波数wave equation:波动方程intensity:波强algebraic:代数的composite wave:复合波Fourier’ theorem:傅里叶定理interference:干涉coherent waves:相干波standing wave: 驻波traveling wave: 行波node: 波节antinode: 波腹reflection: 反射half-wave loss: 半波损失fixed end: 固定端free end: 自由端harmonics: 谐频fundamental frequency:基频overtone:泛音refraction:折射diffraction:衍射obstacle:障碍Chapter 14Sound第十四章：声波loudness:响度pitch:音高audible range:听觉范围infrasonic:次声波ultrasonic:超声波sound level:声强级logarithmic:对数的decibel:分贝loudspeaker:喇叭Doppler effect:多普勒效应red shift:红移big bang theory:大爆炸理论emit:发射detect:接收，探测supersonic:超音速shock wave:冲击波Mach number:马赫数Chapter 30The Wave Nature of Light; Interference 第三十章：波动光学；干涉Huygens’ principle:惠更斯原理wavelet:子波envelope: 包络，包迹wave front: 波前index of refraction: 折射率monochromatic:单色的polarization:偏振spectrum:光谱visible light:可见光double-slit:双缝thin film:薄膜Young’s double-slit experiment:杨氏双缝干涉实验convincing:有说服力的evidence:证据fall on:照射fringe:条纹angstrom(Å):埃（10-10米）band:带vacuum:真空optical length:光程deposited:覆盖lens:透镜nonreflective coatings:增透膜reflective coatings:增反膜eliminate:消除incident:入射的soap bubble:肥皂泡purple:紫色wedge-shaped film:劈尖形薄膜concave:凹的protruding:凸的Newton’s rings:牛顿环convex:凸面的Michelson Interferometer:迈克尔逊干涉仪beam splitter:分光镜inclination:倾向，倾角Chapter 31 Diffraction & Polarization第三十一章：衍射与偏振diffraction pattern:衍射图案razor blade:剃须刀片Poisson spot:泊松斑Huygens-Fresnel principle:惠更斯-菲涅耳原理light vibration:光振动（电场振动）Fraunhofer diffraction:夫琅禾费衍射diffraction by a single slit:单缝衍射diffraction angle:衍射角half-wave zone method:半波带法adjacent:邻近的even:偶数的odd:奇数的minima:极小（复数）maxima:极大（复数）diffraction of circular apertures:小孔衍射Airy disk:爱里斑angular radius:角半径Rayleigh criterion:瑞利判据image:成像resolvable:可分辨的resolving power:分辨本领telescope:望远镜microscope:显微镜electron microscope:电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope (STM):扫描隧道显微镜astronaut:宇航员pupil:瞳孔grating:光栅resultant:合成的principal maxima:主极大secondary maxima:次极大missing maxima:缺级angular width:角宽度、张角X-ray: X光penetrating: 穿透性的macroscopic:宏观的microscopic:微观的crystal structure:晶体结构electric field:电场unpolarized / natural light:（无偏振）自然光linearly polarized light:线偏振光partial polarized light:部分偏振光photon:光子mixture:混合Polaroid/polarizer:偏振片、起偏器birefringence:双折射Malus’ law: 马吕斯定律analyzer:检偏器incidence: 入射filter:滤镜Brewster’s law:布儒斯特定律polarizing angle:起偏角law of refraction:折射定律critical angle:临界角total internal reflection:全反射wave plate: 波片（λ/2半波片、λ/4四分之一波片）Chapter 32 Special Theory of Relativity 第三十二章：狭义相对论relativity principle:相对性原理ether:以太Michelson-Morley experiment:迈克尔逊-莫雷实验fringe shift:条纹移动postulate:假定constancy of the speed of light:光速不变commonsense:常识的notion:概念simultaneity:同时性event:事件time dilation:时间膨胀proper time:固有时间relativity factor:相对论因子relativistic:相对论的universality:普遍性twin paradox:双生子佯谬muon:μ介子decay:衰变length contraction:长度收缩Mars:火星proper length:固有长度painting:绘画dimensions:大小Lorentz contraction:洛伦兹收缩Lorentz transformation:洛伦兹变换ultimate speed:终极速度、最大速度relativistic mass:相对论质量rest mass:静止质量cyclotron:加速器rest energy:静止能量mass-energy equation:质能方程mass decrease:质量亏损KWH:千瓦时TNT-equivalent: TNT炸药当量Lorentz invariant:洛伦兹不变量pion:π介子electric potential:电势teletube:显像管。