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美国历史
美国全称美利坚合众国（英语：United States of America），原为英国殖民地，后因种种因素逐渐兴起而成为一个强大的国家。
北美洲原始居民为印第安人。
16-18世纪，正在进行资本原始积累的西欧各国相继入侵北美洲。
到了十八世纪中期，在北美大西洋沿岸建立了十三块殖民地，殖民地的经济，文化，政治相对成熟。
但是殖民地与英国之间产生了裂痕，英国继续对北美地区采取高压政策，引起了北美地区居民强烈不满。
从1776年到1783年，北美十三州在华盛顿领导下取得了独立战争的胜利。
美国正式诞生，先后制定了一系列民主政治的法令。
逐步成为一个完全独立的民族主权国家。
美国独立后积极进行领土扩展，美国领土逐渐由大西洋沿岸扩张到太平洋沿岸。
经济发生了显著变化，北部、南部经济沿着不同方向发展。
南北矛盾日益加重。
1861年4月至1865年4月，美国南方与北方之间进行的战争，又称美国内战。
最终是北方领导的资产阶级获胜统一全国。
1865年开始了重建时期，逐步废除奴隶制，1877年，南部进行民主重建，制订了民主的进步法令，标志着民主重建的结束。
后来美国完成了工业革命，经济实力大增，两次世界大战奠定了美国在资本主义世界中霸主的地位。
冷战开始后和苏联平分天下。
冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国。
但是二十世纪八十年代年美国经济情况仍较平稳。
进入90年代，美国计算机产业发展迅速，并带动全球的高科技信息产业，开拓了新一代的产业革命。
美国历史总结(时间线)美国历史总结(时间线)1：美洲原住民时代- 公元前15,000年至公元前1,000年左右，美洲原住民在北美大陆定居和发展。
- 不同部落在经济、社会和宗教方面有各自的特点，如印第安人、伊努伊特人和马雅人等。
2：殖民地时代 (1607-1776)a：英国殖民地的建立- 1607年，弗吉尼亚公司在维吉尼亚建立了詹姆斯敦殖民地，成为第一个英国殖民地。
- 随后，其他英国殖民地纷纷建立，如马萨诸塞、宾夕法尼亚和纽约等。
b：七年战争- 1754-1763年，七年战争（法印战争）爆发，法国在北美地区的殖民地失去了大片土地，英国殖民地扩张。
c：独立革命 (1775-1783)- 1775年，美国殖民地爆发独立革命，推翻英国统治。
- 1776年，美国独立宣言签署，确立了独立的地位。
- 1783年，在巴黎和谈中，英国承认美国独立。
3：建国时期 (1783-1800)a：建立联邦- 1787年，美国宪法起草并获得批准，建立了联邦。
- 1789年，美国第一届总统乔治·华盛顿就职。
b：路易斯安那购地和扩张- 1803年，美国通过路易斯安那购地扩大领土，从法国购得大片土地。
4：内战时期 (1861-1865)a：南北战争- 1861年，南部十一个州宣布脱离联邦，导致南北战争爆发。
- 1865年，北方胜利，废除奴隶制度，确保联邦统一。
5：工业化和西部拓荒时期 (1865-1900)a：工业化进程- 19世纪末，美国工业化迅速发展，铁路建设、钢铁和石油工业蓬勃发展，工业资本主义兴起。
b：西部拓荒和印第安人问题- 1862年通过土地法案，鼓励移民西部定居，导致与印第安人的冲突。
- 1890年，印第安人战争结束，西部拓荒达到顶峰。
6：两次世界大战和后冷战时期 (1900-2000)a：两次世界大战- 1917年，美国参加第一次世界大战，结束后成为世界大国。
- 1941年，美国在珍珠港遭到袭击，加入第二次世界大战。
American HistoryAmerica Between 1600-19001)Pre-Columbian Period前哥伦比亚时期美国最早的居民是通过白令陆桥到达阿拉斯加的，之后他们迁移到美洲各个地方。
2)Columbian Period(late 15th-18th century)殖民地时期美国第一个殖民地建立于弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦Jamestown，在1607年到1733年之间，英国共建立了13个殖民地，最后一个是乔治亚Georgia。
新英格兰地区首先由清教徒建立，普利茅斯殖民地建于1620年，马萨诸塞湾殖民地于1630年建立。
3)Formation of the United States of America(1776-1789)美国的形成13个英国殖民地于1776年宣布独立，同年，托马斯·杰斐逊Tomas Jefferson起草《独立宣言》，并于1776年7月4日的第二次大陆会议通过。
《巴黎条约》的签署标志着英国正式承认美国独立。
1789年，联邦政府成立，华盛顿Washington成为第一任美国总统，约翰·亚当斯John Adams 为第一任副总统。
4)The Civil War(1861-1865)美国内战在林肯继任美国总统以后，南方的11个州脱离政府，成立了美利坚联合国。
内战于1861年爆发，1865年借宿，北方胜利。
1861年反对黑奴的共和党人亚伯拉罕·林肯Abraham Lincoln当选总统，1862年宣布了Emancipation Proclamation《解放奴隶宣言》。
1863年11月19日，林肯发表了著名的葛底斯堡演说，他说都：“民有、民治、民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失”。
1865年，美国宪法用来废除奴隶制度的《第十三修正案》被批准通过。
America After 19001)US and WWI (1914-1918)一战始于1914年7月28日，于1918年11月11日结束，历时大约四年。
了解美国自1900年至1945年的历史，其中包括美国经济的发展，20世纪初的革新运动，第一次世界大战对美国的影响，20年代的美国，经济危机余罗斯福的"新政"，以及第二次世界大战期间的美国。
1.Econcomic growth in the early 20th century2.Progressivism and some of the reform efforts3.Achievements under President Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson4.Role of the U.S. in WWI5.Characteristics of the 1920s6.Effects of the Great Depression on American society7.Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal8.American objectives and basic policies in WWIIEconomic DevelopmentTremendous growth of the economy between the end of theCivil War and 1900Steam and electricity replaced human muscle. Steel took the place of iron. Machines and oil were used. People and goods could move by railroads. In 1880 a million tons of steel were produced. In 1900 the U.S. produced 245 million tons of coal, ranking first in the world. By 1900 there were 193,000 miles of railroad.Features in the growth of the economy in the early 20thcenturyBeginning in 1899 there emerged a growth of industrial andfinancial mergers. In 1909, corporations turned out 79% of all manufactured products in the United States. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type of industrial organization. Together with the growth of corporation, there appeared a professional managerial class who was in charge of the daily management of the corporations.With the development of industry and the extension of railroadnetwork, there was a mushroom growth of cities. In 1920, over 30 million people lived in 32 large city areas, making up 28% of the total population. This is what we call urbanization of America.There was a rapid development of new technology. Apart from theelectricity and stream, there were the automobile, the radio and other developments. In 1908, Henry Ford began the mass-production of cars. By 1918 car registration had reached 2.5 million, which showed the United States was on the way to becoming a nation on the wheels. In 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first aeroplane for a brief 12 seconds. In 1911 Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.ProgressivismThe Muckrakers and the Progressive MovementWith the development of the economy, there also arose a number ofsocial problems. The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society. These exposures shocked the people into realizing that something must be done to change the situation.The Progressive Movement, a movement demanding governmentregulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of the large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals, but rather a number of diverse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.In the social area, the demands were improved living conditionsfor the poor in the cities, the banning of child labor, work hour limits for women workers and industrial accident insurance. In the political area, there were demands for reforming the city and state governments, and ending corruption, which was evident in the Gilded Age. In the economic area, there was an attempt to regulate big business to preventprice-fixing and control of the market.Contributions of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow WilsonPushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt(1901-09) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) contributed to the government regulation of economic development and initiated changes from the 19th century tradition of laissez faire.President Theodore Roosevelt's contributions were threefold:the withdrawal of 200 million acres of public land as forest reserve and initiation of large-scale irrigation projects;the active use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to stop monopolistic business mergers;the adoption of the Hepburn Act of 1906 to regulate railroad prices and do away with rebates.President Wilson put forward his program of NewFreedom and achieved the following:a reduction of tariffs by 10% for the first time sincethe Civil War and a number of items put on the free list;the passage of the Federal Reserve Act whichdecentralized the banking system, provided better bankingfacilities to the neglected South and West, and ensured anadequate currency in the Federal reserve notes undergovernment control;regulation of trusts by stating clearly the unfair business practices and setting up Federal Trade Commissions to hear complaints and to investigate;making available to farmers loans at low rates;8-hour workday for railroad workers and better treatment of seamen;adoption of an income tax;adoption of the 19th amendment of voting right for women.World War I and the United StatesPresident Wilson and U.S. policy in WWIThe First World War, which broke out in June 1914, was the resultof fierce struggle between two imperialist power groups for colonies, markets, and spheres of influence, and of an intense arms race.Most Americans felt that their country had no vital interests inthe outcome of the war. Because of its ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background and economic connections, the public, generally speaking, was in favor of the Allies(Britain, France, Russia and Italy). On August 4, 1914, President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality.Pro-Ally partiality and U.S. involvementBut the United States was impartial neither in action, nor inthought. It pursued a policy of pro-Ally partiality. Britain and France could buy arms and war materials from the U.S. and get loans from American banks and financial institutions, while Germany could have little access to American resources.When Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare, when Britainand France, exhausted by the war, might lose the war and bring great harm to American business interest, when Germany tried to get Mexico into the war against the U.S. by promising it the return of lost territory of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, the U.S. government declared war on Germany on April 6,1917.The Versailles Treaty System and the Washington SystemThe war ended on November 11,1918, and the Peace Conference (theParis Conference) began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a conference of division of coloniesof Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France and Italy). Although President Wilson put forward a program of Fourteen Points, which was praised by manyas liberal and progressive, he was actually trying to advance American interests.The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of theVersailles Treaty System in Europe and later it was supplemented by the Washington System in Asia. These two systems lasted from 1919 to 1939 when the Second World War broke out.The United States in the 1920sA period of material successAs a result of the war, the U.S. had changed from a debtor nationto a creditor, that is, other nations owed the U.S. $3.7 billion in 1919.There was further urbanization, new development of technology andmass production in the 1920s. By 1930, urban population had reached 56.2% of the total population and 80% of the town and city homes had electricity.With the growth of production, there was a marked increase in theliving standard of many people. Automobiles, telephones, radios, and refrigerators became more popular by 1929.The government in this period gave direct or indirect help toindustry and business and showed little interest in regulation or control.A friendly government, tariff protection, favorable tax rates and absence of restrictions promoted the development of industry and help bring about huge profits for big business. Foreign trade was greatly expanded and by 1928, there was a favorable balance of trade of $1 billion.A period of intolerant nationalismDuring wartime, there was a demand in the country for patriotismand uniformity. When the war was over, there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism, that is, not allowing views, opinions, or beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs. Many believed that American political, economic and social institutions were far better than those anywhere else in the world.There three typical examples of this intolerance:The Red Scare caused by the fear of communism spread quickly after the October Revolution in 1917. In 1919 and 1920, two waves of mass arrests were lunched by the Justice Department, when over 4,000 suspected Communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the United States.The death sentence of Sacco and Vanzetti, who were arrested and put to death to answer for killing two people and stealing ＄16,000 in Massachusetts in 1920, although little evidence wasfound to prove their guilt. Many historians wrotethat they died for their political views ofradicalism.The revival and growth of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)after 1915. In 1924 the KKK claimed a membership offour to five million. It terrorized and attacked notonly blocks, but also progressives, labor unionorganizers, communist or socialist party members.The Great Depression and the New DealThe stock market crash and the Great DepressionThere were serious weaknesses, however, in the American economyin the 1920s. One weakness was that there was no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies. The banking system lacked stability. Another serious weakness was stock market speculation and over-expansion of credit. The prices of many stocks had no relation to profits or to real value.The first blow to the stock market cameon October 24, 1929, the black Thursday. Tenof millions of shares were dumped on themarket, which drove down the share prices.Billions of dollars of paper profits werewiped out within a few hours. The stock marketcrash was the beginning of a long economic depression.Since President Hoover refused to take strong government actionto make the economy suffering smaller, the situation worsened quickly. The GNP (gross national product) shrank from $87 billion in 1929 to $41 billion in 1933. Over 5,500 banks failed between 1929 and early 1933, wiping out the savings of millions of families. People rushed to banks to take out their money, which further drove banks to bankruptcy. Many rural Americans lost their land and other properties because of foreclosures resulting from their failure to pay interest.Misery and personal sufferings were widespread. Young men and womenabout 2 million in all became "tramps", riding the train to nowhere in particular, hoping to get a job or meal at every stop. Millions of homeless people slept in parks, subways or abandoned buildings. Hungry people were seen looking for scraps of food in garbage cans. In the summer of 1932, a few hundred WWI veterans came to Washington D.C. to demand full payment of bonuses promised by Congress in 1924, but they were driven out of the capital by soldiers with tanks and machine-guns.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New DealIn 1932, in the depth of the depression, theAmerican people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their nextpresident who promised a "New Deal" to get America out ofthe depression. Roosevelt had a sure sense of what seemedpractical or possible, and he was a great communicator,able to talk to people in all walks of life. His "firesidechats" over the radio attracted millions of people.The immediate problem Roosevelt faced was how toprevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system. In his first 100 days in the White House, he made Congress pass a large number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people.The New Deal included the following contents:establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency system, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority;stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production;improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.World War II and the United StatesBeginning of the WarThe Second World War was the result of struggle between the greatpowers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan. This struggle was worsened by the world economic crisis.From the Japanese attack on China in July 1937 to the German attackon Poland in September 1939, from the attack on the Soviet Union in June, 1941 to the Pearl Harbor incident in December, 1941, the war spread to the whole world and involved all the great powers in the world.Evolution of the American foreign policyIn the early 1930s, the U.S. followed the foreign policy ofisolationism, that is, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia. From 1935 to 1937, the U.S. Congress passed three neutrality acts to prevent the U.S. from being dragged into the war. They were all signed into law by President Roosevelt.But with the spread of the war, especially after the fall of France,the U.S. gradually moved away from neutrality and tried to assist Britain without running the risk of offending the isolationists in Congress. The Lend-Lease program is a case in point.The bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nationwas formally in war with the Axis powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan. American wartime objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powersand the establishment of a world order afterunconditional victory in accord with Americanideals and interests. And the road to therealization of these objectives was coordinationof American, British and Soviet efforts.American foreign policies towardsBritain and the Soviet UnionWartime American diplomacy largely was American diplomacy towardsBritain and the Soviet Union. There were two guiding principles behind all diplomatic activities: the first was to win the war; the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American interests and to prevent the Soviet Union from over-expansion.The most important issue in Anglo-American diplomacy after PearlHarbor was the formulation of a grand strategy. The first was to work out a strategy of Europe for the concentration of resources to defeat Germany first. The second was policy towards the Soviet Union. The two countries agreed that they should give it whatever support they could offer to keep it in the war. But after the Battle of Stalingrad, the two countries were more concerned about Soviet expansion. The postponement of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of the desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion. The third was the status of former colonies after the war. Here the two countries had very different views. The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their former colonies and let them become independent states so as to influence these countries easily. Britain was particularly sensitive to American design and tried its best to protect its interests.American policy towards the Soviet Union was centered on threeconsiderations: to keep the Soviet Union in the war so that the U.S. could win the war with the least sacrifice; to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan; to influence Soviet foreign policy so that there would be some kind of cooperation after the war but at the same time to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.Three summits during the warThe first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At theconference it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of France would be launched in May 1944, which was codenamed Overload.The second conference was held in Yaltain February, 1945, which actually approved are-division of postwar sphere of influence amongthe three powers and decided on the setting-upof a world organization: the United Nations. Itwas also at this conference that Roosevelt hadthe promise of Stalin that the Soviet Union woulddeclare war on Japan three months after thedefeat of Germany.The third conference was held at Potsdam,outside Berlin, during July and August in 1945, which confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at Yalta. At the same time, the conference showed there were great differences among the three powers, which later led to tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.词语注释1 tremendous a. 巨大的，极大的2 merger n.（公司）合并3 incorporation n. 合并，组成公司4 mushroom a. 急速生长的，迅速扩散的5 Henry Ford 亨利·福特（1863-1947），美国汽车制造商，创办福特（Ford）汽车公司（1903），发明装配线生产法，使美国成为汽车大国6 Wright brothers 莱特兄弟，美国飞机发明家，航空先驱者7 Muckrakers 搜集并张扬丑闻的人（含贬义）8 Progressive Movement n. "进步运动"，其广泛涉及美国社会政治和经济领域的一系列改革要求被统称为"进步党主义"(progressivism)9 regulation n. 调节，控制10 diverse a. 多种多样的，不同的11 Gilded Age 镀金时代(gilded a. 镀金的，富有的)。
“兰登书屋”20世纪百大英文小说美国兰登书屋的《当代文库》编辑小组於1998年7月间选出了本世纪一百大英文小说。
这份排名书单一公布，即引起举世回响和评论。
百大小说之圈选，以英国航海作家康拉德（Joseph Conrad）入选四本最多；其他如乔伊斯、福克纳、劳伦斯、福斯特、詹姆斯、渥夫各有三本入选。
乔伊斯的《尤里西斯》是第一名，这本书在其他名单也都名列前茅。
就出版年代而言，出版最早的是1900年的《嘉莉妹妹》和《吉姆爷》；最近的则是1983年的《紫苑草》；1985年以後尚无入选作品。
20世纪百大英文小说1. 乔伊斯（James Joyce）爱尔兰《尤里西斯》（Ulysses）19222. 费兹杰罗（F. S. Fitzgerald）美国《大亨小传》（The Great Gatsby）19253. 乔伊斯（James Joyce）爱尔兰《青年艺术家的画像》（A Portrait of the Artistasa Young Man）19164. 纳巴科夫（Vladimir Nabokov）俄裔美籍《洛莉塔》（Lolita）19555. 赫胥黎（Aldous Huxley）英国《美丽新世界》（Brave New World）19326. 福克纳（William Faulkner）美国《声音与愤怒》（The Sound and Fury）19297. 海勒（Joseph Heller）美国《第22条军规》（Catch-22）19618. 柯斯勒（Arthur Koestler）匈牙利《中午的黑暗》（Darkness at Noon）19419. 劳伦斯（D. H. Lawrence）英国《儿子与情人》（Sons and Lover）191310. 史坦贝克（John Steinbeck）美国《愤怒的葡萄》（The Grapes of Wrath）193911. 劳瑞（Malcolm Lowry）英国《在火山下》（Under the Volcano）194712. 巴特勒（Samuel Butler）英国《众生之路》（The Way of All Flesh）190313. 欧威尔（George Orwell）英国《一九八四》（1984）194914. 格雷夫斯（Robert Graves）英国《我，克劳狄》（I, Claudius）193415. 吴尔芙（Virginia Woolf）英国《到灯塔去》（To the Lighthouse）192716. 德莱赛（Theodore Dreiser）美国《人间悲剧》（An American Tragedy）192517. 玛克勒丝（Carson McCullers）美国《同是天涯沦落人》（The Heart Is a Longly Heart）194018. 冯内果（Kurt Vonnegut）美国《第五号屠宰场》（Slaughterhouse-Five）196919. 埃利森（Ralph Ellison）美国《隐形人》（Invisible Man）195220. 莱特（Richard Wright）美国《土生子》（Native Son）194021. 贝娄（Saul Bellow）美国《雨王韩德森》（Henderson the Rain King）195922. 奥哈拉（John O'Hara）美国《在萨马拉的会合》（Appointment in Samarra）193423. 多斯帕索斯（John Dos Passos）美国《美国》（U. S. A. ）193624. 安德生（Sherwood Anderson）美国《小城故事》（Winesburg, Ohio）191925. 福斯特（E. M. Forster）英国《印度之旅》（A Passage to India）192426. 詹姆斯（Henry James）美国《鸽翼》（The Wings of the Dove）190227. 詹姆斯（Henry James）美国《奉使记》（The Ambassadors）190328. 费兹杰罗（F. S. Fitzgerald）美国《夜未央》（Tender Is the Night）193429. 法雷尔（James T. Farrell）美国《「斯塔兹•朗尼根」三部曲》（Studs Lonigan-trilogy）193530. 福特（Ford Madox Ford）英国《好兵》（The Good Soldier）191531. 奥威尔（George Orwell）英国《动物庄园》（Animal Farm）194532. 詹姆斯（Henry James）美国《金碗》（The Golden Bowl）190433. 德莱赛（Theodore Dreiser）美国《嘉莉妹妹》（Sister Carrie）190034. 渥夫（Evelyn Waugh）英国《一掬尘土》（A Handful of Dust）193435. 福克纳（William Faulkner）美国《出殡现形记》（As I Lay Dying）193036. 华伦（Robert Penn Warren）美国《国王供奉的人们》（All the King's Men）194637. 威尔德（Thornton Wilder）美国《圣路易‧莱之桥》（The Bridge of SanLuis Rey）192738. 福斯特（E. M. Forster）英国《此情可问天》（Howards End）191039. 包德温（James Baldwin）美国《向苍天呼吁》（Go Tell It on the Mountain）195340. 葛林（Graham Greene）英国《事情的真相》（The Heart of the Matter）194841. 高汀（William Golding）英国《苍蝇王》（Lord of the Flies）195442. 迪基（James Dickey）美国《解救》（Deliverance ）197043. 鲍威尔（Anthony Powell）英国《与时代合拍的舞蹈》（A Dance to the Music of Time）197544. 赫胥黎（Aldous Huxley）英国《针锋相对》（Point Counter Point）192845. 海明威（Ernest Hemingway）美国《太阳照样升起》（The Sun Also Rise）192646. 康拉德（Joseph Conrad）英国《特务》（The Secret Agent）190747. 康拉德（Joseph Conrad）英国《诺斯特罗莫》（Nostromo）190448. 劳伦斯（D. H. Lawrence）英国《彩虹》（Rainbow）191549. 劳伦斯（D. H. Lawrence）英国《恋爱中的女人》（Women in Love）192050. 米勒（Henry Miller）美国《北回归线》（Tropic of Cancer）193451. 梅勒（Norman Mailer）美国《裸者和死者》（The Naked and Dead）194852. 罗斯（Philp Roth）美国《波特诺伊的抱怨》（Portnoy's Complaint）196953. 纳巴科夫（Vladimir Nabokov）俄裔美籍《苍白的火》（Pale Fire）196254. 福克纳（William Faulkner）美国《八月之光》（Light in August）193255. 克洛厄（Jack Kerouac）美国《在路上》（On the Road）195756. 汉密特（Dashiell Hammett）美国《马尔他之鹰》（The Maltese Falcon）193057. 福特（Ford Madox Ford）英国《行进的目的》（Parade's End）192858. 华顿（Edith Wharton）美国《纯真年代》（The Age of Innocence）192059. 毕尔邦（Max Beerbohm）英国《朱莱卡•多卜生》（Zuleika Dobson）191160. 柏西（Walker Percy）美国《热爱电影的人》（The Moviegoer）196161. 凯赛（Willa Cather）美国《总主教之死》（Death Comes to Archbishop）192762. 钟斯（James Jones）美国《乱世忠魂》（From Here to Eternity）195163. 奇佛（John Cheever）美国《丰普肖特纪事》（The Wapshot Chronicles）195764. 沙林杰（J. D. Salinger）美国《麦田捕手》（The Catcher in the Rye）195165. 柏基斯（Anthony Burgess）英国《装有发条的橘子》（A Clockwork Orange）196266. 毛姆（W. Somerset Maugham）英国《人性枷锁》（Of Human Bondage）191567. 康拉德（Joseph Conrad）英国《黑暗之心》（Heart of Darkness）190268. 刘易士（Sinclair Lewis）美国《大街》（Main Street）192069. 华顿（Edith Wharton）美国《欢乐之家》（The House of Mirth）190570. 达雷尔（Lawrence Durrell）英国《亚历山大四部曲》（The Alexandraia Quartet）196071. 休斯（Richard Hughes）英国《牙买加的风》（A High Wind in Jamaica）192972. 耐波耳（V. S. Naipaul）特立尼达和多巴哥《毕斯瓦思先生之屋》（A House for Mr. Biswas）196173. 威斯特（Nathaniel West）美国《蝗虫的日子》（The Day of the Locust）193974. 海明威（Ernest Hemingway）美国《战地春梦》（A Farewell to Arms）192975. 渥夫（Evelyn Waugh）英国《独家新闻》（Scoop ）193876. 丝帕克（Muriel Spark）英国《琼•布罗迪小姐的青春》（The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie）196177. 乔伊斯（James Joyce）爱尔兰《为芬尼根守灵》（Finnegans Wake）193978. 吉卜林（Rudyard Kipling）英国《金姆》（Kim）190179. 福斯特（E. M. Forster）英国《窗外有蓝天》（A Room with a View）190880. 渥夫（Evelyn Waugh）英国《梦断白庄》（Bride shead Revisited）194581. 贝娄（Saul Bellow）美国《阿奇正传》（The Adventures of Augie March）197182. 史达格纳（Wallace Stegner）美国《安眠的天使》（Angle of Repose）197183. 耐波耳（V. S. Naipaul）特立尼达和多巴哥《河曲》（A Bend in the River）197984. 鲍恩（Elizabeth Bowen）英国《心之死》（The Death of the Heart）193885. 康拉德（Joseph Conrad）英国《吉姆爷》（Lord Jim）190086. 达特罗（E. L. Doctorow）美国《爵士乐》（Ragtime）197587. 贝内特（Arnold Bennett）英国《老妇人的故事》（The Old Wives' Tale）190888. 伦敦（Jack London）英国《野性的呼唤》（The Call of the Wild）190389. 格林（Henry Green）英国《爱》（Loving）194590. 鲁西迪（Salman Rushdie）（印裔英籍）《午夜的孩子们》（Midnight's Children）198191. 考德威尔（Erskine Caldwell）美国《烟草路》（Tobacco Road）193292. 甘耐第（William Kennedy）美国《紫苑草》（Ironweed）198393. 佛勒斯（John Fowles）英国《占星家》（The Magus）196694. 里丝（Jean Rhys）英国《辽阔的藻海》（Wide Sargasso）196695. 默多克（Iris Murdoch）英国《在网下》（Under the Net）195496. 斯蒂隆（William Styron）美国《苏菲亚的抉择》（Sophie's Choice）197997. 鲍尔斯（Paul Bowles）美国《遮蔽的天空》（The Sheltering Sky）194998. 凯恩（James M. Cain）美国《邮差总按两次铃》（The Postman Always Rings Twice）193499. 唐利维（J. P. Donleavy）美国《眼线》（The Ginger Man）1955100. 塔金顿（Booth Tarkington）美国《伟大的安伯森斯》（The Magnificent Ambersons）1918 。
American History了解美国从1600年至1900年的历史，其中包括对美洲大陆的“发现”、殖民时期、独立战争、新国家的形成、1812年第二次反英战争、领土扩张和西进、南北战争以及南北战争后资本主义的发展。
1.The “discovery”of the New World2.Causes for the colonization of the New World3.The original 13 colonies4.The American War of Independence and its significance5.The establishment of a federal form of government6.The War of 1812 and its impact on the development of the U.S.7.The consequences of territorial expansion and westward movement8.The American Civil War and its impact on the development of the U.S.9.Rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil WarDiscovery of the New WorldThe “first Americans”The “first Americans” were theIndians,who, according to the scientists, crossed from Asia on land that once connected Siberia [sai'biəriə] and Alaska and first arrived in what is now the United States about 30,000 or 40,000 years ago.The Indians made a living on the land by hunting, gathering,fishing and farming.Christopher Columbus andAmerigo Vespucci亚美瑞格.韦斯普奇In1492,ChristopherColumbus, an Italian navigator, sailed across the vast ocean and discovered an unknown new continent, but he mistook it for India.From 1405to 1433 Zhenghe in Chinese Ming Dynasty sailed westward for 7 times ;the farthest places he reached were Red Sea and some African countries.The Colonial PeriodThe original 13 coloniesThe first English colony in theContinent was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.From 1607 to 1733 the Britishestablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. They were Virginia, Delaware, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia.Causes for the Colonization of the New WorldOpportunity in the New World was appealing to people from all walksof life, which offered them a chance to live a better life than they could hope for in the Old World.To get religious freedom was the other reason for many settlers.They went to the New Continent to avoid religious persecution and get the right to worship God in their own way in their ownchurches.The Pilgrims and the Puritans: the earliestEngland colonizers of the ContinentTo escape religious persecution, the Pilgrims leftEngland and went to live in Leyden, Holland at first.Thereafter in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New Worldin a ship called Mayflower and arrived at Plymouth.The Puritans were dissatisfied with the political corruption inEngland and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans wished to establish what they considered the one true church. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay.Features of the new coloniesThe colonists built a new way of life in the New World, which wouldplay a role in forming the American character.The features were: representative form of government, rule of law,respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise事业心，进取心.The War of Independence1775-1783Causes of the War: conflicts between the British government and the American peopleQuestion: State the War of IndependenceThe British government wanted tobring the development of the colonies under control and to collect more taxes. It practiced unfair price policies and put into effect many taxes for example the Stamp Tax.（印花税）在1756-1763年的“七年战争”（Seven Year's War)中，为争夺对北美殖民地的控制，英国与法国进行了长期的战争。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
